How transistors work - Gokul J. Krishnan

928,796 views ・ 2016-06-06

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sungmin OH κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Modern computers are revolutionizing our lives,
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ν˜„λŒ€ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” 우리 삢에 혁λͺ…을 μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:09
performing tasks unimaginable only decades ago.
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κ³ μž‘ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ” 상상도 λͺ»ν•  일듀을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•΄μ£Όμ£ .
00:13
This was made possible by a long series of innovations,
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이것은 κΈ΄ 일련의 ν˜μ‹ κ³Ό 맞물렀 κ°€λŠ₯해진 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
but there's one foundational invention that almost everything else relies upon:
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단, 거의 λͺ¨λ“  것이 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ ν˜μ‹ μ΄ ν•˜λ‚˜ 있죠.
00:22
the transistor.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
So what is that,
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
00:25
and how does such a device enable all the amazing things computers can do?
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이 μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 컴퓨터가 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 일듀을 κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:30
Well, at their core, all computers are just what the name implies,
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사싀 λͺ¨λ“  μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” 단지 κ·Έ 이름이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 바와 κ°™μ£ .
00:34
machines that perform mathematical operations.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ 연산을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
The earliest computers were manual counting devices,
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κ°€μž₯ 초μž₯기의 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” μˆ˜λ™κ³„μ‚° μž₯치인
00:40
like the abacus,
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주판과 같은 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:41
while later ones used mechanical parts.
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„μ˜ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” κΈ°κ³„λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
What made them computers was having a way to represent numbers
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숫자λ₯Ό 보여주고, κ·Έ 숫자λ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
00:48
and a system for manipulating them.
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ 컴퓨터인 μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
00:51
Electronic computers work the same way,
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μ „μž 컴퓨터도 같은 λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
but instead of physical arrangements,
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단, 물리적 배열이 μ•„λ‹Œ
00:55
the numbers are represented by electric voltages.
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μ „κΈ° μ „μ••μœΌλ‘œ 숫자λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Most such computers use a type of math called Boolean logic
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” 뢈 μ—°μ‚°μ΄λΌλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
that has only two possible values,
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뢈 μ—°μ‚°μ—μ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 닡은 두 개 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
the logical conditions true and false,
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논리쑰건인 μ°Έκ³Ό 거짓이죠.
01:07
denoted by binary digits one and zero.
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1κ³Ό 0의 μ΄μ§„μˆ˜λ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
They are represented by high and low voltages.
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이 값듀은 κ³ μ „μ••κ³Ό μ €μ „μ••μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Equations are implemented via logic gate circuits
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논리 게이트 회둜λ₯Ό 톡해 μ‹œν–‰λ˜λŠ” 방정식은
01:17
that produce an output of one or zero
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μž…λ ₯값이 νŠΉμ • 논리문을 λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— 따라
01:21
based on whether the inputs satisfy a certain logical statement.
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1 λ˜λŠ” 0의 좜λ ₯값을 μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
These circuits perform three fundamental logical operations,
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이 νšŒλ‘œλ“€μ€ 3개의 기본적인 논리 연산을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
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논리곱, 논리합, 그리고 λΆ€μ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
The way conjunction works is an "and gate" provides a high-voltage output
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논리곱은 두 개의 κ³ μ „μ•• μž…λ ₯값을 받은 κ²½μš°μ—λ§Œ
01:36
only if it receives two high-voltage inputs,
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"AND" κ²Œμ΄νŠΈκ°€ κ³ μ „μ•• 좜λ ₯값을 μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
and the other gates work by similar principles.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 게이트의 원리도 μœ μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Circuits can be combined to perform complex operations,
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회둜λ₯Ό κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§μ…ˆκ³Ό λΊ„μ…ˆκ°™μ€
01:46
like addition and subtraction.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 연산을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
And computer programs consist of instructions
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그리고 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 연산을
01:51
for electronically performing these operations.
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μ „μžμ μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λͺ…λ Ήλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
This kind of system needs a reliable and accurate method
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ μ‹ λ’°ν•  수 있고 μ •ν™•ν•œ
01:58
for controlling electric current.
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μ „λ₯˜ 쑰절 방법이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
Early electronic computers, like the ENIAC,
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μ—λ‹ˆμ•…κ³Ό 같은 초창기 μ „μž μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ”
02:02
used a device called the vacuum tube.
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μ§„κ³΅κ΄€μ΄λΌλŠ” μž₯치λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Its early form, the diode,
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초기 ν˜•νƒœλŠ” 2κ·Ή 진곡관이며
02:07
consisted of two electrodes in an evacuated glass container.
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μ΄λŠ” μ§„κ³΅μ²˜λ¦¬λœ 유리 μš©κΈ°μ•ˆμ— 두 개의 μ „κ·ΉμœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Applying a voltage to the cathode makes it heat up and release electrons.
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μ „μ••μœΌλ‘œ μŒκ·Ήμ„ 달ꡬ면 μ „μžλ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
If the anode is at a slightly higher positive potential,
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μ–‘κ·Ήμ˜ μ–‘μ „μœ„κ°€ μ•½κ°„ 더 λ†’μœΌλ©΄
02:20
the electrons are attracted to it,
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μ „μžλ“€μ€ μ–‘κ·ΉμœΌλ‘œ λŒλ €κ°€κ²Œλ˜μ–΄
02:22
completing the circuit.
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νšŒλ‘œκ°€ μ™„μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
This unidirectional current flow could be controlled
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이 단일 λ°©ν–₯ μ „λ₯˜λŠ”
02:27
by varying the voltage to the cathode,
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음극의 μ „μ•• λ³€ν™”λ‘œ μ‘°μ •ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
which makes it release more or less electrons.
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보닀 λ§Žκ±°λ‚˜ 적은 μ–‘μ˜ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:33
The next stage was the triode,
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λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” 3κ·Ή μ§„κ³΅κ΄€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
which uses a third electrode called the grid.
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κ·Έλ¦¬λ“œλΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μ„Έ 번째 전극을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
This is a wire screen between the cathode and anode
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μŒκ·Ήμ™€ μ–‘κ·Ή μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 와이어 슀크린인데
02:41
through which electrons could pass.
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μ „μžλŠ” κ·Έλ¦¬λ“œλ₯Ό 톡과할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Varying its voltage makes it either repel
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κ·Έλ¦¬λ“œμ˜ 전압을 μ‘°μ •ν•˜μ—¬
μŒκ·Ήμ—μ„œ 방좜된 μ „μžλ₯Ό λ°€μ–΄λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜ λŒμ–΄λ‹ΉκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
or attract the electrons emitted by the cathode,
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02:49
thus, enabling fast current-switching.
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μ‹ μ†ν•œ μ „λ₯˜ λ³€ν™˜μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것이죠.
02:52
The ability to amplify signals also made the triode crucial for radio
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3κ·Ή 진곡관은 μ‹ ν˜Έ 증폭 κΈ°λŠ₯ 덕에
λΌλ””μ˜€μ™€ μž₯거리 톡신에도 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
and long distance communication.
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03:00
But despite these advancements, vacuum tubes were unreliable and bulky.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž₯점에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 진곡관은 λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•˜κ³  λΆ€ν”Όκ°€ μ»ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
With 18,000 triodes, ENIAC was nearly the size of a tennis court
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3κ·Ή 진곡관 18,000κ°œλŠ” 거의 ν…Œλ‹ˆμŠ€μž₯ 크기에닀가
03:09
and weighed 30 tons.
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30ν†€μ΄λ‚˜ λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
Tubes failed every other day,
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진곡관은 이틀에 ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© λ§κ°€μ‘Œκ³ 
03:13
and in one hour, it consumed the amount of electricity used by 15 homes in a day.
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ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ 15 κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ ν•˜λ£¨μΉ˜ μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μ†Œλͺ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
The solution was the transistor.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ ν•΄κ²°μ±…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
Instead of electrodes, it uses a semiconductor,
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μ „κ·Ή λŒ€μ‹  λ°˜λ„μ²΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
03:24
like silicon treated with different elements
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜μ— λ‹€λ₯Έ μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λ©΄
03:26
to create an electron-emitting N-type,
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μ „μžλ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” N ν˜•κ³Ό
03:29
and an electron absorbing P-type.
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μ „μžλ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” Pν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
These are arranged in three alternating layers
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μ„Έ 번 λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ λ°°μ—΄ν•˜κ³ 
03:35
with a terminal at each.
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각각 터미널을 λΆ€μ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
The emitter, the base, and the collector.
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이미터, 베이슀, 그리고 컬렉터 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
In this typical NPN transistor,
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이 것이 μ „ν˜•μ μΈ NPN νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
due to certain phenomena at the P-N interface,
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P-N μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μ˜ νŠΉμ • ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ 인해
03:45
a special region called a P-N junction forms between the emitter and base.
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P-N 접합이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 뢀뢄이 이미터와 베이슀 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ ν˜•μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
It only conducts electricity
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전압이 νŠΉμ • κΈ°μ€€μΉ˜ 이상일 λ•Œλ§Œ μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μ „λ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
when a voltage exceeding a certain threshold is applied.
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03:56
Otherwise, it remains switched off.
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κ·Έ μ™Έμ—λŠ”, 꺼진 μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
In this way, small variations in the input voltage
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ, μž…λ ₯ μ „μ••μ˜ μž‘μ€ 변동이
04:02
can be used to quickly switch between high and low-output currents.
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좜λ ₯ κ³ μ „λ₯˜μ™€ μ €μ „λ₯˜ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ λΉ λ₯Έ μ „ν™˜μ— μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
The advantage of the transistor lies in its efficiency and compactness.
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νŠΈλ Œμ§€μŠ€ν„°λŠ” 효율적이고 μ†Œν˜•μΈ 것이죠.
04:12
Because they don't require heating, they're more durable and use less power.
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열이 ν•„μš”μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, 더 μ˜€λž˜κ°€κ³  μ „λ ₯을 덜 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
ENIAC's functionality can now be surpassed by a single fingernail-sized microchip
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손톱 크기의 마이크둜 μΉ© ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ΄μ œλŠ” μ—λ‹ˆμ•…μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯을 λŠ₯κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
containing billions of transistors.
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칩은 μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ λ“€μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
At trillions of calculations per second,
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맀 μ΄ˆλ§ˆλ‹€ 수쑰의 계산을 ν•˜λŠ”
04:27
today's computers may seem like they're performing miracles,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ 컴퓨터가 기적처럼 보일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:30
but underneath it all,
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ˜ 각각의 연산은 μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 딸깍 λ„λŠ”λ§ŒνΌ
04:31
each individual operation is still as simple as the flick of a switch.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ‹¨μˆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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