What is the shape of a molecule? - George Zaidan and Charles Morton

324,810 views ใƒป 2013-10-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:07
What is the shape of a molecule?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”?
00:09
Well, a molecule is mostly empty space.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
00:12
Almost all of its mass is concentrated
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืกื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช
00:14
in the extremely dense nuclei of its atoms.
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ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
00:17
And its electrons,
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ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:18
which determine how the atoms
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
00:19
are bonded to each other,
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
00:20
are more like clouds of negative charge
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
00:23
than individual, discrete particles.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
00:25
So, a molecule doesn't have a shape
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ืื–, ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื”
00:27
in the same way that, for example,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš, ืฉืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
00:29
a statue has a shape.
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ืœืคืกืœ ื™ืฉ.
00:31
But for every molecule,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
00:32
there's at least one way
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช
00:33
to arrange the nuclei and electrons
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ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
00:35
so as to maximize the attraction
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
00:37
of opposite charges
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ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
00:38
and minimize the repulsion
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ื•ืชืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื”
00:40
of like charges.
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ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
00:42
Now, let's assume that the only electrons
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืจืง ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
00:44
that matter to a molecule's shape
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ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช
00:45
are the outermost ones from each participating atom.
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ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ.
00:49
And let's also assume
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ื’ื
00:50
that the electron clouds in between atoms,
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ืฉืขื ื ื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
00:52
in other words, a molecule's bonds,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
00:54
are shaped kind of like sausages.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื”.
00:57
Remember that nuclei are positively charged
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช
01:00
and electrons are negatively charged,
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ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช,
01:02
and if all of a molecule's nuclei
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ื•ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
01:03
were bunched up together
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื—ื“
01:04
or all of its electrons were bunched up together,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
01:06
they would just repel each other and fly apart,
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื“ื—ื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื™ืชืจื—ืงื•,
01:09
and that doesn't help anyone.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“.
01:11
In 1776, Alessandro Volta,
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ื‘ 1776, ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ืœื˜ื”,
01:14
decades before he would eventually invent batteries,
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”,
01:16
discovered methane.
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ.
01:18
Now, the chemical formula of methane is CH4.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ ื”ื™ื CH4.
01:22
And this formula tells us
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื•
01:23
that every molecule of methane
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ
01:24
is made up of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืคื—ืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:28
but it doesn't tell us what's bonded to what
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื
01:31
or how they atoms are arranged in 3D space.
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ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
01:34
From their electron configurations,
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ืžืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:36
we know that carbon can bond
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ
01:37
with up to four other atoms
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ืขื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:39
and that each hydrogen can only bond
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืจืง
01:41
with one other atom.
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ืขื ืื˜ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
01:43
So, we can guess
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ
01:44
that the carbon should be the central atom
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ืฉื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
01:46
bonded to all the hydrogens.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ.
01:48
Now, each bond represents
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืฆื’
01:50
the sharing of two electrons
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:51
and we draw each shared pair of electrons as a line.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื›ืงื•.
01:54
So, now we have a flat representation
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื—
01:56
of this molecule,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:58
but how would it look in three dimensions?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“?
02:00
We can reasonably say
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
02:01
that because each of these bonds
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:03
is a region of negative electric charge
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ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
02:05
and like charges repel each other,
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ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
02:07
the most favorable configuration of atoms
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ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
02:09
would maximize the distance between bonds.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื.
02:12
And to get all the bonds
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:13
as far away from each other as possible,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
02:16
the optimal shape is this.
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”.
02:18
This is called a tetrahedron.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื“ืจื•ืŸ.
02:20
Now, depending on the different atoms involved,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:22
you can actually get lots of different shapes.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:25
Ammonia, or NH3, is shaped like a pyramid.
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ืืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืื• NH3, ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
02:28
Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a straight line.
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืื• CO2, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจื” ื™ืฉืจื”.
02:31
Water, H2O, is bent like your elbow would be bent.
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ืžื™ื, H2O, ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจืคืง ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ.
02:34
And chlorine trifluoride, or ClF3,
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ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืจ ื˜ืจื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™, ืื• ClF3,
02:37
is shaped like the letter T.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช T.
02:39
Remember that what we've been doing here
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืคื”
02:40
is expanding on our model of atoms and electrons
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:43
to build up to 3D shapes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช.
02:45
We'd have to do experiments
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
02:46
to figure out if these molecules
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:48
actually do have the shapes we predict.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื–ื™ื ื•.
02:50
Spoiler alert:
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ืืกื”ืจืช ืกืคื•ื™ื™ืœืจ:
02:51
most of the do, but some of them don't.
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื.
02:53
Now, shapes get more complicated
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช
02:54
as you increase the number of atoms.
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:56
All the examples we just talked about
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
02:58
had one obviously central atom,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
03:01
but most molecules,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
03:02
from relatively small pharmaceuticals
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ืžืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
03:03
all the way up to long polymers
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ืขื“ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
03:05
like DNA or proteins, don't.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ DNA, ืื™ืŸ.
03:07
The key thing to remember
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
03:08
is that bonded atoms will arrange themselves
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืจื’ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื
03:10
to maximize the attraction between opposite charges
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
03:13
and minimize the repulsion between like charges.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:16
Some molecules even have two or more
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:18
stable arrangements of atoms,
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ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
03:20
and we can actually get really cool chemistry
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”
03:22
from the switches between those configurations,
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ืžื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:25
even when the composition of that molecule,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:27
that's to say the number and identity of its atoms,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”,
03:29
has not changed at all.
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ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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