What if cracks in concrete could fix themselves? - Congrui Jin

1,453,607 views ・ 2018-10-16

TED-Ed


Videoni ijro etish uchun quyidagi inglizcha subtitrlarga ikki marta bosing.

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov
00:07
Concrete is the most widely used
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Beton dunyodagi eng keng tarqalgan
00:08
construction material in the world.
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qurilish materiali hisoblanadi.
00:10
It can be found in swathes of city pavements,
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Ko'pgina shaharlarning qatnov yo'lkalari,
00:13
bridges that span vast rivers,
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keng daryolar uzra o'tgan ko'priklar va eng baland
00:15
and the tallest skyscrapers on earth.
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osmono'par binolari betondan qurilgan.
00:18
But this sturdy substance
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Biroq bu chidamli materialda bir
00:19
does have a weakness:
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kamchilik bor: unga shikast
00:21
it’s prone to catastrophic cracking
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yetsa, qattiq yorilib ketishi
00:22
that costs tens of billions of dollars
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mumkin, uni ta'mirlashga har yili
00:24
to repair each year.
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milliardlab dollar sarflanadi.
00:26
But what if we could avoid that problem,
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Ammo o'z-o'zini tiklovchi betonni
00:28
by creating concrete that heals itself?
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yaratish muammoga yechim bo'lsa-chi?
00:31
This idea isn’t as far-fetched
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G'oya g'alati tuyulishi mumkin,
00:32
as it may seem.
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ammo unday emas.
00:33
It boils down to an understanding
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Avvaliga beton yaratish jarayonini
00:35
of how concrete forms,
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o'rganish va uni o'z maqsadimizga
00:37
and how to exploit that process
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qanday bo'ysundirishni
00:39
to our benefit.
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bilish lozim.
00:40
Concrete is a combination of coarse stone
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Beton shag'al va qum aralashmasidan
00:42
and sand particles, called aggregates,
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iborat agregatlarni loy va ohaktoshning
00:45
that mix with cement, a powdered blend
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kukunli aralashmasi bo'lgan sementga
00:47
of clay and limestone.
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qorishtirish orqali tayyorlanadi.
00:49
When water gets added to this mix,
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Qorishmaga suv qo'shilgach,
00:51
the cement forms a paste and
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sement quyuqlashib, agregatlar
00:52
coats the aggregates, quickly hardening
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bilan qoplanadi va gidratatsiya deb ataluvchi
00:55
through a chemical reaction
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kimyoviy reaksiya tufayli
00:56
called hydration.
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tezda qotib qoladi.
00:58
Eventually, the resulting material
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Natijada, yuzlab metr balandlikka
00:59
grows strong enough to prop up buildings
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ko'tariluvchi binolarni qurish uchun
01:02
that climb hundreds of meters
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mustahkam material
01:03
into the sky.
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hosil bo'ladi.
01:05
While people have been using
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Odamlar 4000 yildan
01:06
a variety of recipes to produce cement
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buyon sement yaratishning turli usullarini
01:08
for over 4,000 years,
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qo'llab kelishganiga qaramay,
01:10
concrete itself
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beton u qadar uzoq
01:11
has a surprisingly short lifespan.
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vaqt saqlanib turmaydi.
01:13
After 20 to 30 years,
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20-30 yil ichida
01:15
natural processes like concrete shrinkage,
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sementning tirishishi, kuchli muzlash,
01:18
excessive freezing and thawing,
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qizish va og'ir yuklar ta'sirida
01:20
and heavy loads can trigger cracking.
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yoriqlar paydo bo'ladi.
01:23
And it’s not just big breaks that count:
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Gap faqat katta yoriqlar haqida ketmayapti,
01:25
tiny cracks can be just as dangerous.
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arzimas darz ketishlar ham xavfli bo'lishi mumkin.
01:28
Concrete is often used
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Beton ko'pincha po'lat armatura
01:30
as a secondary support
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atrofida yordamchi tayanch
01:31
around steel reinforcements.
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sifatida ishlatiladi.
01:33
In this concrete, even small cracks
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Bunday holda hatto mayda yoriqlardan ham suv,
01:35
can channel water, oxygen,
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kislorod, karbonat angidrid o'tishi mumkin.
01:37
and carbon dioxide that corrode the steel
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Bu po'lat zanglashini keltirib chiqarib,
01:40
and lead to disastrous collapse.
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imorat qulashiga olib keladi.
01:43
On structures like bridges and highways
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Ko'prik va magistral yo'llar singari
01:45
that are constantly in use,
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doimiy yuk ostida bo'lgan inshoot-
01:46
detecting these problems
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larda bunday muammolarni
01:48
before they lead to catastrophe
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falokatdan oldin aniqlash ancha
01:50
becomes a huge and costly challenge.
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qimmatga tushadi va ko'p vaqt talab etadi.
01:52
But not doing so
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Ammo qo'l qovushtirib o'tirish
01:53
would also endanger thousands of lives.
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minglab kishilar hayotini xavf ostiga qo'yadi.
01:56
Fortunately, we’re already experimenting
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Hayriyatki, biz allaqachon betonning o'zini qayta
01:59
with ways this material
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tiklashiga imkon beruvchi
02:00
could start fixing itself.
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metodlar ustida ishlamoqdamiz.
02:02
And some of these solutions
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Ularning ba'zilari beton-
02:03
are inspired by concrete’s
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ning o'zini o'zi tiklashining
02:04
natural self-healing mechanism.
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tabiiy mexanizmiga asoslangan.
02:06
When water enters these tiny cracks,
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Kichik yoriqlar ichiga suv kirganida,
02:09
it hydrates the concrete’s calcium oxide.
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u beton tarkibidagi kalsiy oksidini to'yintiradi.
02:12
The resulting calcium hydroxide
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Havoda hosil bo'lgan kalsiy gidroksidi
02:13
reacts with carbon dioxide in the air,
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karbonat angidrid bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi va
02:16
starting a process called
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autogen tiklanish jarayoni
02:17
autogenous healing, where
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boshlanadi: kalsiy karbonatining
02:19
microscopic calcium carbonate crystals
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mayda kristallari hosil bo'lib,
02:21
form and gradually fill the gap.
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bo'shliqlarni to'ldira boshlaydi.
02:24
Unfortunately, these crystals
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Afsuski, bu kristallar
02:26
can only do so much, healing cracks
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0,3 mm gacha hajmdagi
02:28
that are less than 0.3mm wide.
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yoriqlarnigina yopishi mumkin. Materialshunos olimlar
02:31
Material scientists have figured out how
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beton aralashmasiga yashirin yelim
02:33
to heal cracks up to twice that size by
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qo'shib, yoriqlarni ikki baravar
02:35
adding hidden glue into the concrete mix.
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katta o'lchamda to'ldirish mumkinligini aniqladilar.
02:38
If we put adhesive-filled fibers
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Agar qorishmaga yopishqoq modda bilan
02:40
and tubes into the mixture,
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to'ldirilgan tola va naychalar
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they’ll snap open when a crack forms,
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qo'shilsa, yoriqlar paydo bo'lganda, ular yorilib,
02:44
releasing their sticky contents
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o'zidan teshiklarni to'ldiradigan
02:45
and sealing the gap.
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yopishqoq modda ajratib chiqaradi.
02:47
But adhesive chemicals often behave
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Biroq, yopishqoq moddalar reaksiyasi
02:49
very differently from concrete,
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betonnikidan farq qilib,
02:50
and over time, these adhesives
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vaqt o'tishi bilan yanada ko'proq
02:52
can lead to even worse cracks.
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yoriqlarga sabab bo'lishi mumkin.
02:55
So perhaps the best way to heal
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Ehtimol, katta yoriqlarni tuzatish-
02:56
large cracks is to give concrete
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ning eng yaxshi yo'li betonga o'zini o'zi
02:59
the tools to help itself.
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tiklashi uchun zarur vositalarni berishdir.
03:01
Scientists have discovered that
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Olimlar ba'zi bakteriya
03:02
some bacteria and fungi
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va zamburug'lar autogen tiklanish
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can produce minerals,
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jarayonida ishtirok etuvchi
03:05
including the calcium carbonate
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kalsiy karbonat kabi minerallarni
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found in autogenous healing.
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ishlab chiqarishini aniqladilar.
03:09
Experimental blends of concrete
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Eksperimental beton qorishmalar
03:11
include these bacterial or fungal spores
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shunday bakteriya yoki qo'ziqorin sporalaridan
03:13
alongside nutrients in their concrete mix,
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iborat bo'lib, ular ozuqa moddalari bilan
03:15
where they could lie dormant
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o'ralgan holda yuz yillab
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for hundreds of years.
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"uyquda" yotishi mumkin.
03:18
When cracks finally appear
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Yoriqlar paydo bo'lib,
03:20
and water trickles into the concrete,
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suv betonga kirganida,
03:22
the spores germinate, grow, and consume
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sporalar uyg'onib, o'sadi va atrofdagi
03:25
the nutrient soup that surrounds them,
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ozuqaviy minerallarni yutib,
03:27
modifying their local environment
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atrof-muhitni o'zgartiradi va
03:29
to create the perfect conditions
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kalsiy karbonatning shakllanishi
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for calcium carbonate to grow.
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uchun ideal sharoit yaratadi.
03:33
These crystals gradually fill the gaps,
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Bu kristallar asta-sekin bo'shliqlarni
03:35
and after roughly three weeks,
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to'ldirib, taxminan uch haftada
03:36
the hard-working microbes
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mehnatsevar mikroblar
03:38
can completely repair cracks
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deyarli 1mm kenglikdagi
03:39
up to almost 1mm wide.
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yoriqlarni to'liq tuzata oladi.
03:42
When the cracks seal,
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Yoriqlarni yamagach,
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the bacteria or fungi will make spores
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bakteriya va zamburug'lar spora hosil qilib,
03:46
and go dormant once more—
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yangi yoriqlar paydo bo'lganida
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ready to start a new cycle of self-healing
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o'z-o'zini tiklashning yangi siklini boshlash
03:49
when cracks form again.
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uchun yana uyquga ketadi.
03:51
Although this technique
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Mazkur metod har
03:52
has been studied extensively,
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jihatdan tadqiq etilganiga qaramay,
03:54
we still have a ways to go
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uni ommaviy beton ishlab
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before incorporating it
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chiqarish jarayoniga
03:56
in the global production of concrete.
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joriy qilinishiga shoshmaslik zarur.
03:58
But, these spores have huge potential
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Nima bo'lganda ham bu sporalar betonni yanada
04:01
to make concrete
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ishiq va mustahkam
04:02
more resilient and long-lasting—
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qilish uchun katta imkoniyatlarga ega.
04:04
which could drastically reduce
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Bu beton ishlab chiqarishning
04:06
the financial and environmental cost
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moliyaviy va ekologik xarajatlarini sezilarli
04:08
of concrete production.
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darajada kamaytirish mumkin.
04:10
Eventually, these microorganisms
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Kun kelib bu mikroorganizmlar
04:12
may force us to reconsider
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bizning tosh o'rmonimizga
04:14
the way we think about our cities,
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jon kiritib, shaharlar haqidagi
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bringing our inanimate concrete jungles
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tasavvurlarimizni o'zgartirib
04:18
to life.
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yuborishi mumkin.
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