SpaceX's Supersized Starship Rocket and the Future of Galactic Exploration | Jennifer Heldmann | TED

431,190 views

2022-06-24 ใƒป TED


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SpaceX's Supersized Starship Rocket and the Future of Galactic Exploration | Jennifer Heldmann | TED

431,190 views ใƒป 2022-06-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Naama Lieberman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
Well, thank you all so much for being here today,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ืืชื ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:07
because I am super excited to tell you
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ืื ื™ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
00:10
that we are about to explore space in a big way.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:14
And the future of space exploration is like nothing weโ€™ve ever seen before,
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
00:19
and the future is one we can hardly even imagine.
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ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
00:23
Well, why is that?
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืœืžื”?
00:24
Weโ€™ve been exploring space since the 1950s,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
00:27
so whatโ€™s different now?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
00:30
Well, for the first time ever,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
00:31
we are going to be using supersized spacecraft
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
00:34
for our journey into the solar system.
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ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:37
This is the Starship vehicle
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค
00:39
thatโ€™s being developed by the company SpaceX.
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ืฉืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” SpaceX.
00:41
This vehicle will be able to launch more mass --
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื” --
00:44
or payload --
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ืื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ --
00:45
have more power
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:47
and be able to launch over and over and over again,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื’ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
00:50
more than any spacecraft ever designed or built, ever.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืื• ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื™ ืคืขื.
00:55
So the Starship and its Super Heavy booster
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ืื– ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”
00:58
are a fully reusable transportation system.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
01:01
So that means that you donโ€™t have to build a new vehicle
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ
01:04
every time you want to fly.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก.
01:06
And so what that does is that reduces the cost of each flight
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืกื”
01:10
and it lets you have more flights.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:13
Now historically, rockets have been used once, and then thatโ€™s it.
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•.
01:17
But if you think about it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:19
would you ever build an airplane,
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ื”ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก,
01:21
fly it once
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ืœื˜ื•ืก ืคืขื ืื—ืช
01:22
and then throw it away?
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ื•ืื– ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื•?
01:24
Like, no, thatโ€™s ridiculous,
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืœื, ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš,
01:25
because the cost of each flight would be way too high,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
01:28
and you wouldnโ€™t have very many flights, right?
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ื•ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:32
So letโ€™s put this in perspective a little bit.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช.
01:34
So think about the last rover that we just sent to Mars.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
01:37
It is an amazing mission;
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ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”;
01:39
itโ€™s still on Mars collecting great data.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
01:41
So the launch cost for that mission was 243 million dollars.
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 243 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:46
So that works out to be about 100,000 dollars per pound
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืขืจืš 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•
01:50
to launch that rover to Mars.
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ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
01:52
And thatโ€™s where we are today.
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:54
So SpaceX is aiming to have a launch cost for Starship
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ืื– ืกืคื™ื™ืกX ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค
01:57
on the order of a couple million dollars.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:00
And so that means that you could launch that same Mars rover
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ื™ื
02:03
for about 900 dollars per pound.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 900 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•.
02:06
So thatโ€™s 100,000 dollars versus 900 dollars.
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ืื– ื–ื” 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช 900 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:11
Thatโ€™s a huge difference.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืฆื•ื.
02:13
And actually, it's probably cheaper than that
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:15
because you could fit like 100 of those Mars rovers inside one Starship
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ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ืื—ืช
02:20
because itโ€™s just that big.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:21
Itโ€™s really incredible.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:24
And itโ€™s not just SpaceX.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืกืคื™ื™ืกX.
02:25
There are multiple commercial companies building new rockets now
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
02:29
of all different sizes,
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ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:31
for all different purposes.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:32
And this is great because this is really helping to open up space to more people.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:37
So hereโ€™s an image of some of the current rockets
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื
02:40
compared to NASAโ€™s mighty Saturn V rocket.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5 ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื ืืกโ€œื.
02:44
So the Saturn V is the rocket that launched astronauts to the Moon
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ืื– ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5 ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื’ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืจื—
02:47
in the โ€™60s and โ€™70s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70.
02:49
The last Saturn V launched in 1973.
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5 ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘-1973.
02:54
And full disclosure,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืื•ืช,
02:55
I was not even born yet,
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืื–,
02:56
so I think this is incredibly unfair
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
02:59
because there has never been a rocket more powerful since.
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ื›ื™ ืžืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื’ืจ ืขืฆืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:03
So I just have to emphasize
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ
03:05
that the changes weโ€™re talking about today,
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:07
these are not incremental, small advances in rocketry and spacecraft.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ.
03:12
These are truly transformational technologies
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ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช
03:14
that are giving us completely new capabilities
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
03:17
and changing the paradigm for space exploration.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ.
03:21
And whatโ€™s really going to happen
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช
03:22
is weโ€™re going to move from where we are today,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืชืงื“ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:24
which is usually, you know,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
03:26
more specialized, one-off, boutique-style missions
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ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช, ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง
03:30
into more mass-produced, large-scale operations in space.
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ืืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืžืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:35
And the reason is because we are being largely freed
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื
03:39
of these traditional, very severe mass and cost restraints
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ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื” ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš
03:43
that weโ€™ve been working under in the aerospace industry for decades.
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ืฉืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:48
Now there is one vehicle thatโ€™s really forced us
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื•
03:51
to change the conversation regarding space exploration
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ
03:54
and space architectures,
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ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืœ,
03:56
and that is the Starship.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค.
03:58
That entire system is designed
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช
04:00
to be even more powerful than the Saturn V.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5.
04:03
And the Starship vehicle itself
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ืขืฆืžื•
04:06
will be able to launch over 100 metric tons of payload
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™
04:10
to Earth orbit,
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ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:11
to the surface of the Moon,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—,
04:12
to the surface of Mars
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
04:14
and even beyond.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ.
04:16
Like, 100 metric tons of payload.
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, 100 ื˜ื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™.
04:18
Like, thatโ€™s crazy.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
04:19
That is a crazy number
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ
04:21
that we would never have been discussing a while ago
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
04:24
because in spaceflight,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืขื•ืคืช ื—ืœืœ,
04:25
we are always trying to reduce mass, right?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืกื”, ื›ืŸ?
04:27
Miniaturize your components,
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ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื,
04:29
have your instruments be as lightweight as possible
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
04:31
because of the mass and cost constraints.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื” ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
04:34
And so now we actually have the opposite problem
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
04:38
where we have to figure out, like --
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ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ --
04:39
how are we going to fill 100 metric tons of payload?
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ืื™ืš ื ืžืœื 100 ื˜ื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™?
04:43
Like, seriously, like, what are we going to fly?
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ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก?
04:46
So this is a great place to be,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•,
04:47
and itโ€™s a great problem to have.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
04:50
How can you actually fly such a ridiculous amount of payload into the solar system?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื›ื–ื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ?
04:56
Well, Starship will conveniently refill its propellant tanks in space
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ืชืžืœื ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ
05:01
with methane and oxygen.
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ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:04
So the way that this works is you launch your first Starship, right?
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื›ื” ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืŸ?
05:08
Youโ€™ve got your payload you want to send wherever into the solar system.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:11
You launch that into orbit.
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ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™.
05:12
Then you launch another Starship,
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ืื– ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค,
05:14
and weโ€™ll just call it a tanker because itโ€™s basically just another Starship,
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ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค,
05:18
but itโ€™s full of propellant.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืื” ื‘ื“ืœืง.
05:19
And then those two vehicles meet
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ื•ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืืœื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื
05:21
and they dock in Earth orbit.
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ื•ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:23
And the tanker refills the propellant tanks of your starship.
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ื•ื”ืžื›ืœื™ืช ืžืžืœืื” ืืช ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ืฉืœื›ื.
05:27
So essentially what youโ€™re doing
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื
05:29
is youโ€™re refilling your gas tanks before you go out on a big, long trip.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
05:33
And thatโ€™s how you can send so much payload capacity
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™
05:36
out into the solar system.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:38
Now this is so important
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:40
because Earth is such a large gravity well.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
05:44
It just takes so much energy,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:46
and hence, so much fuel,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืœืง,
05:47
just to launch off the surface of the Earth.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื’ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:50
So by refilling the tanks in space,
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ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
05:52
weโ€™re essentially resetting the rocket equation in orbit,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืืชื—ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ,
05:55
and then we can send these payloads out to wherever they need to go.
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
05:59
So this is fantastic.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™.
06:01
Like, we have this new capability
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
06:02
and this is how it works,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
06:04
but now Iโ€™d like to go to the really exciting part:
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช:
06:07
What are we going to do with this capability?
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ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•?
06:10
So consider this.
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ืื– ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:12
Scientists, myself included,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื,
06:15
have long been interested in the possibility of life on Europa.
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ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
06:19
Europa has a subsurface --
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— --
06:20
salty, liquid-water ocean --
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื --
06:23
and we wonder if life might be able to exist there.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื.
06:26
So given our current exploration strategies --
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
06:29
there is a mission in development right now to study Europa,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
06:33
itโ€™ll actually orbit Jupiter
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื“ืง
06:34
and itโ€™ll do flybys of Europa
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ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:36
and remotely measure the Moon and its ocean.
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ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื•.
06:39
But how about this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”?
06:41
So I envision a future where to study Europaโ€™s ocean,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
06:45
we send submarines down into the ocean itself.
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ื ืฉืœื— ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•.
06:48
And we study the ocean from within the ocean,
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ื•ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
06:51
and we directly search for signs of life.
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ื•ื ื—ืคืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:54
And while weโ€™re at it,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
06:55
we should also send submersibles to Enceladus.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
06:58
Enceladus is a moon of Saturn.
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ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
07:00
Itโ€™s amazing.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:02
It also has a subsurface --
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ื’ื ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— --
07:03
salty, liquid-water ocean --
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื --
07:05
because we see
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
07:07
literally geysers of water ice coming out of its south polar region.
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ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื•.
07:11
And itโ€™s not just Europa and Enceladus.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
07:13
The outer solar system is full of ocean worlds.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
07:17
And if we have learned one thing about studying life on Earth --
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ื•ืื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
07:20
which, by the way, also an ocean world --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก --
07:22
itโ€™s that all life requires liquid water to survive.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
07:26
So we wonder:
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ื”ื™ื:
07:27
Could there be life in these other oceans as well?
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื?
07:32
Thereโ€™s other possibilities, too.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
07:34
Letโ€™s consider astronomy and astrophysics.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
07:36
This is a beautiful image from the Hubble Space Telescope
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืžื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ
07:40
in the constellation of Orion.
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
07:42
It is a nebula:
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช:
07:43
a star-forming region where new stars are being born.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
07:47
And in order to understand these processes in the universe,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
07:50
we need large telescopes in space to send us back this type of data.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื—ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
07:55
Now you could fit a telescope three times the diameter of Hubble in a Starship.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค.
08:01
You could actually fit several of those very large telescopes in a Starship.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืžื” ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค.
08:05
And thatโ€™s important because telescopes --
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื --
08:07
size matters, right?
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:08
The telescope is like a light-collecting bucket,
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ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืœื™ ืฉืื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจ,
08:11
and you want to collect as many photons as you possibly can
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
08:14
to see objects that are faint
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืื•ืจื ืงืœื•ืฉ
08:17
and to see objects that are far away.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื“.
08:19
Because the telescope --
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ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค --
08:20
a telescope is a time machine.
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
08:22
The further away an object is,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืฆื ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:24
the older it is,
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ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:25
because it takes a finite amount of time
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ื›ื™ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื
08:27
for that light to travel from that object to your eyeball, right?
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ืœืื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:31
That's why it's called the speed of light.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
08:33
So with these larger telescopes,
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ืื– ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:34
we can address these science questions,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
08:36
like searching for exoplanets,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืงืกื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
08:38
planets around other stars
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
08:40
and understanding the formation of stars
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
08:42
and planetary systems ...
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช...
08:43
and looking back to the cosmic dawn --
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ --
08:45
the literal beginning of time --
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ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ --
08:47
and fundamentally understanding our own place in the universe.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
08:52
But it's not just the size of the telescopes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
08:54
We can also reduce the cost.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
08:56
So the James Webb Space Telescope --
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ื›ืš ืฉื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ื‘ --
08:58
JWST --
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JWST --
08:59
fantastic instrument,
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™,
09:00
amazing.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:01
The telescope is relatively large,
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ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
09:03
so it didn't fit on any existing launch vehicles.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืืฃ ืžืฉื’ืจ ืงื™ื™ื.
09:06
So it had to be folded up,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืคืœ ืื•ืชื•,
09:08
like a piece of origami,
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™,
09:10
to fit on the rocket.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื’ืจ.
09:11
So if we have larger vehicles that can launch larger telescopes,
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:15
we can just launch them already fully assembled, right?
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื’ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืŸ?
09:18
No deployment in space necessary.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
09:20
So the science that can be enabled is amazing,
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ืื– ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
09:23
but it's about more than the science.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ืข.
09:25
Itโ€™s also about the exploration.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžืกืข ื•ื”ื—ืงืจ.
09:27
Because for the first time in the history of our entire planet --
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
09:31
and thatโ€™s about a little over four and a half billion years
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
09:34
for anybody thatโ€™s keeping track --
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ืคืจ --
09:36
we are on the cusp of having both the scientific and technical capability
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช
09:41
to send humans to build a future off of our home planet.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:44
And here's how we're going to do it on Mars.
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ื›ื›ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
09:48
So first we need to send uncrewed starships to Mars.
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ืงื•ื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ืœื ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
09:52
I mean, we have to prove that we can safely land those vehicles
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”
09:55
before we can send humans on them.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
09:57
But we will use that amazing payload capacity of the Starships
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค
10:02
to send elements that we need
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš
10:04
in order to enable a sustained human presence on Mars.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
10:08
And weโ€™re going to start with what we call ISRU:
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ISRU:
10:10
In-Situ Resource Utilization.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื
10:13
That basically means living off the land.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
10:15
Because if we want to have a self-sustaining presence on Mars,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
10:18
we cannot be Earth-reliant, right?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:21
We cannot ferry everything we need from Earth to Mars all the time.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ืข ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:25
You know, living off of local resources --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื --
10:28
itโ€™s been critical to human survival since the beginning of our entire species.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:33
Our ancestors for millennia have been learning how to use local resources
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
10:37
to do things like, you know, build tools
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื
10:40
and grow food
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ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
10:41
and generate energy.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
10:43
So, I mean, weโ€™re lucky.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ.
10:45
We live on a pretty cushy planet right now.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคื ืงืช ื›ืจื’ืข.
10:47
Thatโ€™s why weโ€™re all here today:
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื:
10:49
we have everything that we need.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
10:51
But Mars is different.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:53
And Mars is unforgiving.
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ื•ืžืื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืœื—.
10:55
And if you run out of food
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ื•ืื ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
10:57
or fuel
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ืื• ื”ื“ืœืง
10:58
or oxygen,
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ืื• ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
11:00
youโ€™re done.
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ืืชื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื.
11:01
So we have to be very smart about how we do ISRU on Mars.
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ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:06
And the way weโ€™re going to start is by using water ice as a resource.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื— ืžื™ื ื›ืžืฉืื‘.
11:09
We know Mars has lots of water ice.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื— ืžื™ื.
11:11
Thereโ€™s ground ice,
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจื— ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
11:13
thereโ€™s rock-covered glaciers,
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ ืกืœืข,
11:14
thereโ€™s ice for us to use.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
11:16
Now, traditionally, when people talk about sending humans to Mars,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
11:20
we talk about sending like a few people
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
11:23
and maybe a little rover so they can drive around
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื•
11:25
and explore a little bit.
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
11:26
But Starship is so transformational
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ืค ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš
11:30
that now we can talk about sending the heavy-duty construction machinery
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ ื›ื‘ื“
11:34
to build the infrastructure that we need for a large-scale presence on Mars.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:38
So Iโ€™m talking like dump trucks and backhoes and large drill rigs --
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช --
11:43
all the things weโ€™re going to need for ISRU and beyond.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:48
And another thing that we need to do before the humans arrive
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
11:51
is serach for Indigenous Martian life.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:54
So this is a top-priority science question.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
11:57
Is there life on Mars?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื?
11:58
But we also have to do due diligence
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ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”
12:01
to make sure that that landing site is safe
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
12:03
for the humans to come and live and work.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
12:06
So once we get all that robotic precursor work done,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช,
12:08
then the humans can arrive.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
12:11
And this is when we start building up a base
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ื•ืื– ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก
12:13
and moving towards a civilization on Mars.
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ื•ื ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
12:16
Now just imagine that for a moment, right?
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข, ื›ืŸ?
12:18
At this point, there will actually be Martians,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืื“ื™ื,
12:22
except they will be people like you and me.
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ืจืง ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
12:25
And itโ€™s about more than just Mars,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืื“ื™ื,
12:27
because as we develop this capability to send humans into the solar system,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
12:32
we can truly begin to address questions such as:
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•:
12:36
Are we alone in the universe,
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
12:38
and can humans thrive off-planet?
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ื”ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
12:41
So the opportunities that are afforded us by these supersized spacecraft
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ืื– ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ื• ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง
12:46
are truly unprecedented,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื,
12:48
and theyโ€™re like nothing that weโ€™ve ever had before.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
12:51
And theyโ€™re completely changing the paradigm for space exploration.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
12:55
It has taken the entire history of our planet
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ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
12:58
to reach this point right now.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
13:00
So I think itโ€™s an amazing time to be alive,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”,
13:03
because what we do next will forever change the course of human history.
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ืœืื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:09
So now is the time to seize the opportunity
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
13:13
and expand humanity throughout the cosmos.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
13:15
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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