How transistors work - Gokul J. Krishnan

920,976 views ใƒป 2016-06-06

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sungmin OH ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Modern computers are revolutionizing our lives,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:09
performing tasks unimaginable only decades ago.
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๊ณ ์ž‘ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ๋ชปํ•  ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
00:13
This was made possible by a long series of innovations,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
but there's one foundational invention that almost everything else relies upon:
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๋‹จ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:22
the transistor.
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ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
So what is that,
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ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:25
and how does such a device enable all the amazing things computers can do?
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์ด ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:30
Well, at their core, all computers are just what the name implies,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
00:34
machines that perform mathematical operations.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
The earliest computers were manual counting devices,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ดˆ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์žฅ์น˜์ธ
00:40
like the abacus,
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์ฃผํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:41
while later ones used mechanical parts.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
What made them computers was having a way to represent numbers
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์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:48
and a system for manipulating them.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
00:51
Electronic computers work the same way,
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์ „์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
but instead of physical arrangements,
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๋‹จ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
00:55
the numbers are represented by electric voltages.
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Most such computers use a type of math called Boolean logic
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
that has only two possible values,
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๋ถˆ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
the logical conditions true and false,
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ ์ฐธ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด์ฃ .
01:07
denoted by binary digits one and zero.
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1๊ณผ 0์˜ ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
They are represented by high and low voltages.
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์ด ๊ฐ’๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ €์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Equations are implemented via logic gate circuits
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€
01:17
that produce an output of one or zero
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์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์ด ํŠน์ • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
01:21
based on whether the inputs satisfy a certain logical statement.
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1 ๋˜๋Š” 0์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
These circuits perform three fundamental logical operations,
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์ด ํšŒ๋กœ๋“ค์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ณฑ, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
The way conjunction works is an "and gate" provides a high-voltage output
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ณฑ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์•• ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ
01:36
only if it receives two high-voltage inputs,
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"AND" ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ „์•• ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
and the other gates work by similar principles.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Circuits can be combined to perform complex operations,
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ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง์…ˆ๊ณผ ๋บ„์…ˆ๊ฐ™์€
01:46
like addition and subtraction.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
And computer programs consist of instructions
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„
01:51
for electronically performing these operations.
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์ „์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
This kind of system needs a reliable and accurate method
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ
01:58
for controlling electric current.
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์ „๋ฅ˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Early electronic computers, like the ENIAC,
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์—๋‹ˆ์•…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š”
02:02
used a device called the vacuum tube.
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์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Its early form, the diode,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” 2๊ทน ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ
02:07
consisted of two electrodes in an evacuated glass container.
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์ด๋Š” ์ง„๊ณต์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์•ˆ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Applying a voltage to the cathode makes it heat up and release electrons.
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์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์Œ๊ทน์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฉด ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
If the anode is at a slightly higher positive potential,
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์–‘๊ทน์˜ ์–‘์ „์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด
02:20
the electrons are attracted to it,
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์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์–‘๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋˜์–ด
02:22
completing the circuit.
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ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
This unidirectional current flow could be controlled
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์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š”
02:27
by varying the voltage to the cathode,
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์Œ๊ทน์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
which makes it release more or less electrons.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:33
The next stage was the triode,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 3๊ทน ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
which uses a third electrode called the grid.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
This is a wire screen between the cathode and anode
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์Œ๊ทน์™€ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์™€์ด์–ด ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์ธ๋ฐ
02:41
through which electrons could pass.
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์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
Varying its voltage makes it either repel
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ
์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
or attract the electrons emitted by the cathode,
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02:49
thus, enabling fast current-switching.
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์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:52
The ability to amplify signals also made the triode crucial for radio
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3๊ทน ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฆํญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋•์—
๋ผ๋””์˜ค์™€ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์—๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
and long distance communication.
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03:00
But despite these advancements, vacuum tubes were unreliable and bulky.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
With 18,000 triodes, ENIAC was nearly the size of a tennis court
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3๊ทน ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€ 18,000๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค์žฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:09
and weighed 30 tons.
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30ํ†ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Tubes failed every other day,
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์ง„๊ณต๊ด€์€ ์ดํ‹€์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ 
03:13
and in one hour, it consumed the amount of electricity used by 15 homes in a day.
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ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 15 ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์น˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
The solution was the transistor.
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ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Instead of electrodes, it uses a semiconductor,
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์ „๊ทน ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:24
like silicon treated with different elements
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด
03:26
to create an electron-emitting N-type,
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์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” N ํ˜•๊ณผ
03:29
and an electron absorbing P-type.
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์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” Pํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
These are arranged in three alternating layers
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜๊ณ 
03:35
with a terminal at each.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์„ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
The emitter, the base, and the collector.
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์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ปฌ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
In this typical NPN transistor,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ NPN ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
due to certain phenomena at the P-N interface,
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P-N ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ํŠน์ • ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
03:45
a special region called a P-N junction forms between the emitter and base.
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P-N ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
It only conducts electricity
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์ „์••์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
when a voltage exceeding a certain threshold is applied.
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03:56
Otherwise, it remains switched off.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋Š”, ๊บผ์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
In this way, small variations in the input voltage
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€๋™์ด
04:02
can be used to quickly switch between high and low-output currents.
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์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ €์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „ํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
The advantage of the transistor lies in its efficiency and compactness.
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ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์†Œํ˜•์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:12
Because they don't require heating, they're more durable and use less power.
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์—ด์ด ํ•„์š”์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
ENIAC's functionality can now be surpassed by a single fingernail-sized microchip
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์†ํ†ฑ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์นฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์—๋‹ˆ์•…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
containing billions of transistors.
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์นฉ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
At trillions of calculations per second,
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๋งค ์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”
04:27
today's computers may seem like they're performing miracles,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:30
but underneath it all,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ธ๊น ๋„๋Š”๋งŒํผ
04:31
each individual operation is still as simple as the flick of a switch.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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