The tale of the boy who tricked a tyrant - Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore

332,130 views ใƒป 2024-08-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Shock seized the West African Dagara village as word traveled of a new decree.
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ื”ืœื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื“ื’ืืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฆื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:11
Completely disregarding time-honored naming rituals,
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื˜ืงืกื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
00:15
the tyrannical chief declared that, going forward,
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ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืขืชื” ื•ื”ืœืื”,
00:18
he alone would name the villageโ€™s children.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ.
00:20
But an unlikely challenger eventually appeared...
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ...
00:23
One day, a mother was taking her newborn to the chiefโ€™s house to be named
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื
00:27
when her baby asked where they were going from his crib.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ืฉืืœ ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ืกืชื•.
00:30
She told him, and he responded that they could return home
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
00:34
because he already had a name and it was Yagangnaa,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื”,
00:37
meaning โ€œwiser than the chief.โ€
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆ'ื™ืฃ".
00:39
So, they did just that.
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ืื–, ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
00:43
Years later, while hunting lizards near the chief's house,
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ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ื“ ืœื˜ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ,
00:46
a friend called Yagangnaaโ€™s name, which caught the chiefโ€™s attention.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื”, ืฉืชืคืก ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ.
00:50
He knew he hadn't given any child a name that insulted his own authority.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืืฃ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื‘ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœื•.
00:54
When he asked Yagangnaa who named him, and the boy replied that he named himself
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœ ืืช ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืžื™ ืงืจื ืœื•, ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื•
00:59
the chief grew furious.
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ื”ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ื–ืขื.
01:01
He committed himself to proving his superiorityโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ
01:04
and punishing Yagangnaaโ€™s family.
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ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื”.
01:08
First, he called on Yagangnaa and gave him a huge basket full of millet and pebbles.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืกืœ ืขื ืง ืžืœื ื“ื•ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื ื—ืœ.
01:13
He told Yagangnaa to have his mother brew โ€œpito,โ€ or millet beer,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืื’ื ื’ื ื” ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื• ืชื‘ืฉืœ โ€œืคื™ื˜ื•โ€œ, ืื• ื‘ื™ืจืช ื“ื•ื—ืŸ,
01:17
by the end of the day, so the chief could entertain his farm workers.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ืจ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•.
01:21
Upon hearing the chiefโ€™s orders, Yagangnaaโ€™s mother wept.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ, ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ื” ื‘ื›ืชื”.
01:25
It was impossible to separate the millet from the pebbles.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื—ืœ.
01:28
And everyone knew it took weeks to make pito:
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ื•:
01:31
the millet had to be soaked, dried, ground, boiled, then fermented
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ, ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืจืชื™ื— ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชืกื™ืก
01:35
in days-long stages.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:37
So, Yagangnaa decided to retaliate with another insurmountable task.
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ืื–, ื™ืื’ืื ื’ื ืื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื ืขื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.
01:42
He sent the chief gourd seeds and asked him to prepare calabash cups
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืœืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื–ืจืขื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื“ืœืขืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื“ืœืขืช
01:46
that same day to hold the pito his mother was making.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ื• ืฉืืžื• ืžื›ื™ื ื”.
01:49
The chief would have to wait for the seeds to germinate
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•
01:52
and the plants to bear fruit, then harvest, carve, and dry themโ€”
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืื• ืคืจื™, ื•ืื– ืœืงืฆื•ืจ, ืœื’ืœืฃ ื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื -
01:56
the work of an entire farming season all in one day.
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
02:00
Realizing Yagangnaa was onto himโ€” and one step aheadโ€”
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• - ื•ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” -
02:04
the chief ordered him to return the millet.
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ืŸ.
02:07
Next, he instructed Yagangnaa to look after his bull
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื•
02:11
until it produced enough cattle to fill his kraal
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ืคื™ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืงืจืืืœ ืฉืœื•
02:13
and pay his sonsโ€™ bridewealths.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•.
02:16
Without protesting that heโ€™d need a cow, not a bull, to do this,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืคืจื”, ืœื ืฉื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:19
Yagangnaa agreed.
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ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื.
02:21
The next day, he began cutting dry wood near the chief's house.
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ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ.
02:25
When the chief asked what he was doing,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ืฉืืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”,
02:27
Yagangnaa said he needed wood to cook and warm his house
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ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื•ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•
02:30
because his father had just delivered a baby.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ืœื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
02:33
The chief laughed and said that was impossible,
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ืฆื—ืง ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,
02:35
to which Yagangnaa asked why it should be impossible
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ื•ืœื–ื” ืฉืืœ ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
02:39
for his father to deliver a child
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ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“
02:41
if the chief thought his bull was going to produce cattle.
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ืื ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืงืจ.
02:44
One-upped once again, the chief ordered Yagangnaa to return the bullโ€”
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื™ืื’ืื ื’ื ืื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ--
02:48
and decided to take extreme measures.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:52
He told Yagangnaa to accompany his son on an errand
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช
02:55
and provided him a beautiful horse and expensive clothes.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืง ืœื• ืกื•ืก ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื.
02:58
Meanwhile, the chief's own son wore tattered clothing and rode a weak horse.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืก ื—ืœืฉ.
03:03
Sensing the chief's new trick brewing,
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ืžืชื‘ืฉืœ,
03:05
Yagangnaa offered to trade with the chiefโ€™s son, who agreed.
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ, ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื.
03:09
But the chief had given his men grisly orders.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:12
And moments later, a poisoned arrow flew towards the well-dressed boy
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ื•ืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื—ืฅ ืžื•ืจืขืœ ื˜ืก ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
03:16
on the beautiful white horse,
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื”,
03:18
striking and killing the chiefโ€™s son while Yagangnaa escaped.
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ื”ื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืื’ืื ื’ื ืื” ื ืžืœื˜.
03:23
Ever fixated on eliminating Yagangnaa, the defiant boy who named himself,
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื™ืื’ืื ื’ื ืื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชืจื™ืก ืฉืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื,
03:28
the chief invited him over for a pito drinking spree.
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ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกืข ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืคื™ื˜ื•.
03:31
He dug a well and covered it with a cowskin
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืจ ื‘ืืจ ื•ื›ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื”
03:33
to create a deceitfully decorative seat.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืจืžื”.
03:35
But, by now, Yagangnaa knew the chiefโ€™s plans,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ,
03:39
and dug a tunnel connecting his house with the chiefโ€™s well.
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ื•ื—ืคืจ ืžื ื”ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ.
03:43
Later, when Yagangnaa arrived and graciously took his seat,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
03:47
he fell into the pit.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืœื‘ื•ืจ.
03:48
The chief ordered his wives to pour hot pito into the hole.
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืคื™ื˜ื• ื—ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ.
03:52
But Yagangnaa swiftly escaped through the tunnel
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ื‘ืจื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”
03:54
and asked his mother to collect the pito that soon followed.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืืžื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ื• ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
03:58
The chief thought heโ€™d finally succeededโ€”
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— -
04:00
until receiving a message from Yagangnaa the next day
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ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืœืžื—ืจืช
04:03
asking to reciprocate the chiefโ€™s generosity,
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ,
04:06
inviting him for pito.
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ื˜ื•.
04:09
Realizing that Yagangnaa had outwitted him again,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืื’ื ื’ื ืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
04:12
the chief conceded.
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ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•.
04:13
And finally he abolished his decree
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื•
04:16
and returned the power of naming back to his people,
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื•,
04:19
where it belonged.
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ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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