How does kidney transplant surgery work? - Alexander H. Toledo

204,995 views ・ 2024-11-07

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seohyun Park κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In the 1930s, doctors began experimenting with a procedure
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1930λ…„λŒ€μ—, μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€
μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ‘Œλ˜ 것을 μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
long thought to be medically impossible:
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00:12
an organ transplant.
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λ°”λ‘œ μž₯κΈ° 이식이죠.
00:14
Many pioneering surgeons focused on the kidney,
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선ꡬ적인 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ‹ μž₯에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
00:17
taking a healthy one from a living or recently deceased person
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μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ μ΅œκ·Όμ— 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œμ„œ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‹ μž₯을 λ–Όμ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ
00:21
and transplanting it into a patient dying from kidney failure.
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μ‹ μž₯λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ μ£½μ–΄κ°€λŠ” ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μ΄μ‹ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
But these early surgeries faced a major problem:
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 초기 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ£Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
patients’ immune systems would quickly recognize the new kidney
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ν™˜μžμ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 μƒˆ μ‹ μž₯을 곧 μ™ΈλΆ€ 물체둜 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³ 
00:33
as a foreign object and start to destroy it.
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κ³΅κ²©ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
Few patients survived past the first few days.
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 며칠도 살지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
Then, in 1954, Joseph Murray attempted a type of kidney swap
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1954년이 λ˜μ–΄ μ‘°μ…‰ λ¨Έλ ˆμ΄κ°€ μ‹ μž₯ κ΅ν™˜μ„ μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
00:45
that no doctor had tried before.
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μ–΄λŠ μ˜μ‚¬λ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ λ°©μ‹μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:48
The surgery was a success,
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μˆ˜μˆ μ€ μ„±κ³΅μ μ΄μ—ˆκ³ ,
00:50
and the patient would go on to live the next 8 years with the transplanted organ,
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ν™˜μžλŠ” μ΄μ‹λœ μž₯기둜 8년을 더 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
thanks to one key factor: it came from his identical twin
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ν•œ 가지 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†Œ λ•λΆ„μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
ν™˜μžμ˜ μΌλž€μ„± 쌍λ‘₯μ΄μ—κ²Œμ„œ 온 μ‹ μž₯μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
70 years later,
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70년이 μ§€λ‚œ ν›„ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλ§Œ
01:01
upwards of 100,000 kidneys are transplanted annually in the US alone.
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μ—°κ°„ μ‹­λ§Œ 건 이상 μ‹ μž₯이 μ΄μ‹λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
So how does this surgery work today?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μˆ˜μˆ μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
01:10
Kidneys are true workhorsesβ€”
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μ‹ μž₯은 정말 μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ μΌν•˜λŠ” κΈ°κ΄€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
these fist-sized organs filter
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크기가 μ£Όλ¨Ήλ§Œν•œ 이 기관듀은
μš•μ‘° ν•œ 개 전체λ₯Ό μ±„μšΈ 만큼 ν”Όλ₯Ό 맀일 μ—¬κ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
the equivalent of an entire bathtub’s worth of blood each day.
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01:19
In addition to removing this waste and extra fluid through urine,
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μ—¬κ³Ό μ°ŒκΊΌκΈ°μ™€ μž‰μ—¬ μˆ˜λΆ„μ„ μ†Œλ³€μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것에 더해,
01:23
the kidneys also regulate the production of red blood cells, vitamin D,
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λ˜ν•œ 적혈ꡬ, 비타민 D, 그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ˜ 생성을 μ‘°μ ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
and other hormones.
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01:30
Certain medical conditions can prompt the kidneys to work overtime,
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νŠΉμ • μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ€ μ‹ μž₯이 κ³Όλ‘œν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
01:35
leading to gradual deterioration.
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μ΄λŠ” 점진적인 κΈ°λŠ₯ μ‡ ν‡΄λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
For example, in diabetes, higher blood sugar concentrations can trigger
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ, ν˜ˆλ‹Ή μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ λ†’μ„μˆ˜λ‘
μ‹ μž₯ μ—¬κ³Ό ν™•λŒ€, 팽창, 그리고 염증을 μœ λ°œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
increased kidney filtration, swelling, and inflammation.
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01:47
High blood pressure can constrict and damage
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κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ€ μ‹ μž₯의 λ―Έμ„Έν•œ ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„ μˆ˜μΆ•ν•˜κ³  손상을 μž…νž 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
the organ’s delicate blood vessels.
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01:52
Over time, people can lose complete function of their kidneys
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©°, μ‹ μž₯은 κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ™„μ „νžˆ μžƒκ²Œ 되고
01:55
and must rely on a treatment called dialysis to survive.
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μ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” νˆ¬μ„μ΄λΌλŠ” μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
Yet dialysis is time consuming
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, νˆ¬μ„μ€ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 많이 λ“€κ³ 
02:02
and fraught with serious medical complications.
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 합병증에 μ‹œλ‹¬λ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
A kidney transplant offers a more permanent solution
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μ‹ μž₯ 이식은 더 μž₯기적인 해결법이고
02:08
with a dramatically improved quality of life.
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μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆλ„ 극적으둜 κ°œμ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Once a patient is approved for the surgery,
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ν™˜μžκ°€ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ μŠΉμΈλ°›μœΌλ©΄
02:13
the search for a suitable organ begins.
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μ ν•©ν•œ μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” μž‘μ—…μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
Historically, the biggest barrier was finding a donor
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κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” μˆ˜μˆ μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μž₯벽은
02:19
whose immune system makeup closely resembled that of the patient’s,
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ν™˜μžμ™€ λ©΄μ—­ 체계 ꡬ성이 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 기증자λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
like an identical twin, as to reduce the risk of organ rejection.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μΌλž€μ„± 쌍λ‘₯μ΄μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
μž₯κΈ° κ±°λΆ€ μœ„ν—˜μ„ 쀄이기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μ£ .
02:28
But today, thanks to medical advances,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ˜ν•™ 기술의 λ°œλ‹¬λ‘œ 인해
02:30
a patient’s family member, friend, or even a stranger
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ν™˜μžμ˜ κ°€μ‘±, 친ꡬ, 심지어 아무 μ—°κ΄€ μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„
02:34
can donate one of their kidneys.
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μ‹ μž₯을 기증할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
New drug therapies can effectively suppress a patient’s immune response
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•½λ¬Ό μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ 이식 μ „ν›„λ‘œ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
02:40
before and long after the transplant,
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ν™˜μžμ˜ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 효과적으둜 μ–΅μ œν•  수 있고
02:43
meaning that patients and donor pairs no longer must be perfect matches.
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μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μžμ™€ κΈ°μ¦μžκ°€ κΌ­ μ™„λ²½ν•œ 짝을 이루지 μ•Šμ•„λ„ λœλ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Still, the closer the match, the better.
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ μ„œλ‘œ 더 많이 μΌμΉ˜ν• μˆ˜λ‘ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 더 μ’‹κΈ°λŠ” ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
So another option is a paired organ exchange,
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„ νƒμ§€λŠ” μŒμ„ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” μž₯κΈ° κ΅ν™˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
where two or more incompatible donor and patient pairs are matched up,
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μ„œλ‘œ μ ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κΈ°μ¦μžμ™€ ν™˜μžκ°€ λ°°μ •λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
03:00
allowing each patient to receive a more compatible kidney from the other pair.
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각 ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ μƒλŒ€ κΈ°μ¦μžμ—κ²Œμ„œ 더 잘 λ§žλŠ” μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” 것이죠.
03:05
Once an organ is found, the surgery itself is straightforward.
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일단 μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό 찾으면, 수술 μžμ²΄λŠ” μΌμ‚¬μ²œλ¦¬λ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
First, the living donor's kidney is removed using minimally invasive
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첫째, μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 기증자의 μ‹ μž₯은 손상을 μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•΄μ„œ λͺΈμ—μ„œ λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜λ©°
03:13
and often robotic techniques.
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ν”νžˆ λ‘œλ΄‡ κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν™œμš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
As for the transplant patient,
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이식을 받을 ν™˜μžμ˜ ν•˜λ³΅λΆ€λ₯Ό μ ˆκ°œν•˜κ³ 
03:17
an incision is made in their lower abdomen and the donor organ is implanted.
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기증된 μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄μ‹ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
The new kidney’s artery and vein are connected to the recipient’s
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹ μž₯의 동λ§₯κ³Ό μ •λ§₯은 μˆ˜μš©μžμ™€ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ 혈λ₯˜κ°€ 돌고
03:26
to create blood flow,
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03:27
and its ureter is attached to the patient's bladder.
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μˆ˜λ‡¨κ΄€μ€ ν™˜μžμ˜ λ°©κ΄‘κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
The failed kidneys are typically left in place,
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μ†μƒλœ μ‹ μž₯듀은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ— κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 놔두며,
03:34
allowing them to continue to aid in filtration.
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계속 μ—¬κ³Όλ₯Ό 돕도둝 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
After surgery, a patient is closely monitored for the next several days
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수술 이후에 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λ©°μΉ  λ™μ•ˆ λ©΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λ©°
03:41
to ensure the new kidney starts filtering their blood,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹ μž₯이 ν”Όλ₯Ό μ •ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
03:45
and subsequently producing urine on its own.
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μ΄μ–΄μ„œ 슀슀둜 μ†Œλ³€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
This new kidney typically lasts between 12 to 20 years.
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹ μž₯은 λŒ€κ°œ 12~20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μœ μ§€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
Some people will have multiple kidney transplants in their lifetime,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 일생 λ™μ•ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 μ‹ μž₯ 이식을 받을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
03:55
meaning at some point they may have four or even five kidneys in their bodies.
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λͺΈμ†μ— μ‹ μž₯이 4개, 심지어 5개 μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
As for donors, most leave the hospital the next day,
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κΈ°μ¦μžλ“€μ€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ κΈ°μ¦ν•œ λ‹€μŒ λ‚  ν‡΄μ›ν•΄μ„œ
04:04
and can resume normal activity within a few weeks.
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λͺ‡ μ£Ό μ•ˆμ— μΌμƒμƒν™œμ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
While all surgeries carry risks,
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λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜μˆ μ—λŠ” μœ„ν—˜μ΄ λ”°λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:09
most donors go on to lead normal, healthy lives,
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κΈ°μ¦μžλ“€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ ν‰λ²”ν•˜κ³  κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 삢을 μ΄μ–΄λ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 있으며
04:12
facing no, or relatively few, complications
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μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 적은 합병증을 κ²ͺκ±°λ‚˜ 아무 λ¬Έμ œλ„ κ²ͺ지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œ
04:16
related to living with a single kidney.
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μ‹ μž₯ ν•œ 개둜 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
But not all patients will have a willing living donor.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ λ‹€ 기증자λ₯Ό 찾을 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
In the US alone, around 90,000 patients sit on the national waiting list
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미ꡭ만 해도, ν™˜μž μ•½ ꡬ만 λͺ…이 κ΅­κ°€ λŒ€κΈ° λͺ…단에 이름을 올리고
04:27
to be matched with a kidney from a deceased donor.
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μ‚¬λ§ν•œ 기증자의 μ‹ μž₯κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
While many people register as organ donors,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μž₯κΈ° 기증자둜 λ“±λ‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
04:33
only 0.3% will lose their lives in circumstances
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였직 0.3%만이 μž₯κΈ° 기증이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μ‚¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
that allow for organ donation.
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04:39
Due to this organ shortage,
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μž₯κΈ° λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œ,
04:41
about 17 patients die every day waiting for a new kidney.
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μ•½ 17λͺ…이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹ μž₯을 기닀리닀 맀일 세상을 λ– λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Thankfully, doctors continue to push against the limits of what's possible,
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κ°μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œλ„, μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ„“ν˜€λ‚˜κ°€κ³  있으며
04:50
exploring new treatments
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 인곡 λ°°μ–‘μ΄λ‚˜ 3D ν”„λ¦°νŠΈλœ μ‹ μž₯,
04:52
and the potential of lab-grown, 3D printed, and even artificial kidneys.
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심지어 인곡 μ‹ μž₯κΉŒμ§€ μ‹œν—˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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