How do we safely study living brains? - John Borghi and Elizabeth Waters

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2018-04-26 ・ TED-Ed


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How do we safely study living brains? - John Borghi and Elizabeth Waters

529,734 views ・ 2018-04-26

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Dongeun Shin κ²€ν† : Won Jang
"강아지가 λΉ¨κ°›κ³ , μ‚¬κ³ΌλŠ” λƒ„μƒˆλ‚˜κ³ , μ’…λ‹¬μƒˆκ°€ λ…Έλž˜ν•˜λŠ” 건 λͺ¨λ‘
λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일이닀." -였슀카 μ™€μΌλ“œ
00:11
As far as we know,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” λ°”λ‘œλŠ”
00:13
there’s only one thing in our solar system sophisticated enough to study itself:
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νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ—μ„œ 자기 슀슀둜λ₯Ό 연ꡬ할 만큼 μ •κ΅ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ ν•˜λ‚˜ 밖에 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
the human brain.
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λ°”λ‘œ μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œμ΄μ£ .
00:21
But this self-investigation is incredibly challenging;
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ°λž€ 정말 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
a living brain is shielded by a thick skull,
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λ‡ŒλŠ” λ‘κΊΌμš΄ λ‘κ°œκ³¨λ‘œ λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›κ³ μžˆκ³ 
00:27
swaddled in layers of protective tissue,
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λ³΄ν˜Έμ„±μ˜ 쑰직으둜 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ 있으며
00:30
and made up of billions of tiny, connected cells.
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수 μ‹­ μ–΅ 개의 μž‘κ³  μ—°κ²°λœ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
That’s why it’s so difficult to isolate, observe, and understand diseases
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이게 μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έμ™€ 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κ³  κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ 
00:38
like Alzheimer’s.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 이유이죠.
00:39
So how do we study living brains without harming their owners?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ‹€μΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:44
We can use a trio of techniques called EEG,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기술 3인방을 μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”λ° μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” EEG
00:47
fMRI,
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fMRI
00:48
and PET.
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그리고 PETκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
Each measures something different and has its own strengths and weaknesses,
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각각의 κΈ°μˆ μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ§•μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κ³  μ €λ§ˆλ‹€ 강점과 약점이 μžˆκΈ°μ—
00:53
and we’ll look at each in turn.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ°¨λ‘€λ‘œ 이 κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
First is EEG, or electroencephalography,
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μš°μ„  EEG ν˜Ήμ€ λ‡ŒνŒŒ μ „μœ„ κΈ°λ‘μˆ μ€
00:59
which measures electrical activity in your brain.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ˜ 전기적인 ν™œμ„±μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
As brain cells communicate, they produce waves of electricity.
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λ‡Œμ„Έν¬λ“€μ€ μ „νŒŒλ₯Ό λ°œμƒν•΄ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
Electrodes placed on the skull pick up these waves,
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 전극은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŒŒλ™μ„ μˆ˜μ‹ ν•˜κ³ 
01:10
and differences in the signals detected between electrodes
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μ „κ·Ή μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ κ²€μΆœλœ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έμ˜ 차이듀은
01:14
provide information about what’s happening.
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무슨 일이 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 지에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
This technique was invented almost 100 years ago,
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EEGλŠ” 거의 100λ…„ 전에 발λͺ…λ˜μ–΄
01:20
and it’s still used to diagnose conditions like epilepsy and sleep disorders.
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κ°„μ§ˆκ³Ό 수면μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μ§„λ‹¨ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
It’s also used to investigate what areas of the brain are active
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λ˜ν•œ ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜κ³  μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:28
during learning or paying attention.
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ–΄λŠ 뢀뢄이 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°λ„ μ΄μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
EEG is non-invasive,
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EEGλŠ” λΉ„μΉ¨νˆ¬μ„±μ΄κ³ 
01:32
relatively inexpensive,
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μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 비싸지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©°
01:34
and fast:
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λΉ λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
it can measure changes that occur in just milliseconds.
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ 단지 λͺ‡ 밀리 초 내에 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 변화도 감지할 수 있죠.
01:39
Unfortunately, it’s hard to determine
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λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ μ–΄λ””μ„œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
01:41
exactly where any particular pattern originates.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 건 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
Electrical signals are generated constantly all over the brain
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전기적 μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  λΆ€μœ„μ—μ„œ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•˜λ©°,
01:48
and they interact with each other to produce complex patterns.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λ©° λ³΅μž‘ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
Using more electrodes or sophisticated data-processing algorithms can help.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μ „κ·Ήμ΄λ‚˜ μ •κ΅ν•œ 데이터 처리 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ 도움이 될 수 도 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:57
But in the end, while EEG can tell you precisely when certain activity occurs,
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κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” EEGλŠ” μ–Έμ œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν™œμ„±μ΄ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 것이지
02:03
it can’t tell you precisely where.
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μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
To do that, you’d need another technique,
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μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λ €λ©΄
02:08
such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI.
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κΈ°λŠ₯적 자기곡λͺ… μ˜μƒλ²• , 즉 fMRI와 같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 기술이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
fMRI measures how quickly oxygen is consumed by brain cells.
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fMRIλŠ” λ‡Œμ„Έν¬κ°€ μ†ŒλΉ„ν•˜λŠ” μ‚°μ†Œμ˜ 양을 μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
Active areas of the brain use oxygen more quickly.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ ν™œμ„±ν™”λœ 뢀뢄은 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ†Œλͺ¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
So watching an fMRI scan while a person completes cognitive or behavioral tasks
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μƒκ°μ΄λ‚˜ 행동을 ν•  λ•Œ fMRI둜 찍은 μ˜μƒμ„ 보면
02:26
can provide information about which regions of the brain might be involved.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜μ—­κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
That allows us to study everything from how we see faces
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덕뢄에 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 얼꡴을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°
02:33
to how we understand what we’re feeling.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŠλ‚€ 것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ™€ 같은것을 연ꡬ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
fMRI can pinpoint differences in brain activity to within a few millimeters,
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fMRIλŠ” 수 밀리미터 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ˜ 차이λ₯Ό μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ§‘μ–΄λ‚΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:41
but it’s thousands of times slower than EEG.
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EEG에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 수 천 λ°° λŠλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
Using the two techniques together
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이 두 κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ―€λ‘œμ¨
02:46
can help show when, and where, neural activity is occurring.
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μ–Έμ œ 그리고 μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ‹ κ²½κ³„μ˜ ν™œμ„±μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°° ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
The third, even more precise, technique is called positron emission tomography
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훨씬 더 μ •λ°€ν•œ 기술 μ„Έ 번 μ§Έ κΈ°μˆ μ€ μ–‘μ „μž 방좜 단측 촬영술이라 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
and it measures radioactive elements introduced into the brain.
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ λ‡Œμ— μ£Όμ‚¬λœ 방사성 μ›μ†Œλ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
That sounds much scarier than it actually is;
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μ–Έλœ» λ“£κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 λ¬΄μ„­κ²Œ λ“€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
PET scans, like fMRI and EEG, are completely safe.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ PET μŠ€μΊ”μ€ fMRI와 EEGκ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ™„λ²½νžˆ μ•ˆμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
During a PET scan, a small amount of radioactive material called a tracer
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PET둜 μŠ€μΊ”ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ μΆ”μ μžλΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ†ŒλŸ‰μ˜ 방사성 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„
03:13
is injected into the bloodstream,
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혈λ₯˜λ‘œ μ£Όμž…ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:15
and doctors monitor its circulation through the brain.
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μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” λ‡Œλ‘œ μœ μž…λ˜λŠ” μΆ”μ μžμ˜ μˆœν™˜μ„ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
By modifying the tracer to bind to specific molecules,
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μΆ”μ μžλ₯Ό νŠΉμ • λΆ„μžμ™€ κ²°ν•©ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ³€ν˜•ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 톡해
03:22
researchers can use PET to study the complex chemistry in our brains.
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연ꡬ원듀은 λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 화학성뢄을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° PETλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
It’s useful for studying how drugs affect the brain
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ 약물이 λ‡Œμ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 지λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
03:29
and detecting diseases like Alzheimer’s.
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μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έμ™€ 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° μœ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
But this technique has the lowest time resolution of all
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ PETλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°μˆ μ— λΉ„ν•΄ 뢄석 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ°€μž₯ 였래 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ”λ°
03:36
because it takes minutes for the tracer to circulate and changes to show up.
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μΆ”μ μžκ°€ μˆœν™˜ν•˜κ³  λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ”λ° μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
These techniques collectively help doctors and scientists
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ΄ λ³΅ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ–΄ μ˜μ‚¬μ™€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
03:44
connect what happens in the brain with our behavior.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일과 우리의 행동을 λŒ€μ‘μ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° 도움을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
But they’re also limited by how much we still don't know.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이런 연ꡬ듀도 μ—¬μ „νžˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ œν•œμ„ λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
For example, let's say researchers are interested in studying how memory works.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 연ꡬ원듀이 κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μž‘λ™λ°©μ‹μ— 관심이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:55
After asking 50 participants to memorize a series of images while in MRI scanners,
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50λͺ…μ˜ ν”Όμ‹œν—˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ MRI μŠ€μΊ”μ€‘ 일련의 그림을 μ™Έμš°λ„λ‘ν•œ 후에
04:00
the researchers might analyze the results
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연ꡬ원듀이 κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜λ©΄
04:03
and discover a number of active brain regions.
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ ν™œμ„±ν™” 된 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
Making a link between memory and specific parts of the brain
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κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ • 뢀뢄을 λŒ€μ‘μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 일은
04:09
is an important step forward.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œμ˜ 연ꡬ에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ‹¨κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
But future research would be necessary
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 미래의 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
04:12
to better understand what’s happening in each region,
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λ‡Œ 각각의 λΆ€μœ„μ—μ„œ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€
04:15
how they work together,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έ λΆ€μœ„λ“€μ΄ ν•¨κ»˜ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
04:17
and whether the activity is because of their involvement in memory
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그리고 κ·Έ μ˜μ—­μ˜ ν™œμ„±μ΄ κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨μžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈμ§€
04:20
or another process occurring simultaneously.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ™μ‹œμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚œ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜„μƒ λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈμ§€λ₯Ό 더 잘 νŒŒμ•…ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
More advanced imaging and analysis technology
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더 ν–₯μƒλœ μ˜μƒ 기술과 뢄석 κΈ°μˆ μ€
04:26
might one day provide more accurate results
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ 더 μ •ν™•ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  것이고
04:29
and even distinguish
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 단일 μ‹ κ²½ 세포 ν™œμ„±μ„
04:30
the activity of individual neurons.
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ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
Until then, our brains will keep measuring, analyzing, and innovating
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그날이 올 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€, 우리의 λ‡ŒλŠ” 이제껏 맞λ‹₯뜨린 λ‚œμ œ 쀑
04:37
in pursuit of that quest to understand
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277485
1990
κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:39
one of the most remarkable things we’ve ever encountered.
81
279475
3200
μΈ‘μ •κ³Ό 뢄석 그리고 ν˜μ‹ μ„ 계속할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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