A digital reimagining of Gettysburg - Anne Knowles

數位重現蓋茨堡之役 - 安‧諾爾斯

譯者: Aaron Shoo 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

我是米德爾伯里學院的地理學家。

I'm a geographer at Middlebury College,

and I use digital technologies

我用數位科技重返過去。

to reimagine the past.

I want to take you to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,

今天想帶大家回到

1863年7月1日的賓州蓋茨堡。

July 1, 1863,

we're right in the middle of the Civil War.

是「南北戰爭」如火如荼之際。

From the northwest,

西北方是羅伯特‧E‧李將軍

the Confederate forces

under Robert E. Lee,

帶領的南方邦聯軍；

東南方則有喬治‧米德

and from the southeast,

the Union forces under George Meade,

率領的北方聯邦軍。

converge at this place

因緣巧合之下在此處交鋒。

more or less by chance.

They didn't plan to fight here.

原先這裡不是預定的戰場，

But the Battle of Gettysburg turns out

但「蓋茨堡之役」卻成了

to be the turning point of the Civil War.

南北戰爭的重要轉捩點。

Now, Robert E. Lee is probably

羅伯特‧E‧李現在應該是

the most famous American general,

美國最知名、備受尊崇的將軍。

widely respected.

But at Gettysburg,

但在蓋茨堡時 他犯下一個致命錯誤，

he made some crucial mistakes,

probably the most important

影響往後的發展：

was in ordering Pickett's Charge.

下令發動「皮克特衝鋒」。

I'm going to show you

今天要跟大家分享，

how I took a new look at Pickett's Charge

我怎麼用古地圖和GIS，

with historical maps and GIS.

重新了解「皮克特衝鋒」。

My key map was this extraordinary thing,

我主要用的地圖

12 feet by 13 feet,

寬12英尺長13英尺，

in the vault of treasures at the National Archives.

是國家檔案局的館藏。

Here are some of my students at Middlebury

你可以用照片裡我的學生，

to give you a sense of that scale.

當比例尺感覺一下大小。

It was recompiled into a finished map

它被重新編譯成完整地圖，

the size of a large poster.

一張大海報的大小。

You can see the layout of the town of Gettysburg,

可以看到城鎮大略的輪廓，

you see the undulating shape of the terrain.

以及附近的地貌起伏。

If you look at other details,

如果你再看仔細點，

you can see forests and orchards and streams and roads.

可以看見森林、果園、溪流和道路。

I want you to look at those very fine black lines.

現在請大家注意這些細黑線。

Those are called contour lines,

那就是「等高線」，

and they show the elevation at 4-foot intervals,

間隔4英尺的海拔差距。

the most detailed elevation I have ever seen.

沒看過有人用這麼小的間距。

Now, before I explain this image,

在我往下進行之前，

I need to tell you a little about GIS.

我要再解釋一下GIS。

It stands for Geographic Information Systems.

GIS的全名是「地理資訊系統」。

It's a kind of software

是幾乎可以讓你畫出

that allows you to map almost anything.

各種地圖的軟體，

You can also use it to do terrain analysis.

也可以用它做地形分析。

For example, if you're building a ski resort,

例如，你想蓋一座滑雪度假村，

and you want people to get off the lift

想讓來玩的滑雪客一下纜車，

and have the most spectacular view possible,

就可以享受最棒的視野，

you use viewshed analysis

你就要用「視域分析」。

that shows you what you can see

你就會知道在某個點上，

from a certain point on the terrain.

你能看到哪些地方。

I used that to place myself digitally

透過這數位方法，我把我放在

in the footsteps of Robert E. Lee,

羅伯特‧E‧李當初所在的位置，

to ask, 'What could he see?'

看看「他看見了什麼？」

and 'What could he not see?'

還有「他沒看見什麼？」

that might have influenced his command decisions.

因此影響了他的調度指揮。

Now, back to these contour lines.

現在回到等高線。

This is the best elevation data that I could find.

這是我能找到最好的海拔資料。

I traced all of the lines,

我找出所有的線，

you see in the black and white drawings,

用黑色和白色標出其中某些，

some of those lines,

stitched them together,

把它們連在一起，

gave them elevation values,

定出海拔高度；

and then transformed it, within the GIS program,

然後再用GIS把它們變成

into a continuous terrain.

連續的地形圖。

This is a simulation of the ground of the battlefield.

這是戰場的模擬圖。

Now, I'm ready to place myself in Lee's boots

現在我準備要變成李將軍，

and ask what he could see.

看看他看到什麼。

The particular moment I want to look at

我特別想專注在

is that battle I mentioned, Pickett's Charge.

我剛剛提過的「皮克特衝鋒」。

Lee makes a crucial decision

那是李將軍在第3天早上，

on the morning of the third day,

做出的一個重要決定。

this is July 3rd, 1863,

時間是1863年7月3日，

the fighting on the previous two days has been fierce.

前兩天的廝殺很慘烈，

It's gone back and forth,

戰況反反覆覆，

neither side has a clear advantage.

沒有任何一方佔上風。

Lee goes down to the bottom of the field,

李將軍走進戰場，

we know this,

歷史都有讀過。

here's my gorgeous source map again

我的地圖又要登場了，

and watch the red circle appear.

看那個紅色圈圈。

He goes to the southern end of the battlefield

他在早上8點左右，

at about 8:00 in the morning

走到戰場的南端。

with his binoculars

用他的望遠鏡仔細觀察，

and looks through them

to figure out where to attack the Union line,

想找出北方聯邦

where are they most vulnerable.

最容易被攻破的地點。

Now, in this next image,

下一張圖，

I'm going to show you the GIS process

我就要用GIS系統的視域分析，

called viewshed analysis,

模擬李將軍的視線。

along with Lee's line of sight

in that sort of reddish cone

紅色的區域

is the direction we think he was looking.

就是我們認為他在看的方向。

Viewshed analysis, remember, tells me what I can see

視域分析會指出在特定位置，

and what I can't see

哪些景觀看得到、哪些看不到。

from a certain point,

所以這張圖中，

so in this map,

the grey area is what Lee couldn't see.

灰色的部分是他看不到的。

The clear area, where you see that historic map coming through,

而在圖中比較亮的，

is what he could've definitely seen.

是他應該要看得見的地方。

Notice how much of the right side of the map is in grey.

有發現右邊幾乎都是灰的嗎？

Now, we add another crucial piece of information.

現在我們再多加一筆資料。

來自新罕布夏州的

Someone named John Bachelder,

a landscape painter from New Hampshire,

風景畫家約翰‧白徹爾德，

went down to the battlefield

剛好來到交戰地點附近。

as soon as he heard about the fight,

一聽說附近在打仗，

in order to document where troops had been

一方面想記錄軍隊的去向，

and to try to paint the battle.

想畫下戰爭的場景；

He ended up getting $10,000 from Congress

他從眾議院領到1萬美金，

in order to document troop positions

幫忙紀錄每半小時的軍隊位置。

down to the half hour.

He produced 24 maps

他畫了24張地圖，

that we also digitized

我們把它全部數位化，

and brought into the GIS.

匯入GIS系統。

And this next map shows that troop position information;

這張圖顯示了軍隊位置，

it's crucial for understanding

是我們這次了解李將軍

what Lee could and what he couldn't see.

知道什麼、不知道什麼的關鍵。

Now, if you look closely at this map,

現在如果你仔細看，

you might be able to see

你可以看到中間白色的地方

kind of the middle

is a black oval around an area that's relatively clear.

被外面一圈橢圓形陰影包圍。

The blue markings in that black oval

藍色是北方聯邦的軍隊，

我相信李將軍可以看到中間那些。

are Union troops that I'm definitely sure that Lee could see.

但在右邊的陰影裡，

But if you look to the right of that,

you'll see an awful lot of blue markings.

你可以看到更多藍色標記。

Those are Union troops in the shadows.

那是埋伏在暗處的北方軍。

Now, we know that on the night before Lee's reconnaissance

我們都知道李將軍 親自偵查的前一晚，

so, the night of July 2nd, he sent out scouts.

也就是7月2日晚上， 他有派出探子。

Of course, he wanted to know where the federal troops were.

因為他想知道敵軍在哪裡。

But quite astonishingly,

但結果出乎意料，

we have no explanation for this.

我們也不知道為什麼。

The scouts came back saying,

探子回來後說：

'Don't worry, General Lee.

「將軍不必擔心，

We didn't see any troops to the east,'

東方『圓頂山』一帶的山丘，」

in your map to the right,

也就是我們看到的右邊，

'of the Roundtops, some really big hills.'

「沒有發現敵軍蹤跡。」

We don't know if they got drunk or fell asleep,

不知道他們是喝醉還是打瞌睡，

but they didn't see almost a third of the Union army.

但他們忽略了1/3的北方聯邦軍隊。

So Lee is blind from his scouts,

李將軍除了被自己的探子蒙蔽，

and from his viewpoint, he's also blind.

他也被地形蒙蔽。

He decides to attack

所以他下令攻擊他認為

what he thinks is the weak middle of the Union line,

聯邦陣線最脆弱的地方，

not knowing about where the rest of the troops are.

卻不知道其他聯邦軍的佈署。

So if you look in the middle of this image,

所以在圖中央可以看到，

there's a gap in the Union line

聯邦軍之間有很大的空隙。

from where the blue soldiers

代表士兵的藍色分布在

are at the north of the battlefield and at the south.

戰場的南北兩端。

So let me now play out,

所以我現在來演練一下，

using these troop positions,

皮克特衝鋒時，

Pickett's Charge.

軍隊的位置。

The Confederate soldiers are lined up

南方軍隊都列隊在

on the west side of the battlefield,

戰場的西側，

standing under the trees.

等在樹下。

18,000 men who first begin to walk and then trot

1萬8千名士兵從走、小跑步，

and then run across open farm fields

最後衝過開放的田園，

with their rifles leveled at the federal line.

手裡的步槍對準敵軍。

Now, the Union army has about 15-20 minutes to organize itself.

現在北方軍有15到20分鐘應對。

They see that the Confederates are converging

他們看到敵軍

on the middle of their line,

往陣線的中間進攻，

and what do they do?

要怎麼辦呢？

The blue arrow here, representing movement of the Union troops,

藍色的箭頭是北方軍行進方向，

they pull their troops toward that weak center,

他們往守備較弱的中心回防。

and let me show you how they were able

我讓各位看看

他們怎麼在這麼短的 時間內快速動員，

to concentrate those men in a remarkably short period of time.

Lee didn't know that the Union could've done this.

李將軍完全沒料到他們會這麼快。

You see now, they're standing like a wall,

一開始他們好像靜止不動，

ready to receive the Confederate assault,

準備抵抗南方軍來襲，

which happens between 1:30 and about 2:00, 2:30 in the afternoon.

約莫是在下午1點半 到2點、2點半之間。

There is tremendously fierce fighting,

這邊有一場慘烈異常的廝殺、

hand-to-hand combat.

徒手對決。

Now these blue lines,

這些藍線

coming in between 2-2:30 in the afternoon,

在下午2點到2點半之間進入，

are pulling more reserves, more reinforcements,

將更多後備軍和支援，

to that weak center of the Union line.

帶到北方軍較弱的中段。

What happens?

結果呢？

北方軍擊敗南方軍，

The Union soliders drive the Confederates off.

Lee rides out, among his men, at 3:00 in the afternoon,

李將軍在下午3點 跳上馬背指揮撤退，

saying, 'I'm sorry. It's my fault. It's my fault.'

一邊說「對不起！都是我的錯！」

This story of sight has been a missing part

這個關於「視線」的故事，

是蓋茨堡之役中， 沒人注意過的地方。

of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Here's their retreat.

結果南方軍撤退了。

Historians have not been previously able

歷史學者之前都沒能知道

to figure out what he could and couldn't see.

李將軍看得到或看不到什麼。

I think it helps explain his decision.

而我覺得這才是關鍵。

Why? Because from his point of view,

為什麼？ 因為從他的位置看，

the federals were very weak.

北方軍不堪一擊。

He was attacking at the logical place,

他的出兵很合理，

but without full knowledge,

但情報不齊全，

he set his men out for a dreadful defeat.

把自己的士兵推向地獄。

Now, there's one more piece to this story.

現在還有另一個小插曲。

Last summer was the 150th anniversary

去年夏天是蓋茨堡之役

of the Battle of Gettysburg.

150週年。

And I was able to work with a 3D animator,

我有幸跟一名3D動畫師合作，

so we were able to use the GIS information

用GIS系統重現

to render the terrain issue as you see it here.

如各位所見的地形樣貌。

And my closing story is about how sight helped the other side.

我的結論是「視野」幫了北方軍。

北方軍的將領G‧K‧華倫，

A federal general named GK Warren

stood in the spot that this panoramic view is showing you,

站在看得見這幅全景圖的地方，

looking out over the battlefield.

環視戰場。

就在第二天的關鍵時刻，

And at a key moment on day two,

he was able to see on the far horizon

他剛好看見遠方地平線，

Confederate soldiers emerging out of the trees

南方軍隊從樹林間湧現，

who were about to attack Little Roundtop.

目標攻佔「小圓頂」。

他及時召來援軍，

He called in reinforcements just in time

and saved the day for the Union,

救了北方軍，

setting the stage for the Union almost-victory on day three.

幾乎奠定了第三天北方軍的勝利。

So, I hope that all of you who are so gifted

所以我希望同樣受惠於

with digital technologies

數位科技的各位，

will begin to think about how you can use them for history.

會開始思考怎麼將它們運用在歷史。

It can be amazing.

會有意想不到的結果。

Thank you.

謝謝！