How we can stop Africa's scientific brain drain | Kevin Njabo

35,815 views ・ 2018-02-06

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
So many of us who care about sustainable development
0
12755
3931
00:16
and the livelihood of local people
1
16710
2047
00:18
do so for deeply personal reasons.
2
18781
1695
00:22
I grew up in Cameroon,
3
22507
1390
00:23
a country of enchanting beauty and rich biodiversity,
4
23921
3589
00:27
but plagued by poor governance, environmental destruction, and poverty.
5
27534
3817
00:32
As a child, like we see with most children in sub-Saharan Africa today,
6
32444
5060
00:37
I regularly suffered from malaria.
7
37528
1910
00:39
To this day, more than one million people die from malaria every year,
8
39462
4728
00:44
mostly children under the age of five,
9
44214
2368
00:46
with 90 percent occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.
10
46606
2960
00:51
When I was 18, I left Cameroon
11
51029
3230
00:54
in search of better educational opportunities.
12
54283
2214
00:57
At the time, there was just one university in Cameroon,
13
57433
2905
01:00
but Nigeria next door offered some opportunities
14
60362
2524
01:02
for Cameroonians of English extraction to be trained in various fields.
15
62910
3634
01:07
So I moved there,
16
67082
1856
01:08
but practicing my trade,
17
68962
1867
01:10
upon graduation as an ecologist in Nigeria,
18
70853
2182
01:13
was an even bigger challenge.
19
73059
1453
01:14
So I left the continent
20
74856
1560
01:16
when I was offered a scholarship to Boston University for my PhD.
21
76440
3876
01:23
It is disheartening to see that,
22
83014
1914
01:24
with all our challenges,
23
84952
1667
01:26
with all the talents,
24
86643
1381
01:28
with all the skills we have in Africa as a continent,
25
88048
2920
01:30
we tend to solve our problems
26
90992
2214
01:33
by parachuting in experts from the West for short stays,
27
93230
3715
01:36
exporting the best and brightest out of Africa,
28
96969
3404
01:40
and treating Africa as a continent in perpetual need of handouts.
29
100397
3221
01:45
After my training at Boston University,
30
105368
2342
01:47
I joined a research team
31
107734
1190
01:48
at the University of California's
32
108948
1618
01:50
Institute of the Environment and Sustainability
33
110590
2198
01:52
because of its reputation for groundbreaking research
34
112812
2683
01:55
and the development of policies and programs
35
115519
2119
01:57
that save the lives of millions of people the world over,
36
117662
2977
02:00
including in the developing world.
37
120663
1694
02:02
And it has been shown
38
122858
1158
02:04
that for every skilled African that returns home,
39
124040
2361
02:06
nine new jobs are created in the formal and informal sectors.
40
126425
3000
02:10
So as part of our program, therefore, to build a sustainable Africa together,
41
130776
3912
02:14
we are leading a multi-initiative to develop the Congo Basin Institute,
42
134712
4214
02:18
a permanent base
43
138950
1658
02:20
where Africans can work in partnership with international researchers,
44
140632
4268
02:24
but working out their own solutions to their own problems.
45
144924
2768
02:29
We are using our interdisciplinary approach to show how universities,
46
149042
4794
02:33
NGOs and private business
47
153860
2611
02:36
can partner in international development.
48
156495
2063
02:39
So instead of parachuting in experts from the West for short stays,
49
159781
4088
02:43
we are building a permanent presence in Africa,
50
163893
2461
02:46
a one-stop shop for logistics, housing
51
166378
3610
02:50
and development of collaborative projects
52
170012
2014
02:52
between Africans and international researchers.
53
172050
2222
02:54
So this has allowed students like Michel
54
174825
2990
02:57
to receive high-quality training in Africa.
55
177839
2014
03:00
Michel is currently working in our labs
56
180588
2497
03:03
to investigate the effects of climate change on insects, for his PhD,
57
183109
3239
03:06
and has already secured his post-doctorate fellowship
58
186372
2912
03:09
that will enable him to stay on the continent.
59
189308
2481
03:12
Also through our local help program,
60
192605
3293
03:15
Dr. Gbenga Abiodun, a young Nigerian scientist,
61
195922
3135
03:19
can work as a post-doctoral fellow
62
199081
2389
03:21
with the Foundation for Professional Development
63
201494
2374
03:23
in the University of Western Cape in South Africa
64
203892
2618
03:26
and the University of California at the same time,
65
206534
2335
03:28
investigating the effects of climate variability and change
66
208893
3472
03:32
on malaria transmission in Africa.
67
212389
2036
03:34
Indeed, Gbenga is currently developing models
68
214449
2381
03:36
that will be used as an early warning system
69
216854
3262
03:40
to predict malaria transmission in Africa.
70
220140
2174
03:43
So rather than exporting our best and brightest out of Africa,
71
223603
3794
03:47
we are nurturing and supporting local talent in Africa.
72
227421
3082
03:50
For example, like me,
73
230527
1948
03:52
Dr. Eric Fokam was trained in the US.
74
232499
3373
03:56
He returned home to Cameroon, but couldn't secure the necessary grants,
75
236472
3334
03:59
and he found it incredibly challenging
76
239830
2541
04:02
to practice and learn the science he knew he could.
77
242395
3484
04:06
So when I met Eric,
78
246660
1788
04:08
he was on the verge of returning to the US.
79
248472
2096
04:10
But we convinced him to start collaborating
80
250592
2460
04:13
with the Congo Basin Institute.
81
253076
1852
04:14
Today, his lab in Buea has over half a dozen collaborative grants
82
254952
4617
04:19
with researchers from the US and Europe
83
259593
2574
04:22
supporting 14 graduate students, nine of them women,
84
262191
3561
04:25
all carrying out groundbreaking research
85
265776
2016
04:27
understanding biodiversity under climate change,
86
267816
2405
04:30
human health and nutrition.
87
270245
1404
04:32
(Applause)
88
272367
5831
04:38
So rather than buy into the ideas of Africa taking handouts,
89
278222
4318
04:42
we are using our interdisciplinary approach
90
282564
2872
04:45
to empower Africans to find their own solutions.
91
285460
2626
04:48
Right now, we are working with local communities and students,
92
288779
4040
04:52
a US entrepreneur,
93
292843
1795
04:54
scientists from the US and Africa
94
294662
2642
04:57
to find a way to sustainably grow ebony, the iconic African hardwood.
95
297328
4833
05:03
Ebonies, like most African hardwood, are exploited for timber,
96
303419
3687
05:07
but we know very little about their ecology,
97
307130
2737
05:09
what disperses them,
98
309891
1568
05:11
how they survive in our forest 80 to 200 years.
99
311483
3309
05:16
This is Arvin,
100
316044
1870
05:17
a young PhD student working in our labs,
101
317938
3039
05:21
conducting what is turning out to be some cutting-edge tissue culture work.
102
321001
3588
05:25
Arvin is holding in her hands
103
325549
1961
05:27
the first ebony tree that was produced entirely from tissues.
104
327534
3467
05:31
This is unique in Africa.
105
331961
1501
05:33
We can now show that you can produce African timber
106
333486
2785
05:36
from different plant tissues --
107
336295
1492
05:37
leaves, stems, roots --
108
337811
2183
05:40
in addition from generating them from seeds,
109
340018
2715
05:42
which is a very difficult task.
110
342757
1530
05:45
(Applause)
111
345608
3581
05:49
So other students will take the varieties of ebony
112
349213
2379
05:51
which Arvin identifies in our lab,
113
351616
2589
05:54
graft them to produce saplings,
114
354229
2072
05:56
and work with local communities to co-produce ebony
115
356325
2936
05:59
with local fruit tree species in their various farms
116
359285
2937
06:02
using our own tree farm approach,
117
362246
2135
06:04
whereby we invite all the farmers
118
364405
2150
06:06
to choose their own tree species they want in their farms.
119
366579
2825
06:10
So in addition to the ebony,
120
370243
1916
06:12
the species which the farmers choose themselves
121
372183
2325
06:14
will be produced using our modern techniques
122
374532
2355
06:16
and incorporated into their land-use systems,
123
376911
2096
06:19
so that they start benefiting from these products
124
379031
2325
06:21
while waiting for the ebony to mature.
125
381380
2178
06:24
Today we are planting 15,000 ebony trees in Cameroon,
126
384736
3239
06:27
and for the first time,
127
387999
1515
06:29
ebony won't be harvested from the middle of a pristine forest.
128
389538
3368
06:32
This is the model for our African hardwoods,
129
392930
2257
06:35
and we are extending this to include sapele and bubinga,
130
395211
2934
06:38
other highly prized hardwoods.
131
398169
1522
06:40
So if these examples existed when I was 18,
132
400940
4333
06:45
I would never have left,
133
405297
2289
06:47
but because of initiatives by the Congo Basin Institute,
134
407610
2911
06:50
I am coming back,
135
410545
1914
06:52
but I'm not coming back alone.
136
412483
1476
06:54
I'm bringing with me Western scientists,
137
414335
2474
06:56
entrepreneurs and students,
138
416833
1695
06:58
the best science from the best universities in the world,
139
418552
3142
07:01
to work and to live in Africa.
140
421718
1904
07:04
But we all need to scale up this local, powerful and empowering approach.
141
424908
4293
07:10
So far we have half a dozen universities and NGOs as partners.
142
430169
3699
07:15
We are planning to build
143
435366
1699
07:17
a green facility that will expand on our existing laboratory space
144
437089
3096
07:20
and add more housing and conference facilities
145
440209
2237
07:22
to promote a long-term disciplinary approach.
146
442470
2214
07:25
I want it to offer more opportunities to young African scholars,
147
445366
3263
07:28
and would scale it up by leveraging
148
448653
2595
07:31
the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's existing network
149
451272
3367
07:34
of 17 research stations across sub-Saharan Africa.
150
454663
2450
07:38
The tables are starting to turn ...
151
458676
1738
07:41
and I hope they keep turning,
152
461494
2276
07:43
to reach several African nations
153
463794
1978
07:45
like Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania and Senegal,
154
465796
3881
07:49
among the top fastest growing economies
155
469701
2483
07:52
that can attract several opportunities for private-sector investment.
156
472208
4089
07:59
We want to give more opportunities to African scholars,
157
479153
3057
08:02
and I long to see a day
158
482234
1777
08:04
when the most intelligent Africans will stay on this continent
159
484035
3364
08:07
and receive high-quality education
160
487423
2446
08:09
through initiatives like the Congo Basin Institute,
161
489893
2452
08:12
and when that happens,
162
492369
1350
08:13
Africa will be on the way to solving Africa's problems.
163
493743
3333
08:17
And in 50 years, I hope someone will be giving a TED Talk
164
497100
3757
08:20
on how to stop the brain drain of Westerners leaving your homes
165
500881
3874
08:24
to work and live in Africa.
166
504779
1563
08:26
(Applause)
167
506366
1001
08:27
Thank you.
168
507391
1158
08:28
(Applause)
169
508573
5604
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7