Craig Venter: A voyage of DNA, genes and the sea

55,118 views ใƒป 2007-05-02

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Young-ho Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Miryoung Lee
00:25
At the break, I was asked by several people
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์‰ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋…ธํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ ํ† ๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
00:27
about my comments about the aging debate.
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์ œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And this will be my only comment on it.
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์ œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด
00:32
And that is, I understand
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๋‚™์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด
00:34
that optimists greatly outlive pessimists.
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์—ผ์„ธ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:41
What I'm going to tell you about in my 18 minutes is
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์ €๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 18๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ณผํ•™์ด
00:44
how we're about to switch from reading the genetic code
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์œ ์ „๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋…ํ•˜๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
00:48
to the first stages of beginning
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ
00:50
to write the code ourselves.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
It's only 10 years ago this month
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ
00:55
when we published the first sequence
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ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด, ํ•ด๋ชจํ•„๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜
00:57
of a free-living organism,
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์œ ์ „์ž ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:59
that of haemophilus influenzae.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ 10๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
That took a genome project
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ
01:03
from 13 years down to four months.
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13๋…„์—์„œ 4๊ฐœ์›”๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
01:07
We can now do that same genome project
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ
01:09
in the order of
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์•ฝ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์ง€ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—
01:11
two to eight hours.
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์™„๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
So in the last decade, a large number of genomes have been added:
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ•ด๋…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:16
most human pathogens,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด,
01:19
a couple of plants,
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๋‘์–ด ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ,
01:21
several insects and several mammals,
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๊ณค์ถฉ ๋ช‡ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
01:24
including the human genome.
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๋™๋ฌผ ๋ช‡ ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Genomics at this stage of the thinking
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10๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ธˆ๋…„ ๋ง์ฏค์ด๋ฉด
01:30
from a little over 10 years ago
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 3 - 5๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜
01:32
was, by the end of this year, we might have
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์ด ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ
01:34
between three and five genomes sequenced;
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์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๊ณ„๋Š”
01:37
it's on the order of several hundred.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
We just got a grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ณ ๋“  ์•ค ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ ๋ฌด์–ด ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ
01:43
to sequence 130 genomes this year,
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130 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:46
as a side project from environmental organisms.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋”ธ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
So the rate of reading the genetic code has changed.
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์œ ์ „์ฒด ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ์†๋„๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:54
But as we look, what's out there,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์„œ์—ด์€
01:56
we've barely scratched the surface
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
01:58
on what is available on this planet.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
02:02
Most people don't realize it, because they're invisible,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:05
but microbes make up about a half of the Earth's biomass,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
whereas all animals only make up about
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๊ทธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰์€
02:12
one one-thousandth of all the biomass.
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์•ฝ 1/1000 ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
02:14
And maybe it's something that people in Oxford don't do very often,
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์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์— ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:17
but if you ever make it to the sea,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ ์‚ผ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ
02:19
and you swallow a mouthful of seawater,
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๋งค 1ml์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์—
02:22
keep in mind that each milliliter
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์•ฝ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€
02:24
has about a million bacteria
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€
02:26
and on the order of 10 million viruses.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ๋‘์‹ค๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:29
Less than 5,000 microbial species
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2๋…„ ์ „์— ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š”
02:32
have been characterized as of two years ago,
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5000๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:34
and so we decided to do something about it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
And we started the Sorcerer II Expedition,
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Sorcerer II ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:39
where we were, as with great oceanographic expeditions,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋“ฏ์ด
02:42
trying to sample the ocean every 200 miles.
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320 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
We started in Bermuda for our test project,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ฎค๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ
02:49
then moved up to Halifax,
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ํ• ๋ฆฌํŒ์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:51
working down the U.S. East Coast,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
02:53
the Caribbean Sea, the Panama Canal,
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์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ํ•ด, ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์šดํ•˜,
02:58
through to the Galapagos, then across the Pacific,
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๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ์„ฌ, ํƒœํ‰์–‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ
03:00
and we're in the process now of working our way
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ธ๋„์–‘์„
03:02
across the Indian Ocean.
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ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
It's very tough duty; we're doing this on a sailing vessel,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์ด
03:07
in part to help excite young people
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๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
03:09
about going into science.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
The experiments are incredibly simple.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
We just take seawater and we filter it,
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์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ
03:17
and we collect different size organisms on different filters,
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
and then take their DNA back to our lab in Rockville,
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๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ก๋นŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
03:24
where we can sequence a hundred million letters
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24์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์ž์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”
03:27
of the genetic code every 24 hours.
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
And with doing this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:31
we've made some amazing discoveries.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
For example, it was thought that the visual pigments
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ
03:35
that are in our eyes -- there was only one or two organisms
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
03:38
in the environment that had these same pigments.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์— ํ•œ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
It turns out, almost every species
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์˜จ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Œ€
03:44
in the upper parts of the ocean
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๋Œ€์–‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
03:46
in warm parts of the world
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด
03:48
have these same photoreceptors,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:50
and use sunlight as the source of their energy
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์„ ์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:53
and communication.
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์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
From one site, from one barrel of seawater,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ํ•œ ํ†ต์—์„œ
03:58
we discovered 1.3 million new genes
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130๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž์™€
04:01
and as many as 50,000 new species.
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5๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ ์ข… ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
We've extended this to the air
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ก  ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ
04:07
now with a grant from the Sloan Foundation.
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์žฅ๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
We're measuring how many viruses and bacteria
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์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆจ์— ์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š”
04:12
all of us are breathing in and out every day,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
particularly on airplanes
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜
04:17
or closed auditoriums.
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๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์š”.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:22
We filter through some simple apparatuses;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—
04:24
we collect on the order of a billion microbes from just a day
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์„œ
04:27
filtering on top of a building in New York City.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์•ฝ 10์–ต ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
And we're in the process of sequencing all that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋“ค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ „๋ถ€
04:33
at the present time.
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๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Just on the data collection side,
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์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
04:37
just where we are through the Galapagos,
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๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ์„ฌ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
04:40
we're finding that almost every 200 miles,
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320 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ
04:42
we see tremendous diversity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„
04:44
in the samples in the ocean.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Some of these make logical sense,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์˜
04:49
in terms of different temperature gradients.
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์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:52
So this is a satellite photograph
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
04:54
based on temperatures -- red being warm,
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์œ„์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ ๋ถ‰์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฅ๊ณ 
04:56
blue being cold --
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ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
04:59
and we found there's a tremendous difference between
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
05:02
the warm water samples and the cold water samples,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
05:04
in terms of abundant species.
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ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
The other thing that surprised us quite a bit
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฝค ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:09
is these photoreceptors detect different wavelengths of light,
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์ด ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์„ ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
and we can predict that based on their amino acid sequence.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
And these vary tremendously from region to region.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Maybe not surprisingly,
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊นŠ์€ ๋Œ€์–‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
05:22
in the deep ocean, where it's mostly blue,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰๋น›์— ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:24
the photoreceptors tend to see blue light.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:28
When there's a lot of chlorophyll around,
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์ฃผ์œ„์— ์—ฝ๋ก์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
05:30
they see a lot of green light.
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๋…น์ƒ‰์— ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:32
But they vary even more,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ ์™ธ์„ ๊ณผ
05:34
possibly moving towards infrared and ultraviolet
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:37
in the extremes.
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์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ์š”.
05:40
Just to try and get an assessment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜
05:42
of what our gene repertoire was,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ
05:44
we assembled all the data --
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ํƒํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:46
including all of ours thus far from the expedition,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜
05:49
which represents more than half of all the gene data on the planet --
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 2,900๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
05:52
and it totaled around 29 million genes.
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์ฑ„์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And we tried to put these into gene families
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ „์ž์กฑ(ๆ—)๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„œ
05:58
to see what these discoveries are:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด
06:00
Are we just discovering new members of known families,
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๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž์กฑ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
06:03
or are we discovering new families?
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์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฑ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
And it turns out we have about 50,000
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ
06:07
major gene families,
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•ฝ 5๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์กฑ์— ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”
06:10
but every new sample we take in the environment
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž์กฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์„ธ๊ฐ€
06:13
adds in a linear fashion to these new families.
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์‚ฐ์ˆ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
So we're at the earliest stages of discovery
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง
06:18
about basic genes,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜
06:21
components and life on this planet.
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:25
When we look at the so-called evolutionary tree,
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์ง„ํ™”๊ณ„ํ†ต์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:28
we're up on the upper right-hand corner with the animals.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šฐ์ธก ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Of those roughly 29 million genes,
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๋Œ€๋žต 2,900๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘
06:36
we only have around 24,000
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ 24,000๊ฐœ์˜
06:38
in our genome.
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
And if you take all animals together,
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๋™๋ฌผ๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š”
06:42
we probably share less than 30,000
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30,000 ๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:45
and probably maybe a dozen
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์œ ์ „์ž์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ฉด
06:48
or more thousand different gene families.
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12,000๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
I view that these genes are now
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์ €๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
06:54
not only the design components of evolution.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And we think in a gene-centric view --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
maybe going back to Richard Dawkins' ideas --
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๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋„ํ‚จ์Šค์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:02
than in a genome-centric view,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด์ธ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ
07:04
which are different constructs of these gene components.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
Synthetic DNA, the ability to synthesize DNA,
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์ง€๋‚œ 10 ~ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ณต DNA๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
07:12
has changed at sort of the same pace
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DNA ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜
07:14
that DNA sequencing has
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๋ฐœ์ „ ์†๋„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ
07:16
over the last decade or two,
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ,
07:18
and is getting very rapid and very cheap.
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๊ทธ ์†๋„๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ค„๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
Our first thought about synthetic genomics came
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:23
when we sequenced the second genome back in 1995,
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1995๋…„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์„ ์ฆˆ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
and that from mycoplasma genitalium.
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๋งˆ์ด์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ œ๋‹ˆํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์›€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:29
And we have really nice T-shirts that say,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ์ œ๋‹ˆํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์›€์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š”
07:32
you know, "I heart my genitalium."
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๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ํžŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:34
This is actually just a microorganism.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š” (์—ญ์ฃผ: '์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆผ.)
07:38
But it has roughly 500 genes.
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์ œ๋‹ˆํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์›€์€ ์•ฝ 500๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:42
Haemophilus had 1,800 genes.
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ํ•ด๋ชจํ•„๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” 1800๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:44
And we simply asked the question,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
if one species needs 800, another 500,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” 800๊ฐœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์• ๋Š” 500๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ˆ
07:48
is there a smaller set of genes
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์ตœ์†Œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ
07:50
that might comprise a minimal operating system?
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ์—†์„๊นŒ?
07:54
So we started doing transposon mutagenesis.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌ์กด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:57
Transposons are just small pieces of DNA
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ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌ์กด์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋ผ์–ด๋“œ๋Š”
08:00
that randomly insert in the genetic code.
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DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And if they insert in the middle of the gene, they disrupt its function.
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ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌ์กด์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋˜๋ฉด, ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
So we made a map of all the genes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌ์กด ์‚ฝ์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
08:08
that could take transposon insertions
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
08:10
and we called those "non-essential genes."
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์ด๋“ค์„ "๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜์  ์œ ์ „์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
But it turns out the environment is very critical for this,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:16
and you can only
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์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:18
define an essential or non-essential gene
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๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด
08:21
based on exactly what's in the environment.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š๋ƒ์— ์˜์กดํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
We also tried to take a more directly intellectual approach
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ง€์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:27
with the genomes of 13 related organisms,
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13๊ฐœ ๊ทผ์ ‘์ข…์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
and we tried to compare all of those, to see what they had in common.
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์ด 13๊ฐœ ์ข…์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
08:36
And we got these overlapping circles. And we found only 173 genes
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์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜๋Š” ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 173๊ฐœ ๋ฐ–์—
08:40
common to all 13 organisms.
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๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
The pool expanded a little bit if we ignored
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ์„ธ๊ท  ํ•œ ์ข…์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด
08:45
one intracellular parasite;
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๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋Š˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:47
it expanded even more
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:49
when we looked at core sets of genes
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๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ 310๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋กœ
08:51
of around 310 or so.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
So we think that we can expand
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ตœ์†Œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š”
08:55
or contract genomes, depending on your point of view here,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 500๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œ๋„คํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์›€ ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ
08:58
to maybe 300 to 400 genes
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์•ฝ 300๊ฐœ ๋‚ด์ง€ 400๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
09:01
from the minimal of 500.
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์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
The only way to prove these ideas
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:06
was to construct an artificial chromosome with those genes in them,
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์นด์„ธํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„
09:09
and we had to do this in a cassette-based fashion.
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์ธ๊ณต ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
We found that synthesizing accurate DNA
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธด ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต DNA๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:14
in large pieces was extremely difficult.
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison, my colleagues on this,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ํ–„ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํ—ˆ์น˜์Šจ์€
09:20
developed an exciting new method
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5000 ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํŽ˜์–ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ
09:22
that allowed us to synthesize a 5,000-base pair virus
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2์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ์— ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
09:25
in only a two-week period
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์„œ์—ด์ด๋‚˜
09:27
that was 100 percent accurate,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:30
in terms of its sequence and its biology.
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100% ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
It was a quite exciting experiment -- when we just took the synthetic piece of DNA,
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์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ DNA ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„
09:37
injected it in the bacteria and all of a sudden,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:39
that DNA started driving the production of the virus particles
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DNA๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์–‘์‚ฐํ•ด์„œ
09:44
that turned around and then killed the bacteria.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
09:47
This was not the first synthetic virus --
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์ธ๊ณต ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
a polio virus had been made a year before --
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1๋…„ ์ „์— ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ
09:53
but it was only one ten-thousandth as active
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์ธ๊ณต ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 1/1000 ์ •๋„์˜€๊ณ 
09:55
and it took three years to do.
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์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋„ 3๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:58
This is a cartoon of the structure of phi X 174.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Phi X-174์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด์—์š”.
10:02
This is a case where the software now builds its own hardware,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ผ๋ก€์ด๋ฉฐ,
10:06
and that's the notions that we have with biology.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
People immediately jump to concerns about biological warfare,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ณต ์œ ์ „์ž ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
and I had recent testimony before a Senate committee,
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ ์ƒ์›์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ๋ฏธ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถ„๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ
10:18
and a special committee the U.S. government has set up
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ํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
10:20
to review this area.
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์ œ ์†ŒํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํž ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
And I think it's important to keep reality in mind,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:25
versus what happens with people's imaginations.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
Basically, any virus that's been sequenced today --
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์—ด์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š”
10:32
that genome can be made.
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์ธ๊ณต ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
And people immediately freak out about things about Ebola or smallpox,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ณต ์—๋ณผ๋ผ๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฐ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ
10:38
but the DNA from this organism is not infective.
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์ด๋“ค์˜ DNA๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
So even if somebody made the smallpox genome,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
10:45
that DNA itself would not cause infections.
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๊ทธ DNA๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
The real concern that security departments have
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ์—ผ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
10:52
is designer viruses.
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๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
And there's only two countries, the U.S. and the former Soviet Union,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”
10:58
that had major efforts
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ จ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ,
11:00
on trying to create biological warfare agents.
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๋‘˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
If that research is truly discontinued,
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋ฉด
11:06
there should be very little activity
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๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:08
on the know-how to make designer viruses in the future.
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๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
I think single-cell organisms are possible within two years.
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์ €๋Š” 2๋…„ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
And possibly eukaryotic cells,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด 10๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ
11:19
those that we have,
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์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„
11:21
are possible within a decade.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
So we're now making several dozen different constructs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”
11:28
because we can vary the cassettes and the genes
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์นด์„ธํŠธ์™€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ
11:31
that go into this artificial chromosome.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
The key is, how do you put all of the others?
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:35
We start with these fragments,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ๊ฐ์„
11:37
and then we have a homologous recombination system
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์ƒ๋™์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:40
that reassembles those into a chromosome.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
This is derived from an organism, deinococcus radiodurans,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ž˜๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
11:47
that can take three million rads of radiation and not be killed.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ๋””์ด๋…ธ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋‘๋ž€์Šค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
It reassembles its genome after this radiation burst
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ํ›„
11:57
in about 12 to 24 hours,
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์•ฝ 12 ~ 24 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์—
11:59
after its chromosomes are literally blown apart.
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๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์„œ์ง„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
This organism is ubiquitous on the planet,
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
12:04
and exists perhaps now
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๋•๋ถ„์—
12:06
in outer space due to all our travel there.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
This is a glass beaker after
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ 50๋งŒ๋ž˜๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์—
12:12
about half a million rads of radiation.
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๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ปค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
The glass started to burn and crack,
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์œ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:16
while the microbes sitting in the bottom
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๋น„์ปค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ด๋…ธ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋‘๋ž€์Šค๋Š”
12:18
just got happier and happier.
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๋„๋–ก๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Here's an actual picture of what happens:
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์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„
12:22
the top of this shows the genome
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170๋งŒ๋ž˜๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„์—
12:24
after 1.7 million rads of radiation.
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์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
The chromosome is literally blown apart.
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And here's that same DNA automatically reassembled
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ›„์— ์ด DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ
12:33
24 hours later.
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์žฌ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
It's truly stunning that these organisms can do that,
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ DNA๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:38
and we probably have thousands,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๋ฐ
12:40
if not tens of thousands, of different species
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ข…์€
12:42
on this planet that are capable of doing that.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
After these genomes are synthesized,
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์ด๋“ค ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ํ›„์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
12:47
the first step is just transplanting them
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ
12:49
into a cell without a genome.
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์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
So we think synthetic cells are going to have tremendous potential,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:57
not only for understanding the basis of biology
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:00
but for hopefully environmental and society issues.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
For example, from the third organism we sequenced,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด,
13:06
Methanococcus jannaschii -- it lives in boiling water temperatures;
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๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋…ธ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ์ž๋‚˜์‰ฌ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋“๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:10
its energy source is hydrogen
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ
13:12
and all its carbon comes from CO2 it captures back from the environment.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์—์„œ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
So we know lots of different pathways,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
13:19
thousands of different organisms now
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
13:22
that live off of CO2,
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
13:24
and can capture that back.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
So instead of using carbon from oil
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ณต์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ
13:29
for synthetic processes,
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๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
13:31
we have the chance of using carbon
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:34
and capturing it back from the atmosphere,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋‚˜
13:37
converting that into biopolymers
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๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ
13:39
or other products.
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๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
We have one organism that lives off of carbon monoxide,
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์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜
13:44
and we use as a reducing power
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ํ™˜์›๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
13:46
to split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.
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๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
Also, there's numerous pathways
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
13:52
that can be engineered metabolizing methane.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
And DuPont has a major program with Statoil in Norway
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๋“€ํ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๊ตญ์˜ ์„์œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ์Šคํƒ€ํ† ์ผ ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
14:00
to capture and convert the methane
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๊ฐ€์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ์ถ”์ถœ, ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ
14:02
from the gas fields there into useful products.
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
Within a short while, I think there's going to be a new field
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณง ์กฐํ•ฉ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ถ„๊ณผ๊ฐ€
14:08
called "Combinatorial Genomics,"
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๊ณง ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
because with these new synthesis capabilities,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ,
14:13
these vast gene array repertoires
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๊ด‘๋ฒ•์œ„ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ,
14:16
and the homologous recombination,
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ƒ๋™์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด,
14:18
we think we can design a robot to make
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์ข…์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:20
maybe a million different chromosomes a day.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
And therefore, as with all biology,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋“ 
14:26
you get selection through screening,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์—,
14:29
whether you're screening for hydrogen production,
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
14:31
or chemical production, or just viability.
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์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
14:34
To understand the role of these genes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„
14:36
is going to be well within reach.
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์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
We're trying to modify photosynthesis
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ
14:41
to produce hydrogen directly from sunlight.
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ํ–‡๋น›์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
Photosynthesis is modulated by oxygen,
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ
14:47
and we have an oxygen-insensitive hydrogenase
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œํ™” ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
14:50
that we think will totally change this process.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
We're also combining cellulases,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹น์งˆ์„ ๋‹จ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
14:57
the enzymes that break down complex sugars into simple sugars
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์…€๋ฃฐ๋ผ์•„์ œ ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ๋ฐœํšจ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ
15:00
and fermentation in the same cell
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์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„
15:03
for producing ethanol.
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์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
Pharmaceutical production is already under way
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š”
15:08
in major laboratories
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด
15:10
using microbes.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
The chemistry from compounds in the environment
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€
15:15
is orders of magnitude more complex
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
15:17
than our best chemists can produce.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€์š”.
15:20
I think future engineered species
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ข…๋“ค์ด
15:22
could be the source of food,
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์Œ์‹ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
15:24
hopefully a source of energy,
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด
15:26
environmental remediation
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋“ ์ง€,
15:29
and perhaps
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด
15:31
replacing the petrochemical industry.
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์„์œ  ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
Let me just close with ethical and policy studies.
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๊ด€๋ จ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
We delayed the start of our experiments in 1999
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1999๋…„ ์ธ๊ณต ์ข…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋„ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:41
until we completed a year-and-a-half bioethical review
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์ƒ๋ช…์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ 1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ
15:44
as to whether we should try and make an artificial species.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
Every major religion participated in this.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์š” ์ข…๊ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:51
It was actually a very strange study,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
because the various religious leaders were using their scriptures as law books,
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ข…๊ต ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ „์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฒ•์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
15:58
and they couldn't find anything in them prohibiting making life,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ ๋“ค ํ•˜์…จ์œผ๋‹ˆ
16:01
so it must be OK. The only ultimate concerns
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
were biological warfare aspects of this,
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
but gave us the go ahead to start these experiments
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š”
16:11
for the reasons we were doing them.
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ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
Right now the Sloan Foundation has just funded
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ก  ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ
16:15
a multi-institutional study on this,
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๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ,
16:18
to work out what the risk and benefits to society are,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ทœ์น™์„
16:21
and the rules that scientific teams such as my own
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์—ฐ๊ตญํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ
16:24
should be using in this area,
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ํ›„์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:26
and we're trying to set good examples as we go forward.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ข‹์€ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
These are complex issues.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
Except for the threat of bio-terrorism,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ ,
16:34
they're very simple issues in terms of,
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
16:36
can we design things to produce clean energy,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
16:40
perhaps revolutionizing
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
16:42
what developing countries can do
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๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:45
and provide through various simple processes.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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