Can a robot pass a university entrance exam? | Noriko Arai

205,788 views ・ 2017-09-13

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Sanda L
00:13
Today, I'm going to talk about AI and us.
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Danas ću govoriti o nama i umjetnoj inteligenciji.
00:18
AI researchers have always said
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Istraživači umjetne inteligencije uvijek govore
00:20
that we humans do not need to worry,
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da se mi ljudi ne trebamo brinuti
00:22
because only menial jobs will be taken over by machines.
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jer će strojevi preuzeti jedino teške, slabo plaćene poslove.
00:27
Is that really true?
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Je li to zaista istina?
00:30
They have also said that AI will create new jobs,
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Također govore da će roboti stvoriti nova radna mjesta,
00:34
so those who lose their jobs will find a new one.
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tako da oni koji izgube posao, mogu pronaći novi.
00:38
Of course.
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Naravno.
00:39
But the real question is:
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No, pravo je pitanje koje se postavlja:
00:41
How many of those who may lose their jobs to AI
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Koliko će onih koji zbog robota izgube posao
00:45
will be able to land a new one,
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biti u mogućnosti ponovno se zaposliti,
00:48
especially when AI is smart enough to learn better than most of us?
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pogotovo kad su roboti dovoljno pametni da mogu učiti bolje od većine nas?
00:55
Let me ask you a question:
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Da vas pitam:
00:58
How many of you think
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Koliko vas misli
01:00
that AI will pass the entrance examination of a top university by 2020?
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da će do 2020. g. robot moći riješiti prijemni ispit vrhunskog sveučilišta?
01:07
Oh, so many. OK.
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Tako mnogo. OK.
01:10
So some of you may say, "Of course, yes!"
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Dakle, neki će od vas reći: “Naravno, da!”
01:15
Now singularity is the issue.
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Problem je jedinstvenost.
01:18
And some others may say, "Maybe,
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Neki drugi reći će: “Možda bi mogao,
01:21
because AI already won against a top Go player."
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jednom je već pobijedio najboljeg igrača igrice Go.”
01:27
And others may say, "No, never. Uh-uh."
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A ostali će reći: “Ne, nikad. A-a.”
01:32
That means we do not know the answer yet, right?
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To znači da još ne znamo odgovor, zar ne?
01:36
So that was the reason why I started Todai Robot Project,
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Dakle, to je razlog zbog kojega sam započela projekt Todai Robot,
01:41
making an AI which passes the entrance examination
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tvoreći robota s umjetnom inteligencijom koji će moći položiti prijemni ispit
01:45
of the University of Tokyo,
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na Sveučilištu u Tokiju,
01:47
the top university in Japan.
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najboljem japanskom sveučilištu.
01:51
This is our Todai Robot.
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Ovo je naš robot Todai.
01:56
And, of course, the brain of the robot is working in the remote server.
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Naravno, njegov mozak radi preko udaljenog servera.
02:02
It is now writing a 600-word essay
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Trenutno piše 600 riječi dugačak esej
02:06
on maritime trade in the 17th century.
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o pomorskoj trgovini u 17. stoljeću.
02:11
How does that sound?
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Kako vam to zvuči?
02:14
Why did I take the entrance exam as its benchmark?
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Zašto sam uzela prijemni ispit kao mjerilo?
02:19
Because I thought we had to study the performance of AI
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Zato što sam smatrala da moramo proučiti izvedbu umjetne inteligencije
02:23
in comparison to humans,
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u usporedbi s ljudima,
02:26
especially on the skills and expertise
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pogotovo u vještinama i znanju
02:28
which are believed to be acquired only by humans
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za koje se smatra da ih mogu steći samo ljudi
02:32
and only through education.
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i to samo kroz obrazovanje.
02:35
To enter Todai, the University of Tokyo,
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Za upis na Todai, Sveučilište u Tokiju,
02:39
you have to pass two different types of exams.
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potrebno je proći dva tipa ispita.
02:44
The first one is a national standardized test
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Prvi je test standardizirani
02:48
in multiple-choice style.
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s više mogućih odgovora.
02:50
You have to take seven subjects
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Potrebno je položiti sedam predmeta
02:52
and achieve a high score --
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i ostvariti visok rezultat --
02:54
I would say like an 85 percent or more accuracy rate --
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rekla bih, uz točnost od oko 85% ili više,
02:59
to be allowed to take the second stage written test
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da bi se moglo pristupiti drugom, pisanom dijelu ispita,
03:03
prepared by Todai.
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koji priprema Sveučilište.
03:06
So let me first explain how modern AI works,
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Objasnit ću vam kako funkcionira današnja umjetna inteligencija
03:12
taking the "Jeopardy!" challenge as an example.
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na primjeru kviza Jeopardy.
03:17
Here is a typical "Jeopardy!" question:
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Ovo je tipično pitanje i kvizu:
03:20
"Mozart's last symphony shares its name with this planet."
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“Posljednja Mozartova simfonija dijeli ime s ovim planetom.”
03:26
Interestingly, a "Jeopardy!" question always asks,
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Zanimljivo, pitanja tog kviza
03:30
always ends with "this" something:
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uvijek završavaju riječju “ovaj”,
03:33
"this" planet, "this" country,
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ovaj planet, ova država,
03:36
"this" rock musician, and so on.
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ovaj glazbenik itd.
03:39
In other words, "Jeopardy!" doesn't ask many different types of questions,
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Drugim riječima, Jeopardy ne postavlja mnogo različitih tipova pitanja,
03:43
but a single type,
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već uvijek isti tip,
03:45
which we call "factoid questions."
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koji zovemo “pitanja o činjenicama”.
03:48
By the way, do you know the answer?
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Kad već spominjemo, znate li odgovor?
03:53
If you do not know the answer and if you want to know the answer,
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Kad ne biste znali odgovor, a htjeli biste ga znati,
03:58
what would you do?
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što biste učinili?
04:00
You Google, right? Of course.
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Potražili na Googleu, zar ne? Naravno.
04:03
Why not?
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Zašto ne?
04:04
But you have to pick appropriate keywords
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Ali za pretragu morate odabrati prikladne ključne riječi,
04:08
like "Mozart," "last" and "symphony" to search.
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kao što su “Mozart”, “posljednja” i “simfonija”.
04:13
The machine basically does the same.
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Stroj radi praktički isto to.
04:16
Then this Wikipedia page will be ranked top.
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Onda vam se na vrhu pojavi ova stranica s Wikipedije.
04:21
Then the machine reads the page.
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Onda robot pročita tu stranicu.
04:23
No, uh-uh.
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Ne, a-a.
04:25
Unfortunately, none of the modern AIs,
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Nažalost, nijedan moderni robot,
04:28
including Watson, Siri and Todai Robot,
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ni Watson, ni Siri, ni Todai,
04:32
is able to read.
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ne može čitati.
04:35
But they are very good at searching and optimizing.
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Ali, poprilično su dobri u pretraživanju i prilagođavanju.
04:40
It will recognize
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Prepoznat će
04:42
that the keywords "Mozart," "last" and "symphony"
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da se ključne riječi “Mozart”, “posljednja” i “simfonija”
04:45
are appearing heavily around here.
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često pojavljuju na toj stranici.
04:49
So if it can find a word which is a planet
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Ako pronađe riječ čije je značenje planet
04:54
and which is co-occurring with these keywords,
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i koja se pojavljuje zajedno s tim ključnim riječima,
04:57
that must be the answer.
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mora da je to onda odgovor.
05:00
This is how Watson finds the answer "Jupiter," in this case.
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Tako Watson u ovom slučaju pronađe odgovor “Jupiter”.
05:08
Our Todai Robot works similarly, but a bit smarter
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Todai robot radi na sličan način, ali je čak i pametniji
05:12
in answering history yes-no questions,
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kad odgovara pitanja iz povijesti s mogućim odgovorima DA i NE.
05:16
like, "'Charlemagne repelled the Magyars.' Is this sentence true or false?"
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Npr.: “Karlo Veliki protjerao je Mađare. Je li ova izjava istinita ili ne?”
05:23
Our robot starts producing a factoid question,
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Naš robot počne to pretvarati u činjenično pitanje,
05:27
like: "Charlemagne repelled [this person type]" by itself.
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poput: "Karlo Veliki protjerao je [ovaj narod]".
05:32
Then, "Avars" but not "Magyars" is ranked top.
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Pri vrhu rezultata pojavi se riječ Avari, a ne Mađari.
05:38
This sentence is likely to be false.
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Onda je velika vjerojatnost da je rečenica bila neistinita.
05:42
Our robot does not read, does not understand,
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Naš robot ne može čitati niti razumjeti,
05:48
but it is statistically correct in many cases.
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ali je statistički u mnogim slučajevima u pravu.
05:54
For the second stage written test,
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U drugom dijelu ispita
05:56
it is required to write a 600-word essay like this one:
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potrebno je napisati esej od 600 riječi prema ovom principu:
06:01
[Discuss the rise and fall of the maritime trade
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[Objasni uspone i padove pomorske trgovine
06:04
in East and Southeast Asia in the 17th century ...]
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u istočnoj i jugoistočnoj Aziji u 17. stoljeću ...]
06:06
and as I have shown earlier,
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Kao što sam već pokazala,
06:07
our robot took the sentences from the textbooks and Wikipedia,
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robot je preuzeo rečenice iz udžbenika i s Wikipedije,
06:12
combined them together,
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udružio ih
06:14
and optimized it to produce an essay
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i prilagodio ih tako da se može napisati esej,
06:17
without understanding a thing.
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a da zapravo ništa nije razumio.
06:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:21
But surprisingly, it wrote a better essay
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Začudo, napisao je esej bolje
06:26
than most of the students.
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nego većina studenata.
06:28
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:30
How about mathematics?
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A što je s matematikom?
06:33
A fully automatic math-solving machine
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Stroj koji će potpuno samostalno rješavati matematičke zadatke
06:36
has been a dream
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san je mnogih
06:38
since the birth of the word "artificial intelligence,"
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od samih početaka razvitka umjetne inteligencije,
06:43
but it has stayed at the level of arithmetic for a long, long time.
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ali dugo je vremena stagnirao na razini aritmetike.
06:51
Last year, we finally succeeded in developing a system
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Prošle smo godine konačno uspjeli razviti sustav
06:56
which solved pre-university-level problems from end to end,
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koji može od početka do kraja riješiti zadatke potrebne za upis na fakultet,
07:02
like this one.
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poput ovoga.
07:05
This is the original problem written in Japanese,
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Ovo je izvorni zadatak napisan na japanskom.
07:09
and we had to teach it 2,000 mathematical axioms
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Morali smo ga naučiti 2000 aksioma
07:14
and 8,000 Japanese words
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i 8000 japanskih riječi
07:16
to make it accept the problems written in natural language.
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kako bi mogao prepoznati zadatke napisane običnim jezikom.
07:22
And it is now translating the original problems
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Sada može prevesti izvorne zadatke
07:25
into machine-readable formulas.
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u formule koje računalo može pročitati.
07:30
Weird, but it is now ready to solve it, I think.
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Mislim da je sada spreman riješiti ih.
07:36
Go and solve it.
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Hajde, riješi ih.
07:38
Yes! It is now executing symbolic computation.
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To! Sada računa i pretvara simbole.
07:44
Even more weird,
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Vrlo neobično,
07:45
but probably this is the most fun part for the machine.
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ali ovo je vjerojatno najzabavniji dio.
07:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:52
Now it outputs a perfect answer,
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Sada je izbacio savršeno točan odgovor,
07:55
though its proof is impossible to read, even for mathematicians.
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iako bi izvod i dokaz i matematičarima bilo teško pročitati.
08:02
Anyway, last year our robot was among the top one percent
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Kako god, prošle je godine naš robot bio među najboljih 1%
08:10
in the second stage written exam in mathematics.
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u drugom dijelu pisanog ispita iz matematike.
08:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
08:18
Thank you.
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Hvala.
08:19
So, did it enter Todai?
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I, je li upisao fakultet?
08:22
No, not as I expected.
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Ne, iako sam očekivala da hoće.
08:26
Why?
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Zašto?
08:28
Because it doesn't understand any meaning.
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Jer ne razumije nikakva značenja.
08:32
Let me show you a typical error it made in the English test.
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Pokazat ću vam tipičnu pogrešku koju je radio na ispitu iz engleskog.
08:36
[Nate: We're almost at the bookstore. Just a few more minutes.
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[Nate: Uskoro smo u knjižari. Još samo nekoliko minuta.]
08:39
Sunil: Wait. ______ . Nate: Thank you! That always happens ...]
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[Sunil: Čekaj. ______ . Nate: Hvala! To se uvijek događa ...]
08:42
Two people are talking.
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Dvoje ljudi razgovara.
08:43
For us, who can understand the situation --
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Za nas koji možemo razumjeti situaciju --
08:45
[1. "We walked for a long time." 2. "We're almost there."
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[1. "Dugo već hodamo." 2. "Uskoro smo tamo."
08:48
3. "Your shoes look expensive." 4. "Your shoelace is untied."]
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3. "Cipele ti izgledaju skupo." 4. "Odvezala ti se vezica."]
08:51
it is obvious number four is the correct answer, right?
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očito je da je točan odgovor pod brojem 4, zar ne?
08:54
But Todai Robot chose number two,
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No, robot je izabrao broj 2,
08:56
even after learning 15 billion English sentences
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čak i nakon što je naučio 15 milijardi rečenica
09:02
using deep learning technologies.
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koristeći napredne tehnologije učenja.
09:07
OK, so now you might understand what I said:
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U redu, sad možete razumjeti moju izjavu
09:12
modern AIs do not read,
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kako roboti ne čitaju,
09:15
do not understand.
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ne razumiju.
09:17
They only disguise as if they do.
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Samo se pretvaraju da to mogu.
09:24
This is the distribution graph
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Ovo je graf distribucije
09:27
of half a million students who took the same exam as Todai Robot.
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rezultata pola milijuna studenata koji su pisali isti ispit kao i robot.
09:34
Now our Todai Robot is among the top 20 percent,
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Robot je u najboljih 20 posto
09:40
and it was capable to pass
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i uspio je proći ispit
09:43
more than 60 percent of the universities in Japan --
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na više od 60 posto sveučilišta u Japanu,
09:47
but not Todai.
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ali ne u Tokiju.
09:50
But see how it is beyond the volume zone
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No, vidimo da se nalazi iznad područja
09:54
of to-be white-collar workers.
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gdje su budući zaposlenici na “finim uredskim poslovima”.
10:00
You might think I was delighted.
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Mogli biste pomisliti da sam bila presretna.
10:03
After all, my robot was surpassing students everywhere.
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Naposlijetku, moj je robot nadmašio velik broj studenata.
10:09
Instead, I was alarmed.
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Nasuprot, bila sam uznemirena.
10:13
How on earth could this unintelligent machine outperform students --
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Kako je uopće moguće da ovakav neinteligentni stroj nadmaši studente,
10:18
our children?
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našu djecu?
10:20
Right?
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Zar ne?
10:22
I decided to investigate what was going on in the human world.
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Odlučila sam istražiti što se to događa s ljudima.
10:28
I took hundreds of sentences from high school textbooks
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Uzela sam stotine rečenica iz srednjoškolskih udžbenika
10:33
and made easy multiple-choice quizzes,
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i sastavila jednostavne ispite na zaokruživanje
10:37
and asked thousands of high school students to answer.
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te dala tisućama srednjoškolaca da riješe.
10:42
Here is an example:
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Evo jedan primjer:
10:43
[Buddhism spread to ... , Christianity to ... and Oceania,
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[Budizam se proširio na... kršćanstvo na ... i Oceaniju,
10:46
and Islam to ...]
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a islam na...]
10:47
Of course, the original problems are written in Japanese,
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Naravno, pitanja su bila napisana na japanskom,
10:50
their mother tongue.
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njihovom materinjem jeziku.
10:51
[ ______ has spread to Oceania.
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[____ se proširilo na Oceaniju.
10:53
1. Hinduism 2. Christianity 3. Islam 4. Buddhism ]
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1. hinduizam 2. kršćanstvo 3. islam 4. budizam]
10:55
Obviously, Christianity is the answer, isn't it?
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Očito je da je kršćanstvo točan odgovor, zar ne?
10:58
It's written!
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Pa napisano je!
11:01
And Todai Robot chose the correct answer, too.
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I robot je izabrao točan odgovor,
11:06
But one-third of junior high school students
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ali trećina učenika prve godine srednje škole
11:11
failed to answer this question.
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nije znala odgovoriti na pitanje.
11:16
Do you think it is only the case in Japan?
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Mislite li da se to događa samo u Japanu?
11:19
I do not think so,
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Ne bih baš rekla
11:21
because Japan is always ranked among the top in OECD PISA tests,
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jer je Japan uvijek bio među najboljima na OECD PISA testovima,
11:28
measuring 15-year-old students' performance in mathematics,
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koji ocjenjuju petnaestogodišnje učenike u matematici,
11:31
science and reading
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znanosti i čitanju,
11:33
every three years.
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svake tri godine.
11:39
We have been believing
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Vjerovali smo
11:41
that everybody can learn
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da svatko može učiti
11:43
and learn well,
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i dobro naučiti
11:45
as long as we provide good learning materials
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ako pružimo dobre materijale
11:49
free on the web
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besplatno na internetu,
11:50
so that they can access through the internet.
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tako da su lako dostupni.
11:53
But such wonderful materials may benefit only those who can read well,
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No, svi ti dobri materijali mogu koristiti samo onima koji mogu dobro čitati,
12:00
and the percentage of those who can read well
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a postotak onih koji to mogu
12:04
may be much less than we expected.
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mogao bi biti mnogo manji nego što smo očekivali.
12:10
How we humans will coexist with AI
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Kako će ljudi koegzistirati s umjetnom inteligencijom,
12:14
is something we have to think about carefully,
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pitanje je koje trebamo dobro razmotriti
12:17
based on solid evidence.
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i bazirati na čvrstim dokazima.
12:21
At the same time, we have to think in a hurry
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Istovremeno, moramo razmišljati u žurbi
12:25
because time is running out.
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jer vremena je sve manje.
12:28
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:29
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
12:34
Chris Anderson: Noriko, thank you.
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Chris Anderson: Noriko, hvala Vam.
12:36
Noriko Arai: Thank you.
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Noriko Arai: Hvala Vama.
12:38
CA: In your talk, you so beautifully give us a sense of how AIs think,
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Chris: Tijekom govora odlično ste nam prikazali kako roboti razmišljaju,
12:43
what they can do amazingly
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što rade izvrsno,
12:45
and what they can't do.
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a što ne mogu raditi.
12:46
But -- do I read you right,
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Ali, jesam li dobro shvatio
12:48
that you think we really need quite an urgent revolution in education
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da mislite kako zaista trebamo hitne promjene u obrazovanju
12:53
to help kids do the things that humans can do better than AIs?
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kako bi djecu bolje naučili raditi stvari koje ljudi već rade bolje od robota?
12:57
NA: Yes, yes, yes.
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Noriko: Da, da, da.
12:59
Because we humans can understand the meaning.
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Jer mi ljudi možemo razumjeti značenja.
13:03
That is something which is very, very lacking in AI.
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To je nešto što jako nedostaje u umjetnoj inteligenciji.
13:08
But most of the students just pack the knowledge
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Ali, većina studenata samo “spremi” znanje,
13:12
without understanding the meaning of the knowledge,
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a da ne razumije značenje gradiva,
13:16
so that is not knowledge, that is just memorizing,
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dakle, to uopće nije pravo znanje, već samo memoriranje,
13:19
and AI can do the same thing.
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a to mogu i roboti.
13:21
So we have to think about a new type of education.
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Dakle, moramo smisliti novi oblik edukacije.
13:25
CA: A shift from knowledge, rote knowledge, to meaning.
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Chris: Zamijeniti učenje napamet razumijevanjem.
13:28
NA: Mm-hmm.
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Noriko: Da.
13:29
CA: Well, there's a challenge for the educators. Thank you so much.
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Chris: Onda imamo izazov za profesore. Hvala Vam puno.
13:33
NA: Thank you very much. Thank you.
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Noriko: Hvala Vama. Hvala.
13:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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