How synthetic biology could wipe out humanity -- and how we can stop it | Rob Reid

177,158 views ・ 2019-07-17

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Christina Hang A Kim κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:12
So, there's about seven and a half billion of us.
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우리 인λ₯˜λŠ” μ•½ 75μ–΅ λͺ…에 λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
The World Health Organization tells us that 300 million of us are depressed,
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세계보건기ꡬ(WHO)의 λ°œν‘œμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 3μ–΅ λͺ…이 μš°μšΈμ¦μ„ μ•“κ³  있고
00:21
and about 800,000 people take their lives every year.
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맀년 80만 λͺ…이 μžμ‚΄ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
A tiny subset of them choose a profoundly nihilistic route,
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그리고 κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 극히 μΌλΆ€λŠ” ꡉμž₯히 ν—ˆλ¬΄μ£Όμ˜μ μΈ 방법을 νƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
which is they die in the act of killing as many people as possible.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ£½μ΄λ©΄μ„œ μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ λŠλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
These are some famous recent examples.
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μ—¬κΈ° λͺ‡ 가지 유λͺ…ν•œ 사둀가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
And here's a less famous one. It happened about nine weeks ago.
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그리고 덜 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 사둀도 있죠. μ•½ 9μ£Ό 전에 λ°œμƒν•œ μ‚¬κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
If you don't remember it,
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이 사건을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
00:40
it's because there's a lot of this going on.
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그건 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 일듀이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
Wikipedia just last year counted 323 mass shootings
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μœ„ν‚€ν”Όλ””μ•„μ— 기둝된 μ΄κΈ°λ‚œμ‚¬ 사건은 μž‘λ…„λ§Œ 해도 323건에 λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
in my home country, the United States.
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제 κ³ ν–₯인 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλ§Œ 말이죠.
00:50
Not all of those shooters were suicidal,
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λͺ¨λ“  범인듀이 μžμ‚΄μ„ ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
00:52
not all of them were maximizing their death tolls,
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κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ‚¬λ§μž 수λ₯Ό μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λ†’μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
but many, many were.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λ§μžκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:56
An important question becomes: What limits do these people have?
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그런데 ν•œ 가지 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ˜λ¬Έμ μ€ 이듀이 가진 ν•œκ³„κ°€ λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄λƒλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Take the Vegas shooter.
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λΌμŠ€λ² κ°€μŠ€ μ΄κΈ°λ‚œμ‚¬λ²”μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ£ .
01:02
He slaughtered 58 people.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 58λͺ…을 μ‚¬μ‚΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Did he stop there because he'd had enough?
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그걸둜 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜λ‹€ μ—¬κ²¨μ„œ 멈좘 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:07
No, and we know this because he shot and injured another 422 people
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μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€, 그의 μ΄κΈ°λ‚œμ‚¬λ‘œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 422λͺ…이 상해λ₯Ό μž…μ—ˆκ³ 
01:13
who he surely would have preferred to kill.
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범인은 λΆ„λͺ… 이듀을 사살할 μž‘μ •μ΄μ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
We have no reason to think he would have stopped at 4,200.
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κ·Έκ°€ 4,200λͺ…μ—μ„œ λ©ˆμ·„μ„ 거라고 생각할 ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
In fact, with somebody this nihilistic, he may well have gladly killed us all.
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사싀, κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν—ˆλ¬΄μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 기꺼이 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ£½μ˜€μ„ ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:23
We don't know.
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우린 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
What we do know is this:
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 건
01:27
when suicidal murderers really go all in,
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μžμ‚΄ 좩동을 λŠλΌλŠ” 살인범이 그것에 μ˜¬μΈν•˜κ²Œ 되면
01:30
technology is the force multiplier.
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κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ μ΄ κ·Έ νž˜μ„ λ°°κ°€μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
Here's an example.
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예λ₯Ό 듀어보죠.
01:35
Several years back, there was a rash of 10 mass school attacks in China
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λͺ‡ λ…„ μ „, μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” 10건의 학ꡐ 곡격 사건듀이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
01:40
carried out with things like knives and hammers and cleavers,
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μ΄λŠ” μΉΌ, 망치 그리고 식칼 같은 도ꡬ에 μ˜ν•΄ μ΄λ€„μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
because guns are really hard to get there.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 총을 κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ 정말 μ–΄λ ΅κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:46
By macabre coincidence, this last attack occurred
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λ¬΄μ‹œλ¬΄μ‹œν•œ μš°μ—°μ˜ 일치둜, κ°€μž₯ 졜근의 곡격 사건은
01:50
just hours before the massacre in Newtown, Connecticut.
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μ½”λ„€ν‹°μ»· μ£Ό λ‰΄νƒ€μš΄ λŒ€ν•™μ‚΄μ΄ 있기 단지 λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„ 전에 λ°œμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
But that one American attack killed roughly the same number of victims
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ ν•œ 건의 ν¬μƒμž μˆ˜λŠ”
μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§„ 10건의 ν¬μƒμž 수λ₯Ό ν•©μΉœ 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
as the 10 Chinese attacks combined.
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02:01
So we can fairly say, knife: terrible; gun: way worse.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 우린 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 말할 수 있죠. 칼은 λ”μ°ν•˜κ³ , 총은 더 λ”μ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³ μš”.
02:07
And airplane: massively worse,
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그리고 λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λŠ” 훨씬 더 λ”μ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
as pilot Andreas Lubitz showed when he forced 149 people
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쑰쒅사인 μ•ˆλ“œλ ˆμ•„μŠ€ λ£¨λΉ„μΈ λŠ”
μžμ‹ μ˜ μžμ‚΄ 길에 149λͺ…μ˜ μŠΉκ°μ„ λŒμ–΄λ“€μ΄κ³ μž
02:14
to join him in his suicide,
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02:16
smashing a plane into the French Alps.
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λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λ₯Ό μ•Œν”„μŠ€ μ‚°λ§₯에 μΆ©λŒμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
And there are other examples of this.
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이런 사건은 또 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:21
And I'm afraid there are far more deadly weapons in our near future than airplanes,
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κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” 항곡기보닀 훨씬 치λͺ…적인 무기가 λ‚˜μ˜¬κΉŒλ΄ μ—Όλ €λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
ones not made of metal.
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그것도 κΈˆμ†μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ 무기 말이죠.
02:29
So let's consider the apocalyptic dynamics that will ensue
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ’…λ§λ‘ μ˜ 원동λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보죠.
κ·Έ 동λ ₯은 μžμ‚΄μ„ μœ„ν•œ λŒ€λŸ‰ν•™μ‚΄μ΄ μ‚¬νšŒ μ „λ°˜μ—μ„œ κΈ‰μ†νžˆ λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” 뢄야에
02:34
if suicidal mass murder hitches a ride on a rapidly advancing field
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02:39
that for the most part holds boundless promise for society.
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νŽΈμŠΉν•  λ•Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Somewhere out there in the world, there's a tiny group of people
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세상 μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ—λŠ”
λΆ€μ μ ˆν•œ μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό κΎ€ν•˜λŠ” κ·Ήμ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ 집단이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
who would attempt, however ineptly,
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02:49
to kill us all if they could just figure out how.
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그글은 λ°©λ²•λ§Œ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έλ‹€λ©΄ 우리 인λ₯˜λ₯Ό λͺ°μ‚΄μ‹œν‚€λ € ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
The Vegas shooter may or may not have been one of them,
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λΌμŠ€λ² κ°€μŠ€ 총기범도 그쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ μˆ˜λ„, 아닐 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:55
but with seven and a half billion of us,
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75μ–΅ λͺ…μ˜ 인λ₯˜ 쀑에
02:57
this is a nonzero population.
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그런 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—†μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ² μ£ .
02:59
There's plenty of suicidal nihilists out there.
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μžμ‚΄μ„± ν—ˆλ¬΄μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 곳곳에 많이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
우린 이미 그듀을 λͺ©κ²©ν•΄ μ™”μ£ .
03:02
We've already seen that.
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03:03
There's people with severe mood disorders that they can't even control.
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슀슀둜 μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 감정 μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
There are people who have just suffered deranging traumas, etc. etc.
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단지 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 미치게 ν•˜λŠ” 트라우마 외에 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ 고톡을 λ°›λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 있죠.
03:12
As for the corollary group,
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그런 이듀에 κ΄€ν•΄
03:14
its size was simply zero forever until the Cold War,
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λƒ‰μ „μ²΄μ œ μ „κΉŒμ§„ 그런 집단은 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
when suddenly, the leaders of two global alliances
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κ°‘μžκΈ°, 두 κ΅­μ œλ™λ§Ήμ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄
03:22
attained the ability to blow up the world.
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세계λ₯Ό 날렀버릴 λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ–»κ²Œ 됐죠.
03:26
The number of people with actual doomsday buttons
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μ΅œν›„ μ‹¬νŒμ˜ λ²„νŠΌμ„ 가진 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ”
03:29
has stayed fairly stable since then.
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
But I'm afraid it's about to grow,
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ μˆ«μžκ°€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚ κΉŒ κ±±μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
and not just to three.
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단지 μ„Έ λͺ…이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:36
This is going off the charts.
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차트λ₯Ό 뚫고 λ‚˜κ°ˆ μ •λ„λ‘œ 말이죠.
03:37
I mean, it's going to look like a tech business plan.
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ν…Œν¬ 사업 κ³„νšμ„œμ²˜λŸΌ 보일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² λ„€μš”.
03:40
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:44
And the reason is,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
03:45
we're in the era of exponential technologies,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” κΈ‰λ³€ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ  μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ”
03:48
which routinely take eternal impossibilities
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μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μ „ν˜€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
03:53
and make them the actual superpowers of one or two living geniuses
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ν•œλ‘˜μ˜ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ²œμž¬λ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œ μŠˆνΌνŒŒμ›Œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
and -- this is the big part --
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그리고 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄은
04:00
then diffuse those powers to more or less everybody.
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κ·Έ λŠ₯λ ₯을 거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 널리 퍼뜨리죠.
04:03
Now, here's a benign example.
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μ—¬κΈ° 쒋은 μ˜ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
If you wanted to play checkers with a computer in 1952,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 1952년에 컴퓨터와 체컀 κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
04:10
you literally had to be that guy,
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ € μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
then commandeer one of the world's 19 copies of that computer,
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κ·Έλ‹€μŒμ—” 세계에 19λŒ€ 밖에 μ—†λŠ” μ € 컴퓨터 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•΄μ„œ
04:18
then used your Nobel-adjacent brain to teach it checkers.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 노벨에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ‘λ‡Œλ‘œ 체컀λ₯Ό κ°€λ₯΄μ³μ•Ό ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
That was the bar.
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λ„˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•  μž₯애물이죠.
04:24
Today, you just need to know someone who knows someone who owns a telephone,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” κ·Έμ € μ „ν™”κΈ°λ₯Ό 가진 κ·Έ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
because computing is an exponential technology.
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컴퓨터 기술이 κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
So is synthetic biology,
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ν•©μ„± 생물학도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
which I'll now refer to as "synbio."
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μ΄μ œλΆ€ν„° "ν•©μ„±λ°”μ΄μ˜€"라 λΆ€λ₯Όκ²Œμš”.
04:38
And in 2011, a couple of researchers did something every bit as ingenious
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2011λ…„, 두 λͺ…μ˜ 연ꡬ원이 정말 독창적인 일을 μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
and unprecedented as the checkers trick
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H5N1 독감 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‘œ 체컀 κ²Œμž„ 같은 μ „λ‘€ μ—†λŠ” 일을 μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆλ˜ κ±°μ£ .
04:46
with H5N1 flu.
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04:49
This is a strain that kills up to 60 percent of the people it infects,
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” κ°μ—Όμžμ˜ 60%κ°€ 사망에 μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
more than Ebola.
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에볼라보닀 많죠.
04:55
But it is so uncontagious
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 전염성이 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ
04:58
that it's killed fewer than 50 people since 2015.
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2015λ…„ 이래둜 50λͺ… 미만의 μ‚¬μƒμžλ₯Ό λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
So these researchers edited H5N1's genome
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이듀 연ꡬ진은 H5N1의 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•˜μ—¬
05:06
and made it every bit as deadly, but also wildly contagious.
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치λͺ…적일 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 큰 전염성을 갖도둝 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
The news arm of one of the world's top two scientific journals
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세계 2λŒ€ κ³Όν•™ μ €λ„μ˜ ν•œ μ†Œμ‹ν†΅μ€
05:14
said if this thing got out, it would likely cause a pandemic
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이것이 세상에 λ‚˜κ°€κ²Œ 되면 μ•„λ§ˆλ„
05:18
with perhaps millions of deaths.
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수 백만의 μ‚¬λ§μžλ₯Ό λ‚Ό κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ „ν–ˆμ£ .
05:20
And Dr. Paul Keim said
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그리고 폴 μΌ€μž„ 박사가 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
he could not think of an organism as scary as this,
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μ΄κ²ƒλ§ŒνΌ λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” κΏˆλ„ κΏ€ 수 없을 κ±°λΌκ³ μš”.
05:26
which is the last thing I personally want to hear
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μ΄λŠ” μ œκ°€ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μ•ˆμ „ κ΄€λ ¨ κ΅­λ¦½κ³Όν•™μžλ¬Έμœ„μ›νšŒ 의μž₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
05:29
from the Chairman of the National Science Advisory Board on Biosecurity.
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개인적으둜 λ“£κ³  싢은 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ‚¬ν•­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
And by the way, Dr. Keim also said this --
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μΌ€μž„ λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” 이런 말도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
["λ‚œ 이것에 λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄ 탄저병도 μ „ν˜€ 무섭지 μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€."]
05:37
["I don't think anthrax is scary at all compared to this."]
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그런데 그도 이런 μ‚¬λžŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. [탄저병 μ „λ¬Έκ°€]
05:40
And he's also one of these.
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05:41
[Anthrax expert] (Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:43
Now, the good news about the 2011 biohack
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이제, 2011년에 λ°”μ΄μ˜€ 해킹에 κ΄€ν•œ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€
05:46
is that the people who did it didn't mean us any harm.
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κ·Έ 일을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ ν•΄λ₯Ό μž…νž 생각이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
They're virologists.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν•™μžμΈ 그듀은
05:51
They believed they were advancing science.
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과학을 λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
The bad news is that technology does not freeze in place,
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λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€ 기술이 κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ— λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
and over the next few decades,
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그리고 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„κ°„
05:59
their feat will become trivially easy.
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그듀은 보닀 μ‰½κ²Œ 업적을 κ±°λ‘κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
In fact, it's already way easier, because as we learned yesterday morning,
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사싀, 이미 훨씬 더 μ‰¬μ›Œμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄μ œ 아침에 λ°°μ› λ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
06:06
just two years after they did their work,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 업적 이후, 단 2λ…„λ§Œμ—
06:08
the CRISPR system was harnessed for genome editing.
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CRISPR μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ μœ μ „μž νŽΈμ§‘μ— μ μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
This was a radical breakthrough
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이것은 급진적인 λ³€ν™”μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
that makes gene editing massively easier --
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μœ μ „μž 쑰직을 훨씬 μ‰½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ 
06:17
so easy that CRISPR is now taught in high schools.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°„λ‹¨ν•΄μ„œ 이젠 CRISPR κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œλ„ κ°€λ₯΄μ§ˆ μ •λ„λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:20
And this stuff is moving quicker than computing.
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그리고 이 물건은 컴퓨터보닀 더 빨리 μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
That slow, stodgy white line up there?
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μ € 느리고, μ§€λ£¨ν•œ ν•˜μ–€ μ„ μžˆμ£ ?
06:27
That's Moore's law.
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λ¬΄μ–΄μ˜ λ²•μΉ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
That shows us how quickly computing is getting cheaper.
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이것은 컴퓨터가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 빨리 μ €λ ΄ν•΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 보여주죠.
06:33
That steep, crazy-fun green line,
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μ € κ°€νŒŒλ₯΄κ³ , μ—„μ²­ μž¬λ―Έμ§„ 녹색 선은
06:36
that shows us how quickly genetic sequencing is getting cheaper.
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μœ μ „μž μ„œμ—΄ 뢄석이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 빨리 μ €λ ΄ν•΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
Now, gene editing and synthesis and sequencing,
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이제, μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘ 및 μ„œμ—΄ 뢄석은
06:44
they're different disciplines, but they're tightly related.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μ•Όμ΄μ§€λ§Œ κΈ΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
And they're all moving in these headlong rates.
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그리고 κ·Έ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κΈ΄μž₯된 μ†λ„λ‘œ 움직이고 있죠.
06:49
And the keys to the kingdom are these tiny, tiny data files.
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그리고 이 μ™•κ΅­μ˜ μ—΄μ‡ λŠ” μž‘κ³  μž‘μ€ 데이터 νŒŒμΌμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
That is an excerpt of H5N1's genome.
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이것은 H5N1 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μœ μ „μžμ˜ μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
The whole thing can fit on just a few pages.
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전체 λ‚΄μš©μ€ κ·Έμ € 쒅이 λͺ‡ μž₯에 담을 수 있죠.
06:59
And yeah, don't worry, you can Google this as soon as you get home.
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κ±±μ •λ§ˆμ„Έμš”. 집에 κ°€μ…”μ„œ κ΅¬κΈ€μ—μ„œ 검색해보면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
인터넷에 λ‹€ λ‚˜μ™€ μžˆμ–΄μš”, 맞죠?
07:03
It's all over the internet, right?
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μ „μ—Όμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은
07:04
And the part that made it contagious
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07:06
could well fit on a single Post-it note.
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ν¬μŠ€νŠΈμž‡ λ…ΈνŠΈ ν•œ μž₯에 λ”± λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
And once a genius makes a data file,
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ν•œ μ²œμž¬κ°€ 일단 데이터 νŒŒμΌμ„ λ§Œλ“€λ©΄
07:13
any idiot can copy it,
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μ–΄λŠ 바보라도 κ·Έκ±Έ λ³΅μ‚¬ν•΄μ„œ
07:15
distribute it worldwide
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세상에 널리 νΌλœ¨λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜
07:17
or print it.
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좜λ ₯ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
And I don't just mean print it on this,
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κ·Έμ € μ—¬κΈ° 좜λ ₯ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
07:21
but soon enough, on this.
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맀우 κ·Όμ‹œμΌμ—λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
So let's imagine a scenario.
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그럼 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 상상해보죠.
07:27
Let's say it's 2026, to pick an arbitrary year,
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2026년이라고 치죠. μž„μ˜λ‘œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ³¨λΌλ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:30
and a brilliant virologist, hoping to advance science
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κ³Όν•™ λ°œμ „μ„ κΏˆκΎΈλŠ” ν•œ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ ν•™μžκ°€
07:33
and better understand pandemics,
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전염병을 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•œ 뒀에
07:35
designs a new bug.
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μ‹ μ’… 세균을 μ„€κ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
It's as contagious as chicken pox,
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μˆ˜λ‘λ§ŒνΌ 전염성이 있고,
07:40
it's as deadly as Ebola,
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μ—λ³ΌλΌλ§ŒνΌ 치λͺ…적이며,
07:42
and it incubates for months and months before causing an outbreak,
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λ°œλ³‘κΉŒμ§€ 수 κ°œμ›”μ˜ 잠볡기λ₯Ό 거친 뒀에
07:46
so the whole world can be infected before the first sign of trouble.
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졜초의 문제 징후가 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ°λ„ 전에 온 세상이 감염될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
Then, her university gets hacked.
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그러면, κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λŒ€ν•™κ΅λŠ” 해킹을 λ‹Ήν•˜κ² μ£ .
07:53
And of course, this is not science fiction.
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λ¬Όλ‘ , 이건 κ³Όν•™ 곡상물이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
In fact, just one recent US indictment
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μ‚΄μ œλ‘œ 졜근 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 고발된 μ‚¬λ‘€μ—μ„œλŠ”
07:57
documents the hacking of over 300 universities.
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300κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” λŒ€ν•™λ“€μ΄ ν•΄ν‚Ήλœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
So that file with the bug's genome on it spreads to the internet's dark corners.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ·Έ μ„Έκ· μ˜ μœ μ „μž 파일이 μΈν„°λ„·μ˜ μ–΄λ‘μš΄ κ΅¬μ„λ“€λ‘œ νΌμ§€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:07
And once a file is out there, it never comes back --
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그러면 파일이 μœ μΆœλ˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„, μ ˆλŒ€ λŒμ•„μ˜¬ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
just ask anybody who runs a movie studio or a music label.
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주변에 μ˜ν™”μ‚¬λ‚˜ μŒλ°˜νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό κ²½μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ•„λ¬΄ν•œν…Œλ‚˜ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:16
So now maybe in 2026,
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이제 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 2026λ…„μ—λŠ”
08:18
it would take a true genius like our virologist
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우리 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ ν•™μžμ™€ 같은 μ§„μ •ν•œ μ²œμž¬κ°€
08:21
to make the actual living critter,
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μ‹€μ œ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 동물을 λ§Œλ“€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
but 15 years later,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 15λ…„ ν›„μ—λŠ”
08:25
it may just take a DNA printer you can find at any high school.
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μ–΄λŠ κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œλ‚˜ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μž ν”„λ¦°ν„°λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
And if not?
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λ§Œμ•½ 그렇지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μš”?
08:31
Give it a couple of decades.
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μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ 정도 더 두고 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:34
So, a quick aside:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, ν•˜λ‚˜ λ§λΆ™μ΄μžλ©΄..
이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œμ£ ?
08:36
Remember this slide here?
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08:37
Turn your attention to these two words.
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μ—¬κΈ° 두 κΈ€μžμ— μ§‘μ€‘ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:40
If somebody tries this and is only 0.1 percent effective,
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λ§Œμ•½ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ 이것을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄μ„œ 0.1%라도 효과λ₯Ό λ‚Έλ‹€λ©΄
08:47
eight million people die.
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800만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
That's 2,500 9/11s.
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911ν…ŒλŸ¬ μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ μ‚¬λ§μžκ°€ 2,500λͺ…이죠.
08:52
Civilization would survive,
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λ¬Έλͺ…은 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨κ² μ§€λ§Œ
08:55
but it would be permanently disfigured.
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μ˜μ›νžˆ 큰 ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μž…μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
So this means we need to be concerned about anybody
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ±±μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  λŒ€μƒμ€ μ‘°κΈˆμ΄λΌλ„ λͺ©μ μ„ μ΄λ£¨λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—μš”.
09:01
who has the faintest shot on goal,
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09:03
not just geniuses.
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μ²œμž¬λ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  말이죠.
09:06
So today, there's a tiny handful of geniuses
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ ,
세상을 λ©Έλ§μ‹œν‚¬ 세균을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ·Ήμ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ μ²œμž¬λ“€μ΄ μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
who probably could make a doomsday bug
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09:13
that's .1-percent effective and maybe even a little bit more.
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κ·Έ 세균이 0.1%라도 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 심지어 더 λ§Žμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€μš”.
09:17
They tend to be stable and successful and so not part of this group.
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μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄κ³  성곡적인 κ²½ν–₯의 그듀은 이 집단에 μ†ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
So I guess I'm sorta kinda barely OK-ish with that.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ°€κΉŒμŠ€λ‘œ μ•ˆμ‹¬ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ 거라 생각할 μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
09:26
But what about after technology improves
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ³Όν•™ 기술이 λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³ 
09:29
and diffuses
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널리 ν™•μ‚°λœ ν›„
09:30
and thousands of life science grad students are enabled?
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수천 λͺ…μ˜ 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™ λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒλ“€μ΄ 이룰 수 μžˆλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμ€μš”?
09:34
Are every single one of them going to be perfectly stable?
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κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μ•ˆμ •μ μΌκΉŒμš”?
09:37
Or how about a few years after that,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λͺ‡ λ…„ ν›„μ• 
09:39
where every stress-ridden premed is fully enabled?
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μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€μ— μ‹œλ‹¬λ¦° μ˜λŒ€μƒλ“€μ€ μ–Έμ œ μ˜¨μ „νžˆ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
09:43
At some point in that time frame,
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κ·Έ μ‹œκ°„λŒ€μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ
09:45
these circles are going to intersect,
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이듀 집합이 ꡐ차할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
because we're now starting to talk about hundreds of thousands of people
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 우린 μ΄μ œμ„œμ•Ό
μ „ 세계 μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:51
throughout the world.
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09:52
And they recently included that guy who dressed up like the Joker
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그리고 κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ— 쑰컀처럼 μ˜·μ„ μž…μ€ μ–΄λŠ 사내가
09:56
and shot 12 people to death at a Batman premiere.
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배트맨 ν”„λ¦¬λ―Έμ–΄μ—μ„œ 12λͺ…을 μ‚¬μ‚΄ν•œ κ²½μš°λ„ ν¬ν•¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
That was a neuroscience PhD student
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ―Έκ΅­κ΅­λ¦½λ³΄κ±΄μ›μ˜ μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™ 박사과정 ν•™μƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
with an NIH grant.
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10:05
OK, plot twist:
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μ’‹μ•„μš”, λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ’€ 바꿔보죠.
10:07
I think we can actually survive this one if we start focusing on it now.
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λ©΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 살아남을 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
10:11
And I say this, having spent countless hours
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즉, ν•©μ„±λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μ—…κ³„μ˜ κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ 리더듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ
10:14
interviewing global leaders in synbio
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μΈν„°λ·°ν•˜κ³ 
10:17
and also researching their work for science podcasts I create.
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μ œκ°€ λ§Œλ“  κ³Όν•™ 팟캐슀트λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
I have come to fear their work, in case I haven't gotten that out there yet --
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 연ꡬ에 두렀움을 κ°€μ‘Œμ–΄μš”. 곡개적으둜 λ°νžˆμ§„ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œμš”.
10:27
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:28
but more than that, to revere its potential.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그보닀 λ”ν•œ 건, μž μž¬μ„±μ„ μˆ­λ°°ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
This stuff will cure cancer, heal our environment
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이것은 암을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ³ , 우리 ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜λ©°,
10:35
and stop our cruel treatment of other creatures.
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μž”μΈν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ 멈좜 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
So how do we get all this without, you know, annihilating ourselves?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 우리 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μ „λ©Έμ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  이점을 μ–»μ„κΉŒμš”?
10:44
First thing: like it or not, synbio is here,
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첫째, μ’‹λ“  μ‹«λ“  간에 ν•©μ„±λ°”μ΄μ˜€λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
so let's embrace the technology.
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κ³Όν•™ κΈ°μˆ μ„ 감싸보도둝 ν•˜μ£ .
10:49
If we do a tech ban,
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ μ„ κΈˆμ§€ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
10:51
that would only hand the wheel to bad actors.
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그것은 였직 λ‚˜μœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μš΄μ „λŒ€λ₯Ό λ„˜κ²¨μ£ΌλŠ” 격이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
Unlike nuclear programs,
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ν•΅ λ¬Έμ œμ™€λŠ” 달리
10:57
biology can be practiced invisibly.
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생물학은 보이지 μ•Šκ²Œ μ‹œν–‰λ  수 있죠.
10:59
Massive Soviet cheating on bioweapons treaties
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κ±°λŒ€ μ†Œλ ¨ 연방이 화학무기 쑰약을 μ–΄κΈ΄ κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜
11:03
made that very clear, as does every illegal drug lab in the world.
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μ „ 세계 λͺ¨λ“  λΆˆλ²• μ•½λ¬Ό μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일만 봐도 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
Secondly, enlist the experts.
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두 번째, 전문가듀을 λͺ¨μœΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
Let's sign them up and make more of them.
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그듀을 λ“±λ‘μ‹œν‚€κ³ , 수λ₯Ό λŠ˜λ¦¬λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
For every million and one bioengineers we have,
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백만 λͺ…κ³Ό ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ 생λͺ… κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:14
at least a million of them are going to be on our side.
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적어도 백만 λͺ…은 우리 편이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
I mean, Al Capone would be on our side in this one.
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제 말은, μ•Œ 카포넀가 우리 νŽΈμ— μ„€ κ±°λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
The bar to being a good guy is just so low.
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쒋은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ˜κΈ°λž€ 정말 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
And massive numerical advantages do matter,
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수적으둜 λ§Žμ€ 이득을 μ–»λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
even when a single bad guy can inflict grievous harm,
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단 ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ 악인이 λ§Žμ€ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μž…νž 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:31
because among many other things,
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
11:33
they allow us to exploit the hell out of this:
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이 μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ•…μš©ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
we have years and hopefully decades to prepare and prevent.
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사전쀀비와 μ˜ˆλ°©μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 수 λ…„ λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­ 년이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
The first person to try something awful -- and there will be somebody --
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첫 번째 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ”μ°ν•œ κ±Έ ν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μŒμ—” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
μ•„λ§ˆ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
11:45
may not even be born yet.
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11:47
Next, this needs to be an effort that spans society,
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λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, μ‚¬νšŒ μ „μ²΄λ‘œ ν™•μ‚°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
and all of you need to be a part of it,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
11:53
because we cannot ask a tiny group of experts
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 우린 κ·Έ μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œ
11:57
to be responsible for both containing and exploiting synthetic biology,
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ν•©μ„±μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ ν™œμš©κ³Ό μ•…μš©μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ±…μž„μ§€λ„λ‘ ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
because we already tried that with the financial system,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 우린 이미 금육 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— 그런 μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό ν•œ 적이 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
12:05
and our stewards became massively corrupted
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κ΄€λ¦¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λΆ€νŒ¨ν•˜μ—¬
12:09
as they figured out how they could cut corners,
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μ ˆμ°¨μ™€ 원칙듀을 λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
12:11
inflict massive, massive risks on the rest of us
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°€ν•˜κ³ 
12:14
and privatize the gains,
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이읡을 μ‚¬μœ ν™”ν•˜μ—¬
12:16
becoming repulsively wealthy
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λΆ€λ₯Ό λˆ„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
while they stuck us with the $22 trillion bill.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 22μ‘° λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ– λ…κΈ°λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
12:22
And more recently --
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그리고 μ΅œκ·Όμ—” 더 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
12:24
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
12:26
Are you the ones who have gotten the thank-you letters?
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κ·Έλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 감사 νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λ³Έ 적 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
μ „ 아직 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ..
12:29
I'm still waiting for mine.
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μ „ κ·Έμ € 그듀이 κ³ λ§ˆμ›Œν•˜κΈ°μ—” λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ°”μœ λΆ„λ“€μ΄λž€ κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μ£ .
12:30
I just figured they were too busy to be grateful.
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12:33
And much more recently,
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그리고 μ΅œκ·Όμ—” 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ•„μš”.
12:36
online privacy started looming as a huge issue,
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온라인 κ°œμΈμ •λ³΄ λ³΄ν˜Έκ°€ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 문제둜 뜨기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
12:39
and we basically outsourced it.
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우린 이걸 기본적으둜 μ•„μ›ƒμ†Œμ‹±ν•΄μš”.
12:41
And once again:
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그리고 λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ
12:42
privatized gains, socialized losses.
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이읡을 μ‚¬μœ ν™”λ˜κ³ , 손싀은 μ‚¬νšŒλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°”μ£ .
12:45
Is anybody else sick of this pattern?
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이런 νŒ¨ν„΄μ— 이제 μ§ˆλ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
12:47
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
12:52
So we need a more inclusive way to safeguard our prosperity,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 보닀 포괄적인 방법이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
우리의 λ²ˆμ˜μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³ 
12:58
our privacy
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κ°œμΈμ •λ³΄μ™€ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ 우리의 삢을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”
12:59
and soon, our lives.
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13:01
So how do we do all of this?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
13:04
Well, when bodies fight pathogens,
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우리 λͺΈμ΄ 병균과 μ‹ΈμšΈ 땐
13:06
they use ingenious immune systems,
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독창적인 면역체계λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
which are very complex and multilayered.
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ꡉμž₯히 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  λ‹€κ°ν™”λœ ꡬ쑰죠.
13:11
Why don't we build one of these for the whole damn ecosystem?
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이 망할 μƒνƒœκ³„ ν™˜κ²½μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 그런 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 건 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
13:14
There's a year of TED Talks that could be given on this first critical layer.
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1λ…„ κ°„μ˜ TED talksλ₯Ό 첫 번째 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 계측에 λ‘˜ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:17
So these are just a couple of many great ideas that are out there.
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이듀은 κ·Έμ € μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 아이디어 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡ 개뿐이죠.
13:21
Some R and D muscle
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ κ·Όμœ‘μ€
13:23
could take the very primitive pathogen sensors that we currently have
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ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 μ›μ‹œμ μΈ 병원균 μ„Όμ„œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
13:28
and put them on a very steep price performance curve
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맀우 κ°€νŒŒλ₯Έ 가격성λŠ₯ 곑선을 따라 λ°œμ „μ‹œμΌœ
13:31
that would quickly become ingenious
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μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ²Œ 독창적 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
13:33
and networked
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λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ν™”ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
13:34
and gradually as widespread as smoke detectors and even smartphones.
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점차 μ—°κΈ° 감지기 및 슀마트폰만큼 널리 보급할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
On a very related note:
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이와 λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ΄€λœ 보고에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
13:40
vaccines have all kinds of problems
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λ°±μ‹ μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 문제점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
when it comes to manufacturing and distribution,
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백신을 제쑰 및 보급 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
13:46
and once they're made, they can't adapt to new threats or mutations.
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일단 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 백신은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ„ν˜‘μ΄λ‚˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μ—λŠ” μ μ‘ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
We need an agile biomanufacturing base
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λ―Όμ²©ν•œ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ 제쑰 기지가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
extending into every single pharmacy and maybe even our homes.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ•½κ΅­ 및 심지어 각 κ°€μ •μ—κΉŒμ§€ ν™•μž₯ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
13:58
Printer technology for vaccines and medicines is within reach
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λ°±μ‹  및 μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λ¦°ν„° κΈ°μˆ μ€
14:01
if we prioritize it.
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μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό μ •ν•˜λ©΄ μ‰½κ²Œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:03
Next, mental health.
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λ‹€μŒμ€, μ •μ‹  κ±΄κ°•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:05
Many people who commit suicidal mass murder
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μžμ‚΄ν˜• λŒ€λŸ‰μ‚΄μƒμ„ 저지λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
14:08
suffer from crippling, treatment-resistant depression or PTSD.
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뢀상, μΉ˜λ£Œμ €ν•­μ„± 우울증 λ˜λŠ” PTSDλ‘œλΆ€ν„° κ³ ν†΅λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
We need noble researchers like Rick Doblin working on this,
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우린 λ¦­ 도블린과 같은 μ§„μ •ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:17
but we also need the selfish jerks who are way more numerous
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ 이기적인 녀석듀도 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
to appreciate the fact that acute suffering will soon endanger all of us,
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그듀은 κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ 고톡이 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œλ„ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 될 κ±°λž€ 사싀을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:27
not just those afflicted.
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κ³ ν†΅λ°›λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μš”.
14:29
Those jerks will then join us and Al Capone
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κ·Έ 녀석듀은 μš°λ¦¬μ™€ μ•Œ 카포넀에 ν•©λ₯˜ν•˜μ—¬
14:32
in fighting this condition.
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이 상황을 ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹Έμ›Œλ‚˜κ°ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
Third, each and every one of us can be and should be a white blood cell
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μ…‹μ§Έ, 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 이 λ©΄μ—­μ²΄κ³„μ˜ λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
in this immune system.
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μ•„λ‹ˆ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:43
Suicidal mass murderers can be despicable, yes,
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μžμ‚΄μ„± λŒ€λŸ‰ν•™μ‚΄λ²”λ“€μ€ λΆ„λͺ… λΉ„μ—΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:46
but they're also terribly broken and sad people,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ“€ λ˜ν•œ λ”μ°ν•˜κ²Œ μƒμ²˜λ°›κ³  μŠ¬ν””μ— 빠진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:50
and those of us who aren't need to do what we can
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그렇지 μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 그듀이 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일은
14:53
to make sure nobody goes unloved.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ‚¬λž‘λ°›μ•„μ•Ό 함을 μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:56
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
15:01
Next, we need to make fighting these dangers
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λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, 이 μœ„ν—˜μš”μΈλ“€μ— λ§žμ„œλŠ” 것을
15:04
core to the discipline of synthetic biology.
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ν•©μ„±μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ ν›ˆλ ¨μ΄ λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:07
There are companies out there that at least claim
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μ–΄λ–€ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ 이런 κ·œμ •μ„ 두기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:09
they let their engineers spend 20 percent of their time
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μžμ‚¬μ˜ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Όλ¬΄μ‹œκ°„μ˜ 20%λŠ”
15:12
doing whatever they want.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ›ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£Όμ£ .
15:13
What if those who hire bioengineers
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λ§Œμ•½ μƒλ¬Όκ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
15:16
and become them
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그처럼 λ˜μ–΄
15:17
give 20 percent of their time to building defenses for the common good?
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κ·Όλ¬΄μ‹œκ°„ 20%λŠ” 쒋은 λͺ©μ μ˜ 방어책을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μ“°κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄μš”?
15:23
Not a bad idea, right?
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λ‚˜μ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ , κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
15:24
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
15:26
Then, finally: this won't be any fun.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, 이건 μž¬λ°Œμ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:28
But we need to let our minds go to some very, very dark places,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 우린 우리의 생각을 μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 곳으둜 데렀갈 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
15:32
and thank you for letting me take you there this evening.
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였늘 저녁 그곳으둜 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ 데렀갈 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν—ˆλ½ν•΄μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ°μ‚¬λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:36
We survived the Cold War
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우린 냉전 μ²΄μ œμ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
because every one of us understood and respected the danger,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μΈμ •ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:42
in part, because we had spent decades
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λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘ , 우린 μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„κ°„ μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ λ”μ°ν•œ μœ λ Ήμ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ₯Ό ν•΄μ™”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:45
telling ourselves terrifying ghost stories
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15:47
with names like "Dr. Strangelove"
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"λ‹₯ν„° μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμΈμ§€λŸ¬λΈŒ"λ‚˜
15:49
and "War Games."
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"μ›Œ κ²Œμž„" 같은 이야기 말이죠.
15:51
This is no time to remain calm.
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μΉ¨μ°©ν•  μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
This is one of those rare times when it's incredibly productive
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λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ 바짝 겁 λ¨ΉλŠ” 게 였히렀 λ‚˜μ•„μš”.
15:56
to freak the hell out --
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15:59
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:02
to come up with some ghost stories
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λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ 이야기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
16:04
and use our fear as fuel to fight this danger.
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κ·Έ 두렀움을 동λ ₯으둜 μœ„ν—˜μ— λ§žμ„œμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:09
Because, all these terrible scenarios I've painted --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 이 λͺ¨λ“  λ”μ°ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ“€μ΄
16:13
they are not destiny.
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운λͺ…이 μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:16
They're optional.
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그것은 우리의 μ„ νƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:18
The danger is still kind of distant.
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μœ„ν—˜μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 도사리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:22
And that means it will only befall us
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κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 내버렀둔닀면 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ λ‹₯μΉ  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:25
if we allow it to.
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16:27
Let's not.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 두지 λ§™μ‹œλ‹€.
16:29
Thank you very much for listening.
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λ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ…”μ„œ 맀우 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:30
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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