A digital reimagining of Gettysburg - Anne Knowles

100,628 views ใƒป 2014-05-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
I'm a geographer at Middlebury College,
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ืื ื™ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืžื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื™,
00:08
and I use digital technologies
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
00:10
to reimagine the past.
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
00:12
I want to take you to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ืจื’, ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”,
00:16
July 1, 1863,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1863,
00:19
we're right in the middle of the Civil War.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
00:21
From the northwest,
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ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘,
00:23
the Confederate forces
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”
00:24
under Robert E. Lee,
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ืชื—ืช ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ ืœื™,
00:26
and from the southeast,
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ื•ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—,
00:27
the Union forces under George Meade,
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชื—ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžื™ื“,
00:29
converge at this place
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ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
00:31
more or less by chance.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
00:32
They didn't plan to fight here.
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ื”ื ืœื ืชื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ืคื”.
00:34
But the Battle of Gettysburg turns out
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื‘ ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืคืš
00:37
to be the turning point of the Civil War.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
00:40
Now, Robert E. Lee is probably
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื™. ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื”
00:42
the most famous American general,
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ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
00:45
widely respected.
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ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื.
00:47
But at Gettysburg,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’,
00:48
he made some crucial mistakes,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
00:49
probably the most important
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
00:51
was in ordering Pickett's Charge.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื˜ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ.
00:53
I'm going to show you
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:55
how I took a new look at Pickett's Charge
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ืื™ืš ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื˜
00:57
with historical maps and GIS.
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ืขื ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื• GIS.
01:01
My key map was this extraordinary thing,
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ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:04
12 feet by 13 feet,
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3.6 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ 3.9 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:06
in the vault of treasures at the National Archives.
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ื‘ื›ืกืคืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
01:08
Here are some of my students at Middlebury
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ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื™
01:10
to give you a sense of that scale.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
01:12
It was recompiled into a finished map
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืœืžืคื” ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช
01:15
the size of a large poster.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:17
You can see the layout of the town of Gettysburg,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’,
01:20
you see the undulating shape of the terrain.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:23
If you look at other details,
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ืื ืืชื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:24
you can see forests and orchards and streams and roads.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
01:28
I want you to look at those very fine black lines.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
01:33
Those are called contour lines,
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžืชืืจ,
01:34
and they show the elevation at 4-foot intervals,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืจื‘ืข,
01:39
the most detailed elevation I have ever seen.
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ืคืจื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื™.
01:42
Now, before I explain this image,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
01:44
I need to tell you a little about GIS.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ GIS.
01:46
It stands for Geographic Information Systems.
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช.
01:50
It's a kind of software
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื”
01:52
that allows you to map almost anything.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ.
01:54
You can also use it to do terrain analysis.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื ืชื— ืคื ื™ ืงืจืงืข.
01:57
For example, if you're building a ski resort,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืชืจ ืกืงื™,
01:59
and you want people to get off the lift
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช
02:01
and have the most spectacular view possible,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:04
you use viewshed analysis
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ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืœืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื
02:06
that shows you what you can see
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืžื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
02:07
from a certain point on the terrain.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:10
I used that to place myself digitally
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
02:13
in the footsteps of Robert E. Lee,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื™. ืœื™,
02:15
to ask, 'What could he see?'
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, "ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช?"
02:17
and 'What could he not see?'
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ื•"ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช?"
02:19
that might have influenced his command decisions.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•.
02:22
Now, back to these contour lines.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ.
02:24
This is the best elevation data that I could find.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื.
02:28
I traced all of the lines,
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ืขืงื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื,
02:29
you see in the black and white drawings,
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
02:31
some of those lines,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:32
stitched them together,
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ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“,
02:34
gave them elevation values,
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ื”,
02:36
and then transformed it, within the GIS program,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื” GIS,
02:39
into a continuous terrain.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื™ื.
02:41
This is a simulation of the ground of the battlefield.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘.
02:44
Now, I'm ready to place myself in Lee's boots
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™
02:47
and ask what he could see.
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
02:50
The particular moment I want to look at
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
02:51
is that battle I mentioned, Pickett's Charge.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™, ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื˜.
02:54
Lee makes a crucial decision
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ืœื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
02:57
on the morning of the third day,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
02:59
this is July 3rd, 1863,
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ื–ื” ื”3 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, 1863,
03:02
the fighting on the previous two days has been fierce.
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ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”.
03:05
It's gone back and forth,
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ื–ื” ื”ืœืš ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”,
03:07
neither side has a clear advantage.
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ืœืืฃ ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
03:09
Lee goes down to the bottom of the field,
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ืœื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”,
03:12
we know this,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
03:13
here's my gorgeous source map again
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ื”ื ื” ืžืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘
03:15
and watch the red circle appear.
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ื•ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข.
03:18
He goes to the southern end of the battlefield
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘
03:20
at about 8:00 in the morning
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 8:00 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
03:21
with his binoculars
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืฉืœื•
03:23
and looks through them
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื›ื”
03:25
to figure out where to attack the Union line,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
03:27
where are they most vulnerable.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
03:30
Now, in this next image,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
03:31
I'm going to show you the GIS process
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื” GIS
03:34
called viewshed analysis,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื‘ื˜,
03:36
along with Lee's line of sight
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™
03:38
in that sort of reddish cone
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืื“ื•ื
03:41
is the direction we think he was looking.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜.
03:43
Viewshed analysis, remember, tells me what I can see
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื‘ื˜, ื–ื›ืจื•, ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช
03:46
and what I can't see
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช
03:48
from a certain point,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:49
so in this map,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:50
the grey area is what Lee couldn't see.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
03:54
The clear area, where you see that historic map coming through,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ืง, ืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืคื” ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”,
03:56
is what he could've definitely seen.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช.
03:59
Notice how much of the right side of the map is in grey.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื” ืืคื•ืจ.
04:05
Now, we add another crucial piece of information.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:09
Someone named John Bachelder,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆ'ืœื“ืจ,
04:10
a landscape painter from New Hampshire,
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ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื ื™ื• ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ,
04:12
went down to the battlefield
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ื™ืจื“ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘
04:14
as soon as he heard about the fight,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘,
04:16
in order to document where troops had been
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•
04:19
and to try to paint the battle.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘.
04:21
He ended up getting $10,000 from Congress
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ื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ $10,000 ืžื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
04:24
in order to document troop positions
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
04:26
down to the half hour.
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ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”.
04:29
He produced 24 maps
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ 24 ืžืคื•ืช
04:31
that we also digitized
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ืฉื’ื ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
04:33
and brought into the GIS.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœ GIS.
04:35
And this next map shows that troop position information;
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ื•ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช;
04:39
it's crucial for understanding
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
04:40
what Lee could and what he couldn't see.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
04:43
Now, if you look closely at this map,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื”,
04:45
you might be able to see
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
04:46
kind of the middle
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
04:47
is a black oval around an area that's relatively clear.
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ื™ืฉ ืืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืคื ื•ื™.
04:51
The blue markings in that black oval
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ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืืœื™ืคืกื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”
04:55
are Union troops that I'm definitely sure that Lee could see.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
04:59
But if you look to the right of that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื”,
05:01
you'll see an awful lot of blue markings.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
05:04
Those are Union troops in the shadows.
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ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆืœืœื™ื.
05:07
Now, we know that on the night before Lee's reconnaissance
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™
05:12
so, the night of July 2nd, he sent out scouts.
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ืื–, ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืฆื•ืคื™ื.
05:14
Of course, he wanted to know where the federal troops were.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ื™ื.
05:16
But quite astonishingly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื,
05:19
we have no explanation for this.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”.
05:21
The scouts came back saying,
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ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืืžืจื•,
05:22
'Don't worry, General Lee.
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"ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ ื’ื ืจืœ ืœื™.
05:24
We didn't see any troops to the east,'
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ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื—."
05:27
in your map to the right,
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ื‘ืžืคื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
05:30
'of the Roundtops, some really big hills.'
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"ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช."
05:32
We don't know if they got drunk or fell asleep,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื• ืื• ื ืจื“ืžื•,
05:35
but they didn't see almost a third of the Union army.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“.
05:39
So Lee is blind from his scouts,
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ืื– ืœื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื•,
05:41
and from his viewpoint, he's also blind.
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ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
05:44
He decides to attack
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ
05:46
what he thinks is the weak middle of the Union line,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
05:49
not knowing about where the rest of the troops are.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช.
05:51
So if you look in the middle of this image,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:53
there's a gap in the Union line
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ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“
05:55
from where the blue soldiers
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ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
05:57
are at the north of the battlefield and at the south.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
06:00
So let me now play out,
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉื—ืง,
06:01
using these troop positions,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
06:03
Pickett's Charge.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื˜.
06:04
The Confederate soldiers are lined up
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื
06:07
on the west side of the battlefield,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘,
06:09
standing under the trees.
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
06:10
18,000 men who first begin to walk and then trot
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18,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืื– ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
06:17
and then run across open farm fields
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ื•ืื– ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
06:19
with their rifles leveled at the federal line.
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ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”.
06:23
Now, the Union army has about 15-20 minutes to organize itself.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ืฉ 15-20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
06:28
They see that the Confederates are converging
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ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืžืกืชืขืจื™ื
06:30
on the middle of their line,
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ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื• ืฉืœื”ื,
06:31
and what do they do?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
06:33
The blue arrow here, representing movement of the Union troops,
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ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืคื”, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
06:36
they pull their troops toward that weak center,
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืœืฉ,
06:40
and let me show you how they were able
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
06:42
to concentrate those men in a remarkably short period of time.
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ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฆืจ.
06:45
Lee didn't know that the Union could've done this.
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ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:48
You see now, they're standing like a wall,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืจ,
06:50
ready to receive the Confederate assault,
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”,
06:53
which happens between 1:30 and about 2:00, 2:30 in the afternoon.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 1:30 ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 2:00, 2:30 ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
06:58
There is tremendously fierce fighting,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“,
07:00
hand-to-hand combat.
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ืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื.
07:02
Now these blue lines,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:04
coming in between 2-2:30 in the afternoon,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 2:30 ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
07:06
are pulling more reserves, more reinforcements,
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ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช,
07:09
to that weak center of the Union line.
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ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“.
07:12
What happens?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
07:15
The Union soliders drive the Confederates off.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืกื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”.
07:18
Lee rides out, among his men, at 3:00 in the afternoon,
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ืœื™ ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ 3:00 ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
07:23
saying, 'I'm sorry. It's my fault. It's my fault.'
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื• ืืฉืžืชื™, ื–ื• ืืฉืžืชื™."
07:29
This story of sight has been a missing part
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืกืจ
07:34
of the Battle of Gettysburg.
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ืžืงืจื‘ ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’.
07:36
Here's their retreat.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
07:38
Historians have not been previously able
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
07:40
to figure out what he could and couldn't see.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:42
I think it helps explain his decision.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื•.
07:44
Why? Because from his point of view,
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ืœืžื”? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
07:47
the federals were very weak.
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ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืœืฉ.
07:49
He was attacking at the logical place,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:52
but without full knowledge,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข,
07:53
he set his men out for a dreadful defeat.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืคืœื” ื ื•ืจืื”.
07:57
Now, there's one more piece to this story.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
07:59
Last summer was the 150th anniversary
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื” 150
08:02
of the Battle of Gettysburg.
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ืœืงืจื‘ ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ืจื’.
08:04
And I was able to work with a 3D animator,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžืื™ื™ืจ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“,
08:06
so we were able to use the GIS information
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื” GIS
08:09
to render the terrain issue as you see it here.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืคื”.
08:11
And my closing story is about how sight helped the other side.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื›ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื• ืจืื™ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:16
A federal general named GK Warren
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ื’ื ืจืœ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™.ืงื™ื™. ื•ื•ืจืŸ
08:17
stood in the spot that this panoramic view is showing you,
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ืขืžื“ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื,
08:21
looking out over the battlefield.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘.
08:24
And at a key moment on day two,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:26
he was able to see on the far horizon
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง
08:29
Confederate soldiers emerging out of the trees
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื
08:31
who were about to attack Little Roundtop.
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ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืœื™ื˜ืœ ืจืื•ื ื“ื˜ื•ืค.
08:34
He called in reinforcements just in time
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
08:36
and saved the day for the Union,
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
08:38
setting the stage for the Union almost-victory on day three.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
08:42
So, I hope that all of you who are so gifted
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื
08:45
with digital technologies
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
08:47
will begin to think about how you can use them for history.
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
08:50
It can be amazing.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:51
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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