The Massive Machines Removing Carbon from Earth's Atmosphere | Jan Wurzbacher | TED

120,490 views ใƒป 2023-02-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
Well today I'm really glad to get to share something with you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•
00:11
that I've been working on for the past 15 years.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:15
But more importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
00:17
something that could become the first specimen
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:20
of an entire new industry that we might find all around the planet
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ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:24
over the next decades.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
00:27
Think of it as something like the very first smartphone.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
00:30
Still quite clumsy and quite expensive, but of transformative technology.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ืฉื ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
00:36
Smartphones have changed the way how we communicate.
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ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื.
00:41
This, I hope,
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ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”,
00:42
could change the way we deal with global warming.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:46
This is Orca.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€
00:47
This is the first worldwide commercial direct air capture and storage plant.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืคืขืœ ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
00:51
It is in Iceland,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ืกืœื ื“,
00:53
and it is an industrial plant that extracts CO2 out of ambient air.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืกื•ืคื— ืคื“โ€œื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
00:57
We have operated now for more than one year.
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ืคืขืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
01:00
It costs more than 10 million dollars to build Orca.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€œ ืขืœืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
01:04
And its modules,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”,
01:06
those eight boxes that we call CO2 collectors,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ CO2,
01:09
they are designed to extract a bit more than 10 tons of carbon dioxide
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ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ืœืฅ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
01:14
from the air every day.
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ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
01:16
It sounds quite expensive.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ.
01:18
However, when thinking about cost, we should keep in mind one thing.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
01:22
There is one thing that we cannot buy,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช,
01:24
and that is time.
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ื•ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
01:26
And we need to be quite fast here.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
01:30
So that is why
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข
01:32
Orca is not there to demonstrate costs.
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โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€ ืœื ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:36
Orca is there to show in the field, out there, in the weather,
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โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
01:42
that the plant is operating, and Orca is working.
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ืฉื”ืžืคืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
01:46
So the next step for us at Climeworks
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ืื– ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื‘-โ€œืงืœื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืจืงืกโ€
01:48
and for all the other companies in the field
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
01:50
is now going forward, improving the technology,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:54
scaling it up from tens to hundreds to millions of tons capacity.
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช.
01:58
And as we go ahead and we scale it up,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:02
with every new plant going online,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ,
02:05
we'll have efficiencies going up and we'll have costs going down.
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ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขืœื• ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื•.
02:10
Now, how does it work?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
02:13
In the case of Orca,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€œ,
02:14
we have fans mounted to the CO2 collectors that draw air through them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”-CO2 ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:19
Inside there is a filter material that we call sorbent,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกื ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืกื•ืจื‘ื ื˜,
02:23
a highly porous material.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:25
And as the air pulls through it,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•,
02:27
the CO2 is bound at the surface of this material.
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ื”-CO2 ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:31
Think of it as a sponge that sucks up water in its pores.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืกืคื•ื’ ืฉืฉื•ืื‘ ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชื™ื•.
02:35
We do that for a certain time until the material is filled with used CO2,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืœื ื‘CO2 ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ,
02:39
it is saturated.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื•ื™.
02:40
And we close the modules,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:42
we heat them up to around 100 degrees Celsius,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 100 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
02:45
and we can extract concentrated CO2 from them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžื”ื CO2 ืžืจื•ื›ื–.
02:49
The good thing is that the main energy input
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืœื˜ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
02:51
that we need for that process is low temperature heat
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”
02:54
at around 100 degrees Celsius.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 100 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
02:57
And it can entirely be powered by renewable energy.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
03:02
Now that looks quite easy at first glance, right?
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืงืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:06
And indeed, the process behind that is quite simple.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:10
However, when it comes to implementing that into reality
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
03:14
in the field out there
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
03:15
with the purpose of having a plant that is constantly operating,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:18
24/7, reliably,
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24/7, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ,
03:21
then it becomes quite challenging.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืืชื’ืจ.
03:23
Let me give you two examples why it is a challenge
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ
03:26
to capture and remove CO2 from the air.
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ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:29
First of all,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ,
03:30
there is not a lot of CO2 in the air.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” CO2 ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:33
We're currently at around 420 ppm.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 420 ppm.
03:36
That means one molecule out of 2,500 molecules in the air around us
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš 2,500 ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
03:42
is CO2.
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ื”ื™ื CO2.
03:43
That's not a lot.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:45
And that means to extract only one ton of CO2 from the air,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื—ืœืฅ ืจืง ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:49
we need to filter around two million cubic meters of air.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:53
That's about 800 Olympic swimming pools.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 800 ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื•ืช.
03:56
And there's another way of picturing that, which I personally find quite puzzling.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื ื“ื™ ืชืžื•ื”.
04:00
Imagine one of these filters
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:02
with an inlet area of one meter by one meter.
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ืขื ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจ .
04:05
And the amount of air,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:07
like, think of it as a block of air
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ื›ืžื•, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
04:08
that you have to push through that filter inlet
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ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžืกื ืŸ
04:12
to take just one ton of CO2 out of the air,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืจืง ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:15
is 2,000 kilometers long.
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ืื•ืจื›ื• 2,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
04:19
Another example why this is a challenge
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ
04:22
is that it is not so easy to find good,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื
04:26
actually, the best sorbent materials,
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:28
which are both high-performing
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
04:30
and which can prevail outside there in the field with a long life.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
04:34
Now, in this next picture, you see Christoph and myself,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืื•ืชื™,
04:38
cofounders of Climeworks,
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ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ โ€œืงืœื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืจืงืกโ€œ.
04:39
in the very early days of Climeworks, working on that.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ โ€œืงืœื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืจืงืกโ€ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:42
The very first sorbents, we produced them with our own hands,
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ืืช ื”ืกื•ืจื‘ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคืงื ื• ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
04:46
such as you would do your laundry if you didn't have a washing machine.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”.
04:49
We set some sorbents on fire,
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ื”ื‘ืขืจื ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื•ืจื‘ื ื˜ื™ื,
04:51
and we produced hundreds of samples in the past 10 years.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:56
Looking forward,
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ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”
04:57
thousands of more will come, very likely.
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ืœืืœืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื•.
05:01
Now, this is one way of doing it.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:04
We are doing that in our company, but many others are doing it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
05:07
There are companies out there, start-ups,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื,
05:09
more established companies and researchers and scientists.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
05:13
And that is a good thing
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
05:14
because the challenge ahead of us is immense.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืฆื•ื.
05:17
Now let's step back and look at the big picture.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื–ื•ื– ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
05:21
So where does this kind of technology fit into our overall fight
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื•
05:25
against climate change?
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ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื?
05:27
And it's important that first and foremost,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
05:29
the most important thing we need to do is, and will always stay,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉืืจ,
05:33
the drastic reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
05:38
Without that,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื”,
05:39
we will have no chance of ever meeting any of our climate goals.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:43
Then in a second step,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™,
05:44
it will be important that we can all ramp up the capacity
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช
05:49
of extracting and removing CO2 from the atmosphere.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ CO2 ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”.
05:53
Now, when thinking about the latter, so far I've spoken about technology,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ื›ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
05:56
but we shouldn't forget that also, nature offers several solutions
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
06:00
to extract carbon from the air,
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
06:02
such as forests and oceans.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
06:04
And one element that is very important
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ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:06
will be doubling down on these methods offered by nature,
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ื™ื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
06:10
enhancing them and protecting them.
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ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
06:13
That is important.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
06:14
However, will it be sufficient to rely only on nature-based carbon sinks?
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืจืง ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื˜ื‘ืข?
06:20
Very likely not.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื.
06:21
Trees need time to grow and forests need space,
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ืขืฆื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ื,
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™
06:25
and there is simply just not enough area available
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06:28
to plant entire continents of new forests,
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ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
06:31
which we would need
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
06:33
in order to capture many billions of tons of CO2 from the atmosphere.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ CO2 ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
06:38
And therefore,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืœื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื,
06:39
besides preserving all these nature-based solutions and enhancing them,
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06:42
it will be very important to scale up technology-based solutions
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:47
for large-scale carbon removal from the atmosphere.
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ืœื”ืกืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
06:51
Now, I often get asked if you build direct air capture plants
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืขืœื™ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื
06:55
like the one we saw before,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
06:57
is that a license to continue polluting?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื?
07:00
It is clearly not.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื.
07:01
Direct air capture is not a silver bullet, but it is a must-have.
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ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืคึทืช ืคึถึผืœึถื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื”.
07:06
Had we stopped emitting 20, 30 years ago,
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืœืคื ื™ 20, 30 ืฉื ื”,
07:09
or at least substantially reduced our emissions,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
07:12
Climeworks and this whole emerging industry around us
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โ€œืงืœื™ื™ืžื˜ื•ื•ืจืงืกโ€ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
07:15
would likely not be here today.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:17
And for the climate,
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
07:18
that would probably be the better solution.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:21
However, that's not where we are today.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:24
Today, the IPCC has indicated in their last report
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”-IPCC ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
07:27
that technology-based solutions to remove carbon from the air
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ืฉืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
07:31
are a necessity,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื—,
07:33
and they included it [in] their models.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
07:38
And that is why this entire industry that is currently emerging
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ืจื’ืข
07:42
now needs to double down on moving from small-scale and relatively expensive
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
07:46
to larger-scale and cheap.
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ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื–ื•ืœ.
07:49
Double down on developing, deploying,
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ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ืคืจื™ืกื”,
07:52
learning and adjusting in the field.
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ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
07:55
We have to develop markets,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
07:57
we have to develop policy.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:59
And we have to develop mechanisms
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื
08:02
to analyze the CO2 capture
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ืœื ืชื— ืืช ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื”-CO2
08:06
and other technical ways of removing CO2
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง CO2
08:09
that take care of the fact
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ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
08:11
that by taking CO2 out of the air with machines
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ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
08:14
and putting it down in the ground
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ืœืื“ืžื”
08:15
we have one of the most permanent ways of storing the CO2 away
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”-CO2 ื”ืจื—ืง
08:20
for millions of years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
08:22
Now letโ€™s get back one step,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
08:25
and letโ€™s get back to today where we are.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
08:27
And letโ€™s get back to the present, to what is concrete.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™.
08:30
Let's get back to Iceland and our Orca plant.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ืกืœื ื“ ื•ืœืžืคืขืœ โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:33
I've told you before how these collectors extract CO2 from the air.
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื ืื™ืš ื”ืืกืคื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
08:37
Now, how do we make sure that it really permanently stays locked away?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉืืจ ื ืขื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช?
08:41
For that reason, in Iceland,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืื™ืกืœื ื“,
08:43
we have partnered up with a company Carbfix
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช Carbfix
08:46
and have developed a method
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื”
08:48
for permanent carbon storage through mineralization.
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ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
08:52
What they do is they take the CO2, mix it with water,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”-CO2, ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื™ื,
08:55
and inject it into underground volcanic, so-called basalt rock formations.
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ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกืœืขื™ ื‘ื–ืœืช.
09:00
That is one of the most abundant stone or stone material that you find on Earth.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:05
And by doing so,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš,
09:07
the CO2 binds with the rock, it mineralizes,
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ื”-CO2 ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืกืœืข, ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื™ื ืจืœ,
09:09
and it literally turns into stone within two years,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
09:13
hundreds of meters underground.
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ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
09:15
The good thing about that method is that it is very tangible,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™,
09:18
and it's very easy to understand.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
09:20
And for that purpose, I've brought this rock sample here for you.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
09:24
That is taken actually from a drill core
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ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืœื™ื‘ืช ืžืงื“ื—ื”
09:28
of a basalt rock formation hundreds of meters underground.
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ืฉืœ ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืกืœืข ื‘ื–ืœืช ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
09:31
And what you can see here, that's a black rock,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ืกืœืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
09:34
which is the black basalt rock, containing some white crystals.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืœืข ื”ื‘ื–ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
09:37
And these crystals are CO2 turned into stone underground
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื CO2 ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื‘ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”
09:42
and locked away.
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ื•ื ื ืขืœ.
09:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:48
Now I explained to you one method of doing this.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
09:52
There are several other methods out there.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช.
09:54
There are several other techniques, other technologies.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
09:57
But the important thing about it is that this thing is out there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
10:00
It's in practice, it's operating, and we are learning from it.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื–ื”.
10:03
And that is so essential for this new industry.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:05
And we have learned a lot, actually.
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ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
10:07
We have learned how to operate on hot, dry summer days.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื™ืฅ ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื.
10:12
We learned to operate them in pouring rain.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืฉื ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ.
10:15
And we even had to learn how to operate them on a just normal day.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ.
10:19
We had to learn how to ramp up the Orca plant
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืคืขืœ โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€
10:22
immediately after an Icelandic snowstorm.
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ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช.
10:26
And this all is what we need
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
10:28
in order to deploy these plants all over the world.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืจื•ืก ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:33
We should deploy them all over the world
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:35
because we do need so many of them.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื.
10:37
We can deploy them all over the world because the air is everywhere around us
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
10:42
and the CO2 is almost the same concentration
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ื•ื”-CO2 ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื™ื›ื•ื–
10:46
everywhere where we are.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
10:48
So it doesn't matter where we capture the CO2.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”-CO2.
10:51
And for that reason,
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•,
10:52
and in the spirit of deploying more,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืกื”,
10:54
in June of this year
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
10:55
we have announced the next step on our Climeworks scale-up road map,
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ื”ื›ืจื–ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ โ€œืงืœื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืจืงืกโ€œ,
10:59
which is named Mammoth, and that is what you see here.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช โ€œืžืžื•ืชื”โ€œ, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
11:01
That is a plant which is nine times larger than the Orca plant,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืชืฉืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”โ€œืื•ืจืงื”โ€œ,
11:06
that will be in Iceland as well.
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ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืกืœื ื“.
11:08
And the first tons of CO2 will be captured by the end of 2023.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ CO2 ื™ื™ืœื›ื“ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2023.
11:13
This winter, we will finalize the first building before the snow starts.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืœื’ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
11:19
Now there is a big challenge ahead of us.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:23
And actually, you can only really understand what this challenge is
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:27
and really quantify it
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ื–ื”
11:28
if you build these things out there,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
11:31
make mistakes and learn from them.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืŸ.
11:34
So it's a hard problem.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
11:35
It's not a simple problem to solve,
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
11:37
and there is no easy solution to it.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืœ.
11:39
And without action like this, there is no solution at all.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
11:43
And so when I started looking back at the last 15 years,
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:47
what we have been doing,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
11:48
I'm now looking forward to the next 15 years that are to come
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœ-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
11:52
because that is what we need.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
11:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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