Magical metals, how shape memory alloys work - Ainissa Ramirez

154,060 views ใƒป 2012-09-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Yifat Adler
ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
00:15
Today we're talking about weird materials
0
15050
2430
00:17
that we use in space, in robots and in your mouth.
1
17480
4190
ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื.
ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืกื’ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื”.
00:21
I'm talking about shape memory alloys.
2
21670
2790
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืŸ ืžืจืžื–,
00:24
Like the name says,
3
24460
1690
ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:26
these are metals that remember different shapes.
4
26150
2420
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช,
00:29
To understand how these metals work,
5
29700
1830
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
00:31
we've got to talk about atoms and organizing.
6
31530
2470
00:34
Let's talk about atoms first.
7
34000
2000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื
00:37
Atoms are tiny bits of matter that you cannot see with your eye
8
37190
3250
ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:40
yet they make up everything in our world,
9
40440
2310
00:42
from the chair that you're sitting on to your cell phone.
10
42750
3090
ืžื”ื›ืกื ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:45
Atoms have some surprising ways of behaving too.
11
45850
3150
ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช.
00:49
We'll talk about that shortly.
12
49000
2000
ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื“.
00:51
Now, how big is an atom?
13
51000
2000
ืžื”ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื?
00:53
Well, imagine pulling one of your hairs out of your head
14
53000
3430
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืชื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืžืจืืฉื›ื
00:56
and whittling it like a stick 100,000 times.
15
56430
3430
ื•ืžื’ืœืคื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืžืงืœ 100,000 ืคืขืžื™ื.
00:59
One of those shavings would be the width of an atom.
16
59860
3050
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื.
01:02
They're that small.
17
62910
2040
ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:04
Now let's talk about atoms and organizing.
18
64950
3030
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
01:07
You may not know this, but atoms arrange themselves
19
67980
3020
ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื
01:11
similar to the way we humans arrange ourselves.
20
71000
3530
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื.
01:14
Sometimes they sit in rows, like we do
21
74530
2340
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช,
01:16
on a bus or an airplane.
22
76870
1910
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืื• ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก.
01:18
We call that seating arrangement a phase.
23
78780
2220
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืคืื–ื”.
01:21
Other times they sit diagonal from each other,
24
81510
2490
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™,
01:24
sort of like seats in a movie theater or sports stadium.
25
84000
3590
ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืื• ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:27
This is another phase.
26
87590
1410
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืื–ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
01:29
When atoms move from one seating to another
27
89860
2990
ื›ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืž"ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”" ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช,
01:32
this is called a phase change.
28
92850
2090
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืื–ื”,
01:34
Phase changes are all around us.
29
94940
2190
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืคืื–ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
01:37
You may already know about water's phases:
30
97700
2300
ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืคืื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื:
01:40
solid, liquid and gas.
31
100000
2170
ืžื•ืฆืง, ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื’ื–.
01:42
Many other materials have phases like that too.
32
102850
2900
ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืคืื–ื”,
ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืคืื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืง.
01:45
Some of them have several solid phases.
33
105760
2690
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื’ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
01:48
OK. Back to those shape memory alloys we mentioned before.
34
108800
3370
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื›ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:52
When we say that the metals remember their different shapes,
35
112170
3010
01:55
what we're really saying is they remember different seating arrangements
36
115180
3990
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
ื›ืฉื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:59
of atoms. When the atoms rearrange,
37
119170
2400
02:01
the metal moves from one shape to another.
38
121570
3140
ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื ืขื” ืžืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช.
02:04
Let's look at a phase change in action.
39
124970
2400
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืงืœ ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื.
02:07
Here I have a metal wire that is made out of nickel and titanium.
40
127370
3890
ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื’ืกื•ื’ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฆื•ืจื”,
02:11
This metal wire is a shape memory alloy,
41
131260
2570
02:13
and I'm going to make it switch between its different shapes
42
133830
2900
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
02:16
using heat from a lighter.
43
136730
2010
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืžืžืฆื™ืช.
02:18
Watch this.
44
138740
1890
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
02:20
I'm going to wrap this wire around my finger
45
140630
2200
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืœืคืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื™
02:22
and then heat it.
46
142830
1610
ื•ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื•.
02:26
Amazing!
47
146660
1340
ืžื“ื”ื™ื!
02:28
That wire returns to a straight line, when I heat it.
48
148000
3270
ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืžืžืช ืื•ืชื•.
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
02:31
Let's try that again.
49
151270
1460
02:32
I'm going to wrap it around my finger, and heat it.
50
152730
2780
ืื ื™ ืืœืคืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื•ืื—ืžื ืื•ืชื•.
ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:36
Yep, that's still amazing.
51
156870
1620
02:38
Not only is it amazing, this is weird,
52
158490
2510
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ,
02:41
because metals generally don't do that.
53
161000
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:43
Here's a paper clip. When I heat it, I get nothing.
54
163000
3760
ื–ื”ื• ืžื”ื“ืง. ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืžืžืช ืื•ืชื•, ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืœื•ื.
02:46
What we're seeing is the shape memory wire changing phases when it gets hot.
55
166760
5610
ื›ืฉืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืคืื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื.
ื›ืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืงืจ, ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
02:52
When the wire is cold, atoms are in a diagonal arrangement,
56
172370
3500
02:55
like the movie theater seating, we talked about before.
57
175870
2480
ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
02:58
We call this a monoclinic arrangement,
58
178720
2360
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืงืœื™ื ื™,
ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืงืจืื• ืœืคืื–ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืจื˜ื ื–ื™ื˜.
03:01
and scientists will call this phase martensite.
59
181080
3480
ื›ืฉื—ื™ืžืžืชื™ ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืชื›ืช,
03:04
When I heated up the wire,
60
184920
1080
03:06
the atoms moved into columns like airplane seating.
61
186000
3000
ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืขื• ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก.
03:09
This is a cubic arrangement.
62
189000
2720
ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืชื™.
03:11
Scientists will call this phase austenite.
63
191720
2280
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืงืจืื• ืœืคืื–ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื•ืกื˜ื ื™ื˜.
03:14
So when we added the heat, the atoms shifted positions seamlessly,
64
194000
4000
ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื—ื•ื, ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช
03:18
and they'll do this forever.
65
198000
2640
ื•ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืœื ืฆื—.
03:20
They have this coordinated motion, just like members of a tireless marching band.
66
200640
4740
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืœืื™ืช.
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื–ื– ืžืขื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:25
Each makes a small shift, but all together those small shifts
67
205380
3570
03:28
create a totally different pattern.
68
208950
2200
ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
ืื– ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
03:31
So that's pretty cool, but where do we use these materials?
69
211390
3340
03:34
Well, if you look in the sky tonight,
70
214730
2080
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
03:36
shape memory alloys are at work -
71
216810
1980
ืกื’ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”
03:38
on Mars. They're used to move panels on the Mars rover,
72
218790
4020
ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื. ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื–ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื“ื™ื,
03:42
so that it can study the environment.
73
222810
2290
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจื” ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื”,
03:45
Like our metal straightened when it was heated,
74
225320
2280
03:47
the metals holding the panels will move when electrically heated.
75
227600
3380
ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื–ื•ื–ื• ื›ืฉื™ื—ืžืžื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืข"ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
03:50
When we stop heating the shape memory metal,
76
230980
2160
ื›ืฉื ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”,
03:53
the panel will return back, due to an opposing spring.
77
233140
2860
ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืคื™ืฅ.
03:56
Back on Earth, shape memory alloys are used to open up clogged arteries
78
236000
5000
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืกื’ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื™ื
04:01
as stents, which are small collapsible springs
79
241000
3000
ื›ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
04:04
that force open passages.
80
244000
2290
ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
04:06
Shape memory alloys are also used to move robots,
81
246290
2710
ืกื’ืกื’ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื–ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
04:09
toy butterflies, teeth in braces, and for a perfect fit every time,
82
249000
5000
ืคืจืคืจื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื
04:14
shape memory wires are used as underwires in bras.
83
254000
3290
ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช.
04:17
Now you know Victoria's secret.
84
257990
2010
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:20
By popping a bra into the dryer, it'll be brand new every time.
85
260000
3590
ืื ืชื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื‘ืฉ, ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
04:24
So whether it's on Mars or in your mouth, small atomic movements
86
264480
4030
04:28
can create huge changes,
87
268510
2150
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
04:30
and understanding the way atoms behave
88
270660
2340
ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื
04:33
allows us to make materials that make our world a better place.
89
273000
3830
ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7