Can you solve the false positive riddle? - Alex Gendler

4,105,085 views ใƒป 2018-05-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Mining unobtainium is hard work.
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ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”.
00:09
The rare mineral appears in only 1% of rocks in the mine.
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ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘- 1% ืžื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื”.
00:13
But your friend Tricky Joe has something up his sleeve.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ ื’'ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ.
00:17
The unobtainium detector heโ€™s been perfecting for months is finally ready.
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ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ.
00:22
The device never fails to detect unobtainium if any is present.
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื, ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื.
00:27
Otherwise, itโ€™s still highly reliable,
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ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืŸ,
00:30
returning accurate readings 90% of the time.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” 90% ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:34
On his first day trying it out in the field,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
00:36
the device goes off, and Joe happily places the rock in his cart.
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืจื™ืข, ื•ื’'ื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ืขื’ืœื”.
00:41
As the two of you head back to camp where the ore can be examined,
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ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ื›ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื”,
00:44
Joe makes you an offer:
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ื’'ื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืš ื”ืฆืขื”:
00:46
heโ€™ll sell you the ore for just $200.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื” ืชืžื•ืจืช 200$ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:50
You know that a piece of unobtanium that size would easily be worth $1000,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคื™ืกืช ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช 1000$,
00:56
but any other minerals would be effectively worthless.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœ ืื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:00
Should you make the trade?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ?
01:03
Pause here if you want to figure it out for yourself.
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ืขืฆืจื• ืคื” ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
01:06
Answer in: 3
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“: 3
01:08
Answer in: 2
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“: 2
01:09
Answer in: 1
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“: 1
01:10
Intuitively, it seems like a good deal.
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ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:13
Since the detector is correct most of the time,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:15
shouldnโ€™t you be able to trust its reading?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”?
01:18
Unfortunately, no.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื.
01:20
Hereโ€™s why.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
01:21
Imagine the mine has exactly 1,000 pieces of ore.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืžื›ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 1000 ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขืคืจื”.
01:25
An unobtainium rarity of 1%
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ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื 1%
01:28
means that there are only 10 rocks with the precious mineral inside.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง 10 ืกืœืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
01:32
All 10 would set off the detector.
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ื›ืœ ื” 10 ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœืื™.
01:35
But what about the other 990 rocks without unobtainium?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ืฉืืจ 990 ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืœืœื ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื?
01:39
Well, 90% of them, 891 rocks, to be exact,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, 90% ืžื”ื, 891 ืกืœืขื™ื, ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง,
01:43
wonโ€™t set off anything.
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ืœื ื™ืชืจื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื.
01:45
But 10%, or 99 rocks, will set off the detector
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ืื‘ืœ 10%, ืื• 99 ืกืœืขื™ื, ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœืื™
01:50
despite not having unobtanium,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื,
01:53
a result known as a false positive.
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
01:56
Why does that matter?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
01:57
Because it means that all in all,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
01:59
109 rocks will have triggered the detector.
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109 ืกืœืขื™ื ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœืื™.
02:02
And Joeโ€™s rock could be any one of them,
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ื•ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืœ ื’'ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
02:05
from the 10 that contain the mineral
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ืžื”- 10 ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœ
02:07
to the 99 that donโ€™t,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœ- 99 ืฉืœื,
02:09
which means the chances of it containing unobtainium are 10 out of 109 โ€“ about 9%.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ื”ื 10 ืžืชื•ืš 109 -- ื‘ืขืจืš 9%.
02:16
And paying $200 for a 9% chance of getting $1000 isnโ€™t great odds.
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ื•ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ 200$ ืขืœ 9% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ 1000$ ื”ื ืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:24
So why is this result so unexpected,
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื”,
02:27
and why did Joeโ€™s rock seem like such a sure bet?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืœ ื’'ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—?
02:31
The key is something called the base rate fallacy.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืงืจ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
02:35
While weโ€™re focused on the relatively high accuracy of the detector,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื’ื‘ืŸื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืื™,
02:39
our intuition makes us forget to account
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœื›ืœื•ืœ
02:41
for how rare the unobtanium was in the first place.
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ืืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ืžืจืืฉ.
02:45
But because the deviceโ€™s error rate of 10%
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื 10%
02:48
is still higher than the mineralโ€™s overall occurrence,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœ,
02:52
any time it goes off is still more likely to be a false positive
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื™ืข ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”
02:56
than a real finding.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
02:58
This problem is an example of conditional probability.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืชื ื”.
03:02
The answer lies neither in the overall chance of finding unobtainium,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื,
03:06
nor the overall chance of receiving a false positive reading.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
03:10
This kind of background information that weโ€™re given before anything happens
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืงืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
03:15
is known as unconditional, or prior probability.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืœื ืชืœื•ื™, ืื• ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
03:19
What weโ€™re looking for, though, is the chance of finding unobtainium
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืื•ื‘ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื
03:23
once we know that the device did return a positive reading.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
03:27
This is known as the conditional, or posterior probability,
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช, ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื”,
03:31
determined once the possibilities have been narrowed down through observation.
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ืฉื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
03:36
Many people are confused by the false positive paradox
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”
03:39
because we have a bias for focusing on specific information
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:43
over the more general,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืœื™,
03:45
especially when immediate decisions come into play.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš.
03:49
And while in many cases itโ€™s better to be safe than sorry,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ,
03:52
false positives can have real negative consequences.
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ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:55
False positives in medical testing are preferable to false negatives,
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:00
but they can still lead to stress or unnecessary treatment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื—ืฅ ืื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื.
04:04
And false positives in mass surveillance
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™
04:06
can cause innocent people to be wrongfully arrested, jailed, or worse.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ืœืœื ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ืœื”ืืกืจ, ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”.
04:11
As for this case, the one thing you can be positive about
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื•
04:15
is that Tricky Joe is trying to take you for a ride.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงื™ ื’'ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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