Sheila Nirenberg: A prosthetic eye to treat blindness

100,548 views ・ 2011-12-20

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: InHyuk Song κ²€ν† : Jungsoo Kim
00:15
I study how the brain processes
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μ €λŠ” λ‡Œκ°€ 정보λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:17
information. That is, how it takes
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
00:19
information in from the outside world, and
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μ™ΈλΆ€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ„œ 이것을
00:21
converts it into patterns of electrical activity,
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전기적 ν™œλ™λ“€μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
00:23
and then how it uses those patterns
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κ·Έ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:25
to allow you to do things --
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ
00:27
to see, hear, to reach for an object.
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보고 λ“£κ³  사물에 손을 뻗도둝 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
So I'm really a basic scientist, not
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μ €λŠ” κΈ°μ΄ˆκ³Όν•™μžλ‘œ
00:31
a clinician, but in the last year and a half
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μž„μƒμ˜λŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그런데 일년 반 전에
00:33
I've started to switch over, to use what
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그게 λ°”λ€ŒκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬κ°€
00:35
we've been learning about these patterns
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이런 νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:37
of activity to develop prosthetic devices,
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보철기기λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” ν™œλ™ μͺ½μœΌλ‘œμš”.
00:40
and what I wanted to do today is show you
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그리고 였늘 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ
00:42
an example of this.
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κ·Έ 예λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:44
It's really our first foray into this.
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처음으둜 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”
00:46
It's the development of a prosthetic device
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그건 맹인듀을 ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
00:48
for treating blindness.
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보철기기의 κ°œλ°œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:50
So let me start in on that problem.
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λ¬Έμ œμ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:52
There are 10 million people in the U.S.
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—λ§Œ 천만λͺ…μ˜ 맹인이 있으며
00:54
and many more worldwide who are blind
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그리고 μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œλ„ 훨씬 λ§Žμ€ 이듀이
00:56
or are facing blindness due to diseases
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μ‹€λͺ…에 μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:58
of the retina, diseases like
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λ§λ§‰μ†μƒμ΄λ‚˜ μ‹œλ ₯ 감퇴 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ— μ˜ν•œ
01:00
macular degeneration, and there's little
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κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀을 μœ„ν•΄
01:02
that can be done for them.
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ν•΄ 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:04
There are some drug treatments, but
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ μ•½λ¬Ό μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ 있긴 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
01:06
they're only effective on a small fraction
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μΌλΆ€μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ νš¨κ³Όκ°€
01:08
of the population. And so, for the vast
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μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
01:10
majority of patients, their best hope for
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μ‹œμ•Όλ₯Ό λ˜μ°ΎλŠ” μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 희망이
01:12
regaining sight is through prosthetic devices.
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보철기기λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:14
The problem is that current prosthetics
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 이 보쑰기기듀이
01:16
don't work very well. They're still very
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잘 λ™μž‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것듀이
01:18
limited in the vision that they can provide.
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μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œμ•ΌλŠ” λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ μ œμ•½μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
And so, you know, for example, with these
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 이것듀을 가지고
01:22
devices, patients can see simple things
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 것듀을 λ³Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:24
like bright lights and high contrast edges,
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밝은 λΉ›μ΄λΌλ˜κ°€ 경계가 λšœλ ·ν•œ 것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œμš”
01:26
not very much more, so nothing close
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κ·Έ μ΄μƒμ˜ 것도 μ•ˆλ˜κ³ , 일반적으둜 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
01:28
to normal vision has been possible.
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μ‹œμ•Όμ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ 가깝지도 μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:31
So what I'm going to tell you about today
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 였늘 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은
01:33
is a device that we've been working on
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬ 진행쀑인 기기에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
01:35
that I think has the potential to make
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제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ” 이것이 λΆ„λͺ… 차이λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 있고
01:37
a difference, to be much more effective,
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훨씬 νš¨κ³Όμ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:39
and what I wanted to do is show you
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 이것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ™μž‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
how it works. Okay, so let me back up a
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자, μ œκ°€ μ’€ 더 보쑰섀λͺ…을 λ“œλ¦¬λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ£ 
01:43
little bit and show you how a normal retina
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ 망막이 λ™μž‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
01:45
works first so you can see the problem
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν’€λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€
01:47
that we were trying to solve.
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무엇인지λ₯Ό λ¨Όμ € 보싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:49
Here you have a retina.
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여기에 망막이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:51
So you have an image, a retina, and a brain.
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이미지가 있고, 망막이 있고, λ‡Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:53
So when you look at something, like this image
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 무언가λ₯Ό λ³Ό λ•Œ, 여기에 μžˆλŠ”
01:55
of this baby's face, it goes into your eye
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μ•„μ΄μ˜ μ–Όκ΅΄ μ΄λ―Έμ§€μ²˜λŸΌμš”, 이게 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 눈으둜 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:57
and it lands on your retina, on the front-end
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그리고 망막 μ•žλ‹¨ 세포인
01:59
cells here, the photoreceptors.
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ— 착상이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:01
Then what happens is the retinal circuitry,
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μ΄λ•Œ 쀑간 뢀뢄에 μžˆλŠ”
02:03
the middle part, goes to work on it,
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망막 신경망이 μž‘λ™ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:05
and what it does is it performs operations
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일련의 λ™μž‘λ“€μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
02:07
on it, it extracts information from it, and it
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μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 정보듀을 μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬
02:09
converts that information into a code.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:11
And the code is in the form of these patterns
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μ½”λ“œλŠ” 이런 전기적인 νŒŒν˜•μ˜
02:13
of electrical pulses that get sent
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νŒ¨ν„΄μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§„μ±„λ‘œ
02:15
up to the brain, and so the key thing is
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λ‡Œμ˜ μœ„μͺ½ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 핡심은
02:17
that the image ultimately gets converted
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이미지듀은 ꢁ극적으둜 μ½”λ“œλ‘œ
02:19
into a code. And when I say code,
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λ³€ν™˜λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ μ½”λ“œλΌκ³  λ§ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:21
I do literally mean code.
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문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Like this pattern of pulses here actually means "baby's face,"
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 전기적 νŒ¨ν„΄μ²˜λŸΌ 여기에 μ•„μ΄μ˜ 얼꡴을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:26
and so when the brain gets this pattern
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ°›μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
02:28
of pulses, it knows that what was out there
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λ‡ŒλŠ” 거기에 μžˆλŠ” 것이
02:30
was a baby's face, and if it
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μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μ–Όκ΅΄μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•„λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½
02:32
got a different pattern it would know
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λ‹€λ₯Έ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ–»λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
02:34
that what was out there was, say, a dog,
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그것은 κ°œκ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
02:36
or another pattern would be a house.
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집을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ νŒ¨ν„΄μΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:38
Anyway, you get the idea.
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μ–΄μ¨Œκ±°λ‚˜ 무슨 말인지 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ 
02:40
And, of course, in real life, it's all dynamic,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ‹€μ œ μƒν™œμ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것이 λ‹€μ΄λ‚˜λ―Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:42
meaning that it's changing all the time,
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항상 λ°”λ€λ‹€λŠ” 말이죠
02:44
so the patterns of pulses are changing
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νŒŒν˜•μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:46
all the time because the world you're
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보고 μžˆλŠ” 세상듀이
02:48
looking at is changing all the time too.
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항상 λ°”λ€Œκ³  μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
02:51
So, you know, it's sort of a complicated
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이것은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:53
thing. You have these patterns of pulses
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λˆˆλ™μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ”
02:55
coming out of your eye every millisecond
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŒŒν˜• νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ 맀 λ°±λ§ŒλΆ„μ˜ 1μ΄ˆλ§ˆλ‹€ μ–»μ–΄μ„œ
02:57
telling your brain what it is that you're seeing.
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λ‘λ‡Œμ—κ²Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ³΄λŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:59
So what happens when a person
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λ§Œμ•½ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‹œλ ₯ 감퇴와 같은
03:01
gets a retinal degenerative disease like
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망막퇴행성 μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ•“λŠ”λ‹€κ³  ν•œλ‹€λ©΄?
03:03
macular degeneration? What happens is
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것은
03:05
is that, the front-end cells die,
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μ•žλ‹¨μ˜ 세포듀이 μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것이고
03:07
the photoreceptors die, and over time,
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚ μˆ˜λ‘
03:09
all the cells and the circuits that are
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λͺ¨λ“  세포듀이, 그것에 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”
03:11
connected to them, they die too.
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신경듀이 μ—­μ‹œ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:13
Until the only things that you have left
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‚¨κΈ°κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 것이
03:15
are these cells here, the output cells,
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여기에 μžˆλŠ” 세포듀, 즉 좜λ ₯ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ
03:17
the ones that send the signals to the brain,
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λ‡Œλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ„Έν¬λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:19
but because of all that degeneration
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν‡΄λ³΄ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것듀 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:21
they aren't sending any signals anymore.
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μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ 더 이상 보내지 λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:23
They aren't getting any input, so
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μž…λ ₯도 받지 λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:25
the person's brain no longer gets
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” 더 이상
03:27
any visual information --
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ μΈ 정보도 얻지 λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠
03:29
that is, he or she is blind.
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즉 μ‹€λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:32
So, a solution to the problem, then,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 해결책은
03:34
would be to build a device that could mimic
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μ•žλ‹¨μ˜ μ‹ κ²½νšŒλ‘œμ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λ™μž‘λ“€μ„
03:36
the actions of that front-end circuitry
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흉내낼 수 μžˆλŠ” μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것이죠
03:38
and send signals to the retina's output cells,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§λ§‰μ˜ 좜λ ₯ μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ 보낼 수 μžˆκ²Œμš”
03:40
and they can go back to doing their
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‘λ‡Œλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ”
03:42
normal job of sending signals to the brain.
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μΌμƒμ˜ 일듀을 계속할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λŒλ €λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ”κ±°μ£ 
03:44
So this is what we've been working on,
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이게 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:46
and this is what our prosthetic does.
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이게 우리 보철기ꡬ가 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:48
So it consists of two parts, what we call
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λ‘κ°œ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ° μ €ν¬λŠ”
03:50
an encoder and a transducer.
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λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°(encoder)와 λ³€ν™˜κΈ°(transducer)라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:52
And so the encoder does just
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λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλƒ₯ μ œκ°€ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆλ˜ 것을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:54
what I was saying: it mimics the actions
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μ•žλ‹¨μ˜ μ‹ κ²½νšŒλ‘œμ˜ 행동듀을 λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λŠ”데
03:56
of the front-end circuitry -- so it takes images
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μ˜μƒλ“€μ„ μ·¨ν•΄μ„œ
03:58
in and converts them into the retina's code.
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λ§λ§‰μš© μ½”λ“œλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:00
And then the transducer then makes the
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λ³€ν™˜κΈ°λŠ” 그런 λ‹€μŒ 아웃푹 μ…€μ—κ²Œ
04:02
output cells send the code on up
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μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό λ‘λ‡Œμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ μ „μ†‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:04
to the brain, and the result is
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ”
04:06
a retinal prosthetic that can produce
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망막 보철기둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 정삭정인
04:09
normal retinal output.
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망막 좜λ ₯을 μž¬μƒν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ 
04:11
So a completely blind retina,
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μ‹€λͺ…ν•œ 망막도
04:13
even one with no front-end circuitry at all,
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단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ•žλ‹¨ 신경망이 μ—†κ³ 
04:15
no photoreceptors,
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ 없어도
04:17
can now send out normal signals,
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정상 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 전솑할 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:19
signals that the brain can understand.
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λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ 이해할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄μ£ 
04:22
So no other device has been able
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ–΄λ–€ μž₯μΉ˜λ„ 이것을
04:24
to do this.
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ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:26
Okay, so I just want to take
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자, μ œκ°€ λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ 이것이 무엇인지λ₯Ό
04:28
a sentence or two to say something about
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ν•œ λ‘κ°œμ˜ λ¬Έμž₯만으둜 μ„€λͺ…을 λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άμ€λ°μš”
04:30
the encoder and what it's doing, because
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이것이 핡심 뢀뢄이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κ³ 
04:32
it's really the key part and it's
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κ°€μž₯ ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ³ 
04:34
sort of interesting and kind of cool.
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μΏ¨ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
04:36
I'm not sure "cool" is really the right word, but
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'μΏ¨(cool)'ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” ν‘œν˜„μ΄ μ λ‹Ήν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄μΈμ§€λŠ” 확신이 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
04:38
you know what I mean.
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μ œκ°€ 무슨 말을 ν• λ €λŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ•„μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:40
So what it's doing is, it's replacing
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것은
04:42
the retinal circuitry, really the guts of
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μ§„μ§œ 이것을 칩에닀가 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
04:44
the retinal circuitry, with a set of equations,
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 방정식을 κ°€μ§€λŠ”
04:46
a set of equations that we can implement
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망막 회둜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:48
on a chip. So it's just math.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것은 λ°”λ‘œ μˆ˜ν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:50
In other words, we're not literally replacing
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ
04:53
the components of the retina.
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λ§λ§‰μ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ κ΅μ²΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:55
It's not like we're making a little mini-device
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 각 세포듀을 μœ„ν•œ
04:57
for each of the different cell types.
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μž‘μ€ μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것 같은것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:59
We've just abstracted what the
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망막이 가진 방정식듀이 ν•˜λŠ” 일을
05:01
retina's doing with a set of equations.
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λ‹΄μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:03
And so, in a way, the equations are serving
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 방정식듀이
05:05
as sort of a codebook. An image comes in,
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방정식듀을 μ½”λ“œμ±…λ“€μ„ μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:07
goes through the set of equations,
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μ˜μƒλ“€μ΄ μž…λ ₯으둜 λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λ©΄ 이것이
05:10
and out comes streams of electrical pulses,
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방정식을 κ±°μ³μ„œ 전기적인 νŽ„μŠ€μ˜ 슀트림으둜 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:12
just like a normal retina would produce.
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μ •μƒμ˜ 망막이 μƒμ‚°ν•΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것과 같은 것이죠
05:16
Now let me put my money
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그럼 μ œκ°€ ν•œ 이야기가 λœ¬κ΅¬λ¦„ μž‘λŠ” 것이
05:18
where my mouth is and show you that
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μ•„λ‹˜μ„ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 정상적인 좜λ ₯을
05:20
we can actually produce normal output,
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μƒμ‚°ν•΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³ 
05:22
and what the implications of this are.
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이것이 μ–΄λ–€ 의미λ₯Ό λ‚΄ν¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:24
Here are three sets of
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여기에 μ„Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜
05:26
firing patterns. The top one is from
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λ°œν™” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제일 μœ„μ— μžˆλŠ” 것은
05:28
a normal animal, the middle one is from
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일반 λ™λ¬Όμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 것이고 μ€‘κ°„μ˜ 것은
05:30
a blind animal that's been treated with
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맹인 λ™λ¬Όμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 것인데
05:32
this encoder-transducer device, and the
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λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°-λ³€ν™˜κΈ° 처치λ₯Ό 받은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:34
bottom one is from a blind animal treated
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μ•„λž˜μ— μžˆλŠ” 것은 ν‘œμ€€μ˜ 보쑰기λ₯Ό
05:36
with a standard prosthetic.
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달고 μžˆλŠ” λ™λ¬Όμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:38
So the bottom one is the state-of-the-art
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μ•„λž˜μ— μžˆλŠ” 것이 ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ”
05:40
device that's out there right now, which is
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μ΅œμ²¨λ‹¨μ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
basically made up of light detectors,
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이것은 기본적으둜 λΉ› κ°μ§€κΈ°λ‘œ ꡬ성이 된 것인데
05:44
but no encoder. So what we did was we
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λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°κ°€ μ—†λŠ” ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
05:46
presented movies of everyday things --
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μΌμƒμ˜ 것듀을 담은 μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”λ°
05:48
people, babies, park benches,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, μ•„κΈ°λ“€, κ³΅μ›μ˜ λ²€μΉ˜λ“€ 같은것듀이죠
05:50
you know, regular things happening -- and
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μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 맀일 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:52
we recorded the responses from the retinas
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ„Έ 그룹의 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 망막 λ°˜μ‘μ„
05:54
of these three groups of animals.
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λ…Ήν™”λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:56
Now just to orient you, each box is showing
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘, 각 μƒμžλŠ”
05:58
the firing patterns of several cells,
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μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°œν™” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄κ΅¬μš”
06:00
and just as in the previous slides,
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μ΄μ „μ˜ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ—μ„œ 처럼
06:02
each row is a different cell,
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각 행은 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:04
and I just made the pulses a little bit smaller
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νŒŒν˜•λ“€μ„ 쑰금 더 μž‘κ³  μ–‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
06:06
and thinner so I could show you
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 길게 λŠ˜μ–΄μ Έ μžˆλŠ” 데이터듀을
06:09
a long stretch of data.
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보싀 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:11
So as you can see, the firing patterns
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°-λ³€ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μž₯μ°©ν•œ
06:13
from the blind animal treated with
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맹인 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ΄μ˜ λ°œν™” νŒ¨ν„΄μ€
06:15
the encoder-transducer really do very
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λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ λ°œν™” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€κ³Ό
06:17
closely match the normal firing patterns --
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κ°€κΉκ»˜ μΌμΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:19
and it's not perfect, but it's pretty good --
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ μ œλ²• μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:21
and the blind animal treated with
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일반적인 보철기λ₯Ό 달고 μžˆλŠ”
06:23
the standard prosthetic,
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λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—”
06:25
the responses really don't.
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μ „ν˜€ 그렇지 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œμš”
06:27
And so with the standard method,
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ν‘œμ€€ν™”λœ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
06:30
the cells do fire, they just don't fire
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세포듀은 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그런데
06:32
in the normal firing patterns because
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정상적인 νŒ¨ν„΄κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έλ°, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄
06:34
they don't have the right code.
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μ μ ˆν•œ μ½”λ“œκ°€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:36
How important is this?
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이게 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€μš”?
06:38
What's the potential impact
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이것이 ν™˜μžμ˜ μ‹œλ ₯에 λŒ€ν•œ
06:40
on a patient's ability to see?
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잠재적인 κ°€λŠ₯성은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
06:43
So I'm just going to show you one
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ
06:45
bottom-line experiment that answers this,
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결둠적 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:47
and of course I've got a lot of other data,
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 데이터듀도 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
06:49
so if you're interested I'm happy
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κ΄€μ‹¬λ§Œ μžˆμœΌμ‹œλ‹€λ©΄ 더 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
to show more. So the experiment
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€
06:53
is called a reconstruction experiment.
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재건 μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ”λ°μš”
06:55
So what we did is we took a moment
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ…Ήν™”ν•œ μžλ£Œμ—μ„œ
06:57
in time from these recordings and asked,
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ν•œ 뢀뢄을 μ„ νƒν•˜μ—¬, κ·Έ μˆœκ°„μ—
07:00
what was the retina seeing at that moment?
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망막이 λ³Έ 것은 무엇인지?
07:02
Can we reconstruct what the retina
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κ·Έ λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 망막이 λ³΄μ•˜λ˜ 것을
07:04
was seeing from the responses
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정상적인 λ§λ§‰μ˜ λ°œν™” νŒ¨ν„΄μ„
07:06
from the firing patterns?
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μž¬ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€?
07:08
So, when we did this for responses
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, κ·Έ ν‘œμ€€ν™”λœ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
07:11
from the standard method and from
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그리고 λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°μ™€ λ³€ν™˜κΈ°λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜
07:14
our encoder and transducer.
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λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ„ μ‹€ν—˜ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:16
So let me show you, and I'm going to
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κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:18
start with the standard method first.
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λ¨Όμ € ν‘œμ€€ν™”λœ λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
So you can see that it's pretty limited,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보싀 것은 λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ μ œν•œμ μΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:22
and because the firing patterns aren't
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ°œν™” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ λ”± λ§žλŠ” μ½”λ“œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈλ°
07:24
in the right code, they're very limited in
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것이
07:26
what they can tell you about
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무엇인지 λ§ν•΄μ£ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
what's out there. So you can see that
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 거기에 무엇인가 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점만
07:30
there's something there, but it's not so clear
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인지 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그게 무엇인지 λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ
07:32
what that something is, and this just sort of
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κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•žμ—μ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ˜
07:34
circles back to what I was saying in the
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ
07:36
beginning, that with the standard method,
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ν‘œμ€€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄
07:38
patients can see high-contrast edges, they
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ κ³ -μ±„λ„μ˜ 경계듀을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:40
can see light, but it doesn't easily go
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 빛을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, κ·Έ λ„ˆλ¨Έλ‘œλŠ”
07:42
further than that. So what was
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μ‰½κ²Œ 가지 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그럼
07:44
the image? It was a baby's face.
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μ΄λ―Έμ§€λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”? 이것은 μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μ–Όκ΅΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:47
So what about with our approach,
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우리의 μ ‘κ·Ό λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
07:49
adding the code? And you can see
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μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•˜λ©΄μš”? 훨씬
07:51
that it's much better. Not only can you
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λ‚˜μ•„μ§„ 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
07:53
tell that it's a baby's face, but you can
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이것이 μ•„κΈ° 얼꡴이라고 말할 수 μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
07:55
tell that it's this baby's face, which is a
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그것이 νŠΉμ • μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μ–Όκ΅΄μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆλŠ”
07:57
really challenging task.
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정말이지 도전적인 μž‘μ—…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:59
So on the left is the encoder
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μ™Όμͺ½μ΄ λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°λ§Œ μžˆλŠ” 것이고
08:01
alone, and on the right is from an actual
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ€ μ‹€μ œ 맹인의 λ§λ§‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:03
blind retina, so the encoder and the transducer.
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λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°μ™€ λ³€ν™˜κΈ°μΈ κ±°μ£ 
08:05
But the key one really is the encoder alone,
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μ§„μ§œ 핡심은 λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°κ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:07
because we can team up the encoder with
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λΆ€ν˜ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³€ν™˜κΈ°μ™€
08:09
the different transducer.
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ν•¨κ»˜ 짜 맞좜 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈλ°μš”
08:11
This is just actually the first one that we tried.
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이건 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλ˜ 첫번째 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:13
I just wanted to say something about the standard method.
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ν‘œμ€€ν™”λœ 방법에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:15
When this first came out, it was just a really
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이것이 처음 λ‚˜μ™”μ„ λ•Œ, 정말이지
08:17
exciting thing, the idea that you
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ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 맹인용
08:19
even make a blind retina respond at all.
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망막을 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λŠ” μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λΌλ‹ˆ
08:22
But there was this limiting factor,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ œν•œμ μΈ μš”μ†Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:25
the issue of the code, and how to make
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μ½”λ“œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμΈλ°μš”, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
08:27
the cells respond better,
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세포듀이 더 잘 λ°˜μ‘ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•  것인가,
08:29
produce normal responses,
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λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ„ 생산해 λ‚Ό 것인가이죠
08:31
and so this was our contribution.
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ μ—…μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:33
Now I just want to wrap up,
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정리λ₯Ό ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:35
and as I was mentioning earlier
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μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
08:37
of course I have a lot of other data
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 데이터듀을 가지고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:39
if you're interested, but I just wanted to give
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λ§Œμ•½ 관심이 μžˆμœΌμ‹œλ‹€λ©΄μš”. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ
08:41
this sort of basic idea
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‘λ‡Œμ™€ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
08:43
of being able to communicate
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기본적인 아이디어듀을 λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:46
with the brain in its language, and
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그리고 그런 것듀을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
08:48
the potential power of being able to do that.
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잠재적인 λŠ₯λ ₯도 λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
08:51
So it's different from the motor prosthetics
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λ‘λ‡Œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 기기둜의 톡신을 ν•˜λŠ” 것은
08:53
where you're communicating from the brain
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λͺ¨ν„°κ°€ 달린 λ³΄μ‘°κΈ°κΈ°μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:55
to a device. Here we have to communicate
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™ΈλΆ€ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
08:57
from the outside world
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λ‘λ‡Œλ‘œμ˜, 그리고 λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ 이해할 수 있게
08:59
into the brain and be understood,
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μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘
09:01
and be understood by the brain.
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ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:03
And then the last thing I wanted
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그리고 λ‚˜μ„œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λ§ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은
09:05
to say, really, is to emphasize
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이런 아이디어듀을 μΌλ°˜ν™”ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘
09:07
that the idea generalizes.
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ν•˜μžλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
So the same strategy that we used
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 망막을 μœ„ν•œ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
09:11
to find the code for the retina we can also
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μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ˜ 같은 μ „λž΅μ„
09:13
use to find the code for other areas,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­λ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°μ—μ„œλ„
09:15
for example, the auditory system and
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μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 청각 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Ό
09:17
the motor system, so for treating deafness
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μš΄λ™ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œλ„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‚œμ²­μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 데에도
09:19
and for motor disorders.
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μš΄λ™ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλ„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:21
So just the same way that we were able to
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망막 손상을 λ„˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
09:23
jump over the damaged
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λ§λ§‰μ˜ 좜λ ₯ 세포에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
09:25
circuitry in the retina to get to the retina's
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
09:27
output cells, we can jump over the
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λ‹¬νŒ½μ΄κ΄€μ— 손상을 μž…μ–΄
09:29
damaged circuitry in the cochlea
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청각 신경에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
09:31
to get the auditory nerve,
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극볡 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:33
or jump over damaged areas in the cortex,
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μ†μƒλœ μ˜μ—­μ„ λ›°μ–΄λ„˜μ„ 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:35
in the motor cortex, to bridge the gap
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λŒ€λ‡Œ ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ, μš΄λ™ ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œμ˜ 것을
09:38
produced by a stroke.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‡Œμ‘Έμ¦μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ μ•ΌκΈ°λœ ν‹ˆμ„ μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:40
I just want to end with a simple
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이제 κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 제 이야기λ₯Ό 마치고자 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:42
message that understanding the code
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μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이
09:44
is really, really important, and if we
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정말 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½
09:46
can understand the code,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό 이해할 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
09:48
the language of the brain, things become
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λ‘λ‡Œμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 이해할 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
09:50
possible that didn't seem obviously
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ „μ—λŠ” λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ λ³Ό 수 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 것듀이
09:52
possible before. Thank you.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:54
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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