Why did people wear powdered wigs? - Stephanie Honchell Smith

718,745 views ใƒป 2024-08-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Nada Khalid ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In 1624, 23-year-old King Louis the XIII of France was in crisis.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1624 ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช ืœื•ืื™ ื” -13 ื‘ืŸ ื” -23 ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
00:12
He was balding.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื—.
00:14
What would people say, at a time when a monarch's hair
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื‘ื ืœืกืžืœ
00:18
had come to symbolize his power and nobility?
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ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืืฆื™ืœื•ืชื•?
00:20
Louis was not interested in finding out.
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ืœื•ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
00:23
Instead, he made a decision that kicked off a 150-year fashion craze:
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืคืชื—ื” ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืŸ 150 ืฉื ื”:
00:28
he wore a particularly full wig.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืคืื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
00:32
Long before Louis people adopted wigs for various reasonsโ€”
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืœื•ืื™ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืคืื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช -
00:36
including hygiene, theater, and anti-aging endeavors.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฆื™ ืื ื˜ื™ ืื™ื™ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’.
00:40
Wigs date at least as far back as ancient Egypt,
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ืคืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:43
where well-regarded hairdressers crafted them into intricate styles.
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ืฉื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:48
And under certain ancient Roman dynasties, women's wigs became particularly ornate,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืคืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
00:53
one poet mocking their numerous tiers.
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ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื•ืขื’ ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:57
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church discouraged wig-wearing,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื” ืืช ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืื•ืช,,
01:01
emphasizing instead humility and austerity.
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช.
01:05
So, those who did wig in medieval western Europe
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืœื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืคืื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:08
generally wore more natural-looking styles.
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ืœื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจืื”.
01:12
But as rules relaxed in the 1500s, wigs became more acceptable accessories.
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ืจื’ืขื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1500, ืคืื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:19
Queen Elizabeth I of England owned over 80 red wigs,
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ืžืœื›ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -80 ืคืื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
01:23
which she used to augment her hair and conceal it as it thinned and grayed.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืขืจื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ืœื™ืœ ื•ืืคื•ืจ.
01:28
One of these wigs even adorned her funeral effigy.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืคืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ืฉื˜ื” ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
01:32
Yet it wasn't until Louis XIII unveiled his magnificent mane
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืื™ ื”-13 ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืจืขืžืชื• ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”
01:36
a couple of decades later that big wigs truly began booming.
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ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืคืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ื—.
01:41
Members of Louis' court, perhaps eager to gain favor,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกื“,
01:45
bewigged themselves and aristocrats elsewhere soon followed suit.
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ื—ื‘ืฉื• ืคืื•ืช ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
01:49
The fast-growing popularity of wigs might have been accentuated
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ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช
01:53
by concerns over hair loss caused by mercury,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžื ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ืช,
01:56
which doctors then prescribed to treat syphilis and other ailments.
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ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจืฉืžื• ืื– ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื’ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:01
But people also heralded wigs as convenient,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ืคืื•ืช ื›ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
02:04
since they eliminated the need for daily hair cleaning and styling.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™.
02:09
In the mid-1600s, the trend amplified under Louis XIII's son, Louis XIV.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1600, ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื” -13, ืœื•ืื™ ื” -14.
02:15
At the time, Europe took its couture cues from Madrid.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืจืžื–ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืžืžื“ืจื™ื“.
02:20
But Louis XIV's government changed that
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื” -14 ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื–ืืช
02:23
by investing heavily in France's luxury industry.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช.
02:27
They created specialized guilds, formalized seasonal releases,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืจืฉืžื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื,
02:31
enforced a dress code at court,
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ืื›ืคื• ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ,
02:32
and banned imports that could have been made in France or its colonies.
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ื•ืืกืจื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”.
02:37
Louis XIV once even ordered his sonโ€” yet another Louisโ€”
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ืœื•ืื™ ื” -14 ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื• - ืœื•ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ -
02:41
to burn his coat because it was made of foreign cloth.
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ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืขื™ืœื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ื“ ื–ืจ.
02:45
Buoyed by its growing colonial empire,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”,
02:48
France amassed wealth and influence,
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ืฆืจืคืช ืฆื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
02:50
and Parisian-style big wigs soon perched atop many European heads.
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ื•ืคืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:56
These full-bottom men's hairpieces demanded such thick, long locks
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ืคืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืชืœืชืœื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
03:01
that ten heads of hair could go into just one.
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ืฉืขืฉืจื” ืจืืฉื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:05
Within a century, the number of Parisian wigmakers quadrupled.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืคืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืกืื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื”.
03:09
Even small villages often boasted at least one wigmaker.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืชื”ื“ืจื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคืื” ืื—ืช.
03:13
They generally fabricated their merchandise from human hairโ€”
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉื™ืขืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ -
03:17
probably sourced from poor womenโ€”
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช -
03:19
or from cheaper materials like wool or horsehair.
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ืื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืขืจ ืกื•ืก.
03:23
To clean their wigs, eliminate odors, and absorb sweat,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื—ืกืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื–ื™ืขื”,
03:27
people showered them in perfumed powders of flour, chalk, and aromatics
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸืŸ ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื—, ื’ื™ืจ ื•ืืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื
03:32
like violet, rose, clove, and lemon.
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื˜, ื•ืจื“, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ.
03:36
It was a messy business, with entire rooms designated for the task.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืกืง ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ, ืขื ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”.
03:41
In fact, that's where the term "powder room" is thought to have originated.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€ ื—ื“ืจ ืคื•ื“ืจื”โ€œ.
03:46
By the mid-1700s, men's wigs remained popular but became simpler,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1700, ืคืื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:51
often styled with curls around the face and a ponytail in back.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืชืœืชืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืงื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:56
Women's wigs, however, soared to new heights,
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ืคืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื™ื ืงื• ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:59
literally towering up to a meter.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื ืฉืื•ืช ืขื“ ืžื˜ืจ.
04:02
Wigmakers often constructed these using rods, ribbons, and wool stuffing.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืคืื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืžืจ.
04:07
And once covered with hair,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจ,
04:08
the wig could be adorned with all manner of accoutrements.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
04:12
Lighter colored wigs became fashionable and were only enhanced with powders,
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ืคืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื•ืคื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื• ืจืง ื‘ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
04:17
sometimes tinted purple, pink, or blue.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœ, ื•ืจื•ื“ ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
04:21
But not everyone bought into the trend.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“.
04:23
Caricaturists mocked big wig-wearers, framing them as frivolously flamboyant.
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ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืขื’ื• ืœื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ ืคืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืกื’ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœืช ื“ืขืช.
04:28
And the hotter temperatures in some of Europe's colonies
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
04:31
might have made heavy powdered wigs a nuisance.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืคืื•ืช ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื“.
04:34
In 1740, a visitor in Maryland observed that so few people wore wigs,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1740, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื• ืคืื•ืช
04:39
he said, "you would imagine they were all sick, or going to bed."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, โ€ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.โ€
04:44
In the late 1700s,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17,
04:46
a popular backlash against aristocratic decadence gained steam.
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ืงื“ื ืก ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฆื‘ืจื” ื›ื•ื—.
04:51
As France faced a bread shortage,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจืคืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœื—ื,
04:53
flour-powdered wigs were viewed as particularly problematic.
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ืคืื•ืช ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืงืžื— ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:57
And in 1789, the French Revolution kicked off.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1789 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
05:02
In 1795, England's parliament passed a "powder tax"
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1795 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” โ€œืžืก ืื‘ืงื”โ€
05:06
that led many to abandon their big wigs.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:09
And so, they fell out of fashion, left high and powder-dry,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ื ืคืœื• ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื”, ื ืฉืืจื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ืงื”,
05:14
like mere relics of a hair-brained past craze.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ืคืฉื™ .
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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