Basic English Grammar Course for Beginners | 37 Lessons | Learn with Esther

2,500,154 views ใƒป 2021-10-20

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

00:10
Hi everybody.
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ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚
00:11
Welcome to Beginner 1.
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ๅˆๅฟƒ่€… 1 ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:13
In these videos, I hope toย  teach you some basic English.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:17
So, these videos are for low level beginners.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏไฝŽใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎๅˆๅฟƒ่€…ๅ‘ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:22
Okayโ€ฆ
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00:22
Now when you watch these videos, I want you to pay attention.
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ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใซใชใ‚‹ใจใใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
00:27
Okayโ€ฆ
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00:27
Watch all the videos in the series.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸโ€ฆ
ใ‚ทใƒชใƒผใ‚บใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:30
Okayโ€ฆ
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸโ€ฆ
00:31
Please listen carefully and if there are any words or expressions that you donโ€™t know,
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ใ‚ˆใ่žใ„ใฆใ€็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚„่กจ็พใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
00:38
please check your dictionary.
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่พžๆ›ธใ‚’่ชฟในใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:40
Another thing you should do is repeat after me.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ในใใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:44
Repeating is a really good practice.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใ“ใจใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„็ทด็ฟ’ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:47
Okayโ€ฆ
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ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
00:48
So, I know that some of these videos are hard.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎไธญใซใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆ‰ฟ็Ÿฅใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:51
But please donโ€™t give up.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€่ซฆใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:54
If you try your best, and watch all of these videos,
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้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ…จ้ƒจ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐใ€
00:58
I know that your English will get better.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏไธŠ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:01
Okay, well letโ€™s get started.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:11
Hi, everybody and welcome to this video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
01:14
Now in this video, I want to talk about the difference between consonants and vowels.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใจๆฏ้Ÿณใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:21
Now, in the English alphabet,ย  there are twenty-six letters.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใซใฏ 26 ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:26
And in the alphabet, there are five main vowels and one special vowel.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใซใฏ 5 ใคใฎไธปๆฏ้ŸณใŒ 1 ใคใจ็‰นๆฎŠๆฏ้ŸณใŒ 1 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:34
And the rest are consonants.
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ใใ—ใฆๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:37
So, letโ€™s look at the board.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:39
Hereโ€™s the alphabet.
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ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:41
The first letter, โ€˜aโ€™, is a vowel.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œaใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:47
The next letter, โ€˜bโ€™, is a consonant.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œbใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:51
โ€˜cโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œcใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:54
โ€˜dโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œdใ€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
01:56
โ€˜eโ€™ is a vowel.
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ใ€Œeใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:01
Then, โ€˜fโ€™, is a consonant.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œfใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:04
โ€˜gโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œgใ€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
02:07
โ€˜hโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œhใ€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
02:09
โ€˜iโ€™ is another vowel.
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ใ€Œiใ€ใ‚‚ๅˆฅใฎๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:14
โ€˜jโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œjใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:16
โ€˜kโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œkใ€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
02:19
โ€˜lโ€™, โ€˜mโ€™, โ€˜nโ€™ are consonants.
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ใ€Œlใ€ใ€ใ€Œmใ€ใ€ใ€Œnใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:25
โ€˜oโ€™ is another vowel.
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ใ€Œoใ€ใ‚‚ๅˆฅใฎๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:29
โ€˜pโ€™, โ€˜qโ€™, โ€˜rโ€™, โ€™sโ€™ and โ€˜tโ€™, these are all consonants.
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ใ€Œpใ€ใ€ใ€Œqใ€ใ€ใ€Œrใ€ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ€ใ€Œtใ€ใฏใ™ในใฆๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:41
โ€˜uโ€™ is the last main vowel.
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ใ€Œuใ€ใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไธปๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:46
โ€˜vโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œvใ€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
02:48
โ€˜wโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œwใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
02:50
โ€˜xโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œxใ€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
02:55
โ€˜yโ€™ is the special vowel.
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ใ€Œyใ€ใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใชๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:58
And weโ€™ll talk about that more later on.
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใปใฉ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:00
And โ€˜zโ€™ is the last letter, and it is a consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œzใ€ใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:05
Okay, so, there are twenty-sixย  letters in the alphabet.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใซใฏ 26 ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:09
There are five main vowels.
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ไธปๆฏ้Ÿณใฏ5ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:12
One special vowel.
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็‰นๅˆฅใชๆฏ้ŸณใŒ 1 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
And the rest are consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:17
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:21
Letโ€™s look at some words.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:23
Now all English words have vowels.
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็พๅœจใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใฏๆฏ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
Maybe one or many vowels.
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ๆฏ้Ÿณใฏ 1 ใคใพใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:29
So, letโ€™s look at these words.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:31
The first word is โ€œcatโ€.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€Œ็Œซใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:33
Okay, we have โ€˜cโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œcใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:37
โ€˜aโ€™ a vowel.
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ใ€Œaใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:38
โ€˜tโ€™ consonant.
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ใ€Œtใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใ€‚
03:41
โ€œEggโ€.
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"ๅต"ใ€‚
03:42
โ€˜eโ€™ is a vowel.
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ใ€Œeใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:44
And โ€˜gโ€™, โ€˜gโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ฐใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฐใ€ใ€‚
03:46
โ€˜gโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œgใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:48
โ€œHitโ€.
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"ๆ‰“ใค"ใ€‚
03:49
โ€˜hโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œhใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:51
โ€˜iโ€™ a vowel.
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ใ€Œiใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:53
And โ€˜tโ€™ a consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œtใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:56
โ€œTopโ€.
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"ไธŠ"ใ€‚
03:57
โ€˜tโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œtใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:59
โ€˜oโ€™ is a vowel.
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ใ€ŒใŠใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:01
And โ€˜pโ€™ a consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œpใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:04
The last word is โ€œcutโ€.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:06
โ€˜cโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œcใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:08
โ€˜uโ€™ a vowel.
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ใ€Œuใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:10
And โ€˜tโ€™ a consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œtใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:13
So, we have the main vowels: โ€˜aโ€™, โ€™eโ€™, โ€˜iโ€™, โ€˜oโ€™, โ€˜uโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธปๆฏ้Ÿณใฏใ€Œaใ€ใ€ใ€Œeใ€ใ€ใ€Œiใ€ใ€ใ€Œoใ€ใ€ใ€Œuใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:20
Now, I said โ€˜yโ€™ is a special vowel.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œyใ€ใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใชๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:25
Thatโ€™s because sometimes itโ€™s a vowel and sometimes itโ€™s a consonant.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐๅญ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:30
So, letโ€™s look.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:32
In the word, โ€œwhyโ€,
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ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใ€
04:35
the letter โ€˜yโ€™ sounds like โ€˜iโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œyใ€ใฏใ€Œiใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:38
โ€œWhyโ€.
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"ใชใœ"ใ€‚
04:40
So, it is a vowel.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:44
โ€œBicycleโ€.
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"่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ"ใ€‚
04:46
The letter โ€˜yโ€™ sounds like โ€˜iโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œyใ€ใฏใ€Œiใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:48
โ€œBicycleโ€.
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"่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ"ใ€‚
04:50
โ€˜iโ€™ is the letter โ€˜iโ€™, right, it sounds like the letter โ€˜iโ€™.
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ใ€Œiใ€ใฏๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎใ€Œiใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎใ€Œiใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
So, in this case โ€˜yโ€™ is also a vowel.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€Œyใ€ใ‚‚ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:00
โ€œPrettyโ€.
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"ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„"ใ€‚
05:02
โ€œPrettyโ€.
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"ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„"ใ€‚
05:03
โ€˜yโ€™ sounds like โ€˜eโ€™.
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ใ€Œyใ€ใฏใ€Œeใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
05:05
Okayโ€ฆ
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸโ€ฆ
05:06
โ€œPrettyโ€.
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05:06
So, itโ€™s a vowel.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ„ใ€ใ€‚
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:09
Now, in the last two words,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€
05:13
โ€œyouโ€ and โ€œyesโ€, the letter โ€˜yโ€™ is a consonant.
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ใ€Œyouใ€ใจใ€Œyesใ€ใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œyใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:18
Usually, if โ€˜yโ€™ comes at the beginning of a word,
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้€šๅธธใ€ใ€Œyใ€ใŒๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใพใŸใฏ
05:22
or if it makes a /u/ sound,
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ใ€Œyouใ€ใ€ใ€Œyesใ€ใชใฉใฎ
05:25
for example, โ€œyouโ€, โ€œyesโ€,
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/u/ ้Ÿณใ‚’็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
05:28
it is a consonant. Okayโ€ฆ
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ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
05:32
So again, five main vowels: โ€˜aโ€™, โ€™eโ€™, โ€™iโ€™, โ€™oโ€™, โ€™uโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€5 ใคใฎไธป่ฆใชๆฏ้Ÿณ:ใ€Œaใ€ใ€ใ€Œeใ€ใ€ใ€Œiใ€ใ€ใ€Œoใ€ใ€ใ€Œuใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:39
And โ€˜yโ€™ the special vowel.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œyใ€ใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใชๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:42
Now to help us remember vowels, we can say, โ€œa, e, i, o, u and sometimes y.โ€
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ๆฏ้Ÿณใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ€Œaใ€eใ€iใ€oใ€uใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏ yใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:51
Okay, repeat again after me.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฎๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:54
โ€œa, e, i, o, u and sometimes y.โ€
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ใ€Œaใ€eใ€iใ€oใ€uใ€ใใ—ใฆๆ™‚ใ€… yใ€
05:58
One more time, faster.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ—ฉใใ€‚
06:00
โ€œa, e, i, o, u and sometimes y.โ€
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ใ€Œaใ€eใ€iใ€oใ€uใ€ใใ—ใฆๆ™‚ใ€… yใ€
06:04
Okay, and thatโ€™s the end of this video. Thank you.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
06:16
Hi everybody and welcome to this video.
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ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
06:19
In this video, weโ€™re going toย  talk about using โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใฎไฝฟ็”จใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:24
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:25
We use โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ in front of nouns.
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ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใฏใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:29
Well, what is a noun?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:31
A noun is a person, place, thing, or animal.
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ๅ่ฉžใจใฏไบบใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็‰ฉใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:37
Okay, so letโ€™s look at the board.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใงใฏๆŽฒ็คบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:40
The first noun we have is โ€œbananaโ€.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ่ฉžใฏใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:44
โ€œbananaโ€, starts with the consonant โ€˜bโ€™.
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ใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใ€Œbใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:48
So, we put โ€œa bananaโ€.
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ใใ“ใงใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:51
โ€œa bananaโ€.
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"ใƒใƒŠใƒŠ"ใ€‚
06:53
Look at the next word. โ€œAppleโ€.
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ๆฌกใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ "ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚
06:56
In this case, the first letter is โ€˜aโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏใ€Œaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:00
โ€˜aโ€™ is a vowel.
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ใ€Œaใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:02
Remember the vowels are a, e, i, o, u,
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ๆฏ้Ÿณใฏ aใ€eใ€iใ€oใ€u ใชใฎใงใ€
07:07
so we have to put โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:09
โ€œan appleโ€.
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"ใฒใจใคใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚
07:12
โ€œcatโ€. Hmmm.
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"็Œซ"ใ€‚ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
07:14
The first letter, โ€˜cโ€™, is a consonant.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œcใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:18
So, should we put, โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใจๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€Œanใ€ใจๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
07:21
Remember, if itโ€™s a consonant, we have to put โ€˜aโ€™.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:26
โ€œa catโ€.
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"็Œซ"ใ€‚
07:28
The next word, โ€œboyโ€.
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ๆฌกใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œๅฐ‘ๅนดใ€ใ€‚
07:31
Again, the word starts with a consonant: โ€˜bโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฏๅญ้Ÿณใ€Œbใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:36
So, we have to say, โ€œa boyโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ็”ทใฎๅญใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:40
The next word, โ€œeggโ€, has the letter โ€˜eโ€™ in front.
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ๆฌกใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€Œeggใ€ใฏๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œeใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:45
โ€˜eโ€™ is a vowel.
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ใ€Œeใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:47
So, what do we put?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:49
We put โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:51
If we read it, it sounds like โ€œan egg.โ€
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่ชญใ‚“ใงใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€Œๅตใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
07:54
โ€œan eggโ€.
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"ๅต"ใ€‚
07:56
Okay, and the last word is โ€œantโ€.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:59
โ€œantโ€ starts with the vowel โ€˜aโ€™.
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ใ€Œantใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œaใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:02
So again, we must putโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€an antโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:07
โ€œan antโ€.
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"ใ‚ขใƒช"ใ€‚
08:08
Now, letโ€™s go through these words together.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:12
โ€œa bananaโ€. โ€œa bananaโ€.
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"ใƒใƒŠใƒŠ"ใ€‚ "ใƒใƒŠใƒŠ"ใ€‚
08:17
โ€œan appleโ€. โ€œan appleโ€.
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"ใฒใจใคใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚ "ใฒใจใคใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚
08:21
Keep in mind that when you have โ€˜anโ€™ in front,
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ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œanใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใปใผ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
08:24
it has to sound like almost one word.
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ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
08:28
โ€œan appleโ€. โ€œan appleโ€.
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"ใฒใจใคใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚ "ใฒใจใคใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚
08:31
โ€œa catโ€. โ€œa catโ€.
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"็Œซ"ใ€‚ "็Œซ"ใ€‚
08:34
โ€œa boyโ€. โ€œa boyโ€.
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"็”ทใฎๅญ"ใ€‚ "็”ทใฎๅญ"ใ€‚
08:36
โ€œan eggโ€. โ€œan eggโ€.
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"ๅต"ใ€‚ "ๅต"ใ€‚
08:39
โ€œan eggโ€.
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"ๅต"ใ€‚
08:40
Again, it sounds like one word.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:42
"an egg".ย 
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"ๅต"ใ€‚
08:43
"an ant" "an ant"
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ€
08:46
"an ant"
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ€
08:48
Okay. Letโ€™s move on the next part.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:51
Okay, letโ€™s do some extra practice.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:53
Ahhh, I have some nouns on the board.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซๅ่ฉžใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:57
Remember, a noun is a person, place, thing or animal.
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ๅ่ฉžใฏไบบใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็‰ฉใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:03
So letโ€™s go through them one by one.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไธ€ใคใšใค่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:06
โ€œa bookโ€, โ€œbookโ€ is a thing.
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ใ€Œๆœฌใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆœฌใ€ใจใฏ็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
09:09
Itโ€™s a thing that we read.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ่ชญใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
09:11
โ€œparkโ€, is a place. Itโ€™s a place we go.
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ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ€ใจใฏๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ่กŒใๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:15
โ€œumbrellaโ€ is a thing.
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ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใฃใฆใ‚„ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
09:16
Right. Umbrella is a thing that we use when itโ€™s raining.
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ๅณใ€‚ๅ‚˜ใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใจใใซไฝฟใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
09:20
โ€œelephantโ€. โ€œelephantโ€ is an animal.
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"่ฑก"ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฑกใ€ใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
09:24
โ€œdoctorโ€. โ€œdoctorโ€ is a person.
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"ๅŒป่€…"ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใ€ใจใฏไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
09:27
And โ€œorangeโ€. "orange" is a thing that we eat.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
09:31
Okay. Now, Iโ€™m going to say โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ in front of the nouns.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:37
I want you to listen and see if you can hear the difference.
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้•ใ„ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€่ดใ„ใฆใฟใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
09:41
Okayโ€ฆ
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ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
09:42
We have โ€œbookโ€.
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ใ€Œๆœฌใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:43
In that case we say, โ€œa bookโ€. โ€œa bookโ€.
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ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œๆœฌใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "ไธ€ๅ†Šใฎๆœฌ"ใ€‚
09:49
We have to say, โ€œa bookโ€.
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ใ€Œๆœฌใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:52
Okayโ€ฆ
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09:52
The next one is โ€œparkโ€.
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ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
ๆฌกใฏใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:56
We say, โ€œa parkโ€. โ€œa parkโ€.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "ๅ…ฌๅœ’"ใ€‚
10:00
Remember, we put โ€˜aโ€™ in front of words that begin with consonants.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:06
โ€˜bโ€™ and โ€˜pโ€™ are consonants.
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ใ€Œbใ€ใจใ€Œpใ€ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
10:08
Thatโ€™s why we say, โ€œa bookโ€, โ€œa parkโ€.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๆœฌใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ€ใจใ‹่จ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:12
Okayโ€ฆ
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ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
10:13
How about the next word?
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ๆฌกใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:15
โ€œan umbrellaโ€.
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ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚
10:16
โ€œan umbrellaโ€.
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ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚
10:18
Could you here the difference? โ€œan umbrellaโ€.
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ใ“ใ“ใง้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚
10:21
We say โ€˜anโ€™ because umbrella starts with a vowel: โ€˜uโ€™.
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ๅ‚˜ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œuใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:27
โ€œan umbrellaโ€.
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ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚
10:29
Okayโ€ฆ โ€œelephantโ€.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญโ€ฆใ€Œ่ฑกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:31
We should we say?
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:33
โ€œan elephantโ€. โ€œan elephantโ€.
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"่ฑก"ใ€‚ "่ฑก"ใ€‚
10:36
Again, 'elephant' starts with a vowel.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œelephantใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:40
โ€œa doctorโ€. โ€œa doctorโ€.
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"ๅŒป่€…"ใ€‚ "ๅŒป่€…"ใ€‚
10:45
โ€œa doctorโ€.
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"ๅŒป่€…"ใ€‚
10:46
And the last word, โ€œan orangeโ€. โ€œan orangeโ€.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€ใ€‚ "ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธ"ใ€‚
10:52
Again, we have to say, โ€œan orangeโ€ because โ€˜oโ€™ is a vowel.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œoใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:57
So, letโ€™s go through each word one more time.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:01
โ€œa bookโ€. โ€œa bookโ€.
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"ไธ€ๅ†Šใฎๆœฌ"ใ€‚ "ไธ€ๅ†Šใฎๆœฌ"ใ€‚
11:04
Okayโ€ฆ
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญโ€ฆ
11:06
โ€œa parkโ€. โ€œa parkโ€.
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ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ "ๅ…ฌๅœ’"ใ€‚
11:10
โ€œan umbrellaโ€. โ€œan umbrellaโ€.
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ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚
11:14
Notice it sounds like one word.
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ไธ€ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:16
โ€œan umbrellaโ€.
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ใ€Œๅ‚˜ใ€ใ€‚
11:19
โ€œan elephantโ€ โ€œan elephantโ€
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ใ€Œ่ฑกใ€ ใ€Œ่ฑกใ€
11:23
โ€œa doctorโ€ โ€œa doctorโ€
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ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใ€ ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใ€
11:27
And the last one.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใ€‚
11:28
โ€œan orangeโ€ โ€œan orangeโ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€
11:32
Okay. So thatโ€™s the end of this video.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
11:35
I hope you can remember when to use โ€˜aโ€™ and โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ€Œaใ€ใจใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:39
Okay, thank you. Bye.
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
11:50
Hi, everybody and welcome to this video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
11:53
Now, in this lesson Iโ€™m going to talk about singular and plural nouns.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใจ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:59
Okay. Singular means one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฏ1ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:01
And plural means more than one or many.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใจใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใพใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:06
Okay. So letโ€™s look at the board.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใงใฏๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:09
This part is showing singular nouns.
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ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:13
Okay, remember, singular means one.
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏ 1 ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:15
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
12:16
So when the noun is singular, we put โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:21
So letโ€™s look.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:23
โ€œa ringโ€
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ใ€Œa Ringใ€
12:24
That means one ring. โ€œa ringโ€
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ไธ€ใคใฎๆŒ‡่ผชใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŒ‡่ผชใ€
12:28
โ€œa dogโ€ Again, one dog.
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใ€ ใพใŸใพใŸ็Šฌไธ€ๅŒนใ€‚
12:31
โ€œa dogโ€
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใ€
12:33
โ€œa teacherโ€ One teacher.
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ใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€ ไธ€ไบบใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€‚
12:36
โ€œa teacherโ€
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ใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€
12:39
โ€œan appleโ€ โ€œan appleโ€
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ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ€ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ€
12:42
One apple.
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏ๏ผ‘ใคใ€‚
12:44
โ€œan eggโ€ โ€œan eggโ€
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ใ€Œๅตใ€ ใ€Œๅตใ€
12:47
One egg.
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ๅต 1 ๅ€‹ใ€‚
12:49
So again, oneโ€ฆ. noun is singular.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใพใŸไธ€ใคโ€ฆใ€‚ๅ่ฉžใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚
12:53
Okay. Now over here, we have plural nouns.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:58
Plural means more than one. Two, three, four, and so on.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ 2 ใคใ€3 ใคใ€4 ใคใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
13:03
So, many. Okay.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
13:05
So, when we have a plural noun, we have to,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
13:09
donโ€™t forget, we have to put โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™.
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ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใšใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:14
Again, if thereโ€™s more than one,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
13:16
if the noun is plural,
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ๅ่ฉžใŒ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
13:17
you have to put โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:21
Now the nouns here, you just have to add an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:25
Okay, and weโ€™re going toย  go through them right now.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใงใฏไปŠใ‹ใ‚‰ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:29
โ€œtwo ringsโ€.
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ใ€ŒไบŒใคใฎๆŒ‡่ผชใ€ใ€‚
13:31
Okay, we had one ring. โ€œa ringโ€.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆŒ‡่ผชใฏ1ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ "ๆŒ‡่ผช"ใ€‚
13:34
Now we have โ€œtwo rings.โ€ With an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใŒ 2 ใคใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œsใ€ไป˜ใใ€‚
13:38
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
13:39
We had โ€œa dogโ€.
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ใ†ใกใซใฏใ€Œ็Šฌใ€ใŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:41
The plural is โ€œthree dogsโ€.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏใ€Œไธ‰ๅŒนใฎ็Šฌใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:44
Again, โ€˜sโ€™ โ€œthree dogsโ€
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œsใ€ ใ€Œ็ŠฌใŒ 3 ไบบใ€
13:48
โ€œa teacherโ€ One teacher
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ใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒ 1 ไบบใ€
13:51
โ€œfour teachersโ€ โ€œfour teachersโ€
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ใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒ 4 ไบบใ€ ใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒ 4 ไบบใ€
13:55
Donโ€™t forget the โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:57
Okay, you must not forget that.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:59
โ€œan appleโ€. Thatโ€™s one apple.
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"ใฒใจใคใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”"ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ด 1 ๅ€‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:02
Then we have plural. โ€œfive applesโ€
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰่ค‡ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ด๏ผ•ๅ€‹ใ€
14:05
โ€œfive applesโ€
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ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ด๏ผ•ๅ€‹ใ€
14:08
Okay. And the last one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
14:10
โ€œan eggโ€. One egg.
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"ๅต"ใ€‚ๅตไธ€ๅ€‹ใ€‚
14:12
โ€œsix eggsโ€
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ใ€ŒๅตใŒ6ๅ€‹ใ€
14:14
Donโ€™t forget โ€˜sโ€™. โ€œsix eggsโ€
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅต6ๅ€‹ใ€
14:17
Okay. I really need you to remember that.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใœใฒ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
14:20
โ€œtwo ringsโ€
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ใ€ŒๆŒ‡่ผช2ใคใ€
14:22
โ€œthree dogsโ€
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ใ€Œ็Šฌ3ๅŒนใ€
14:24
โ€œfour teachersโ€
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ใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ4ไบบใ€
14:26
โ€œfive applesโ€
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ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ด5ๅ€‹ใ€
14:28
and โ€œsix eggsโ€.
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ใ€Œๅต6ๅ€‹ใ€ใ€‚
14:30
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:33
Now we have some more nouns.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅ่ฉžใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:35
These nouns are a little bit different.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ่ฉžใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:38
Uhhh, when theyโ€™re singular itโ€™s the same.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:41
You put โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ in front.
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ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:44
But when you want to make themย  plural, you have to add โ€˜esโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:48
Remember, I said, you can add โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ to make a noun pluralโ€ฆmore than one.
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ๅ‰ใซใ‚‚่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:55
So again, these nouns you have to add โ€˜esโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:59
So letโ€™s go through them one more time.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:01
Okay. So we have โ€œa busโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใ€Œใƒใ‚นใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:04
โ€œa busโ€
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใ€
15:05
Again, that means one bus.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 1 ๅฐใฎใƒใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:08
โ€œa boxโ€ โ€œa boxโ€
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ใ€Œ็ฎฑใ€ ใ€Œ็ฎฑใ€
15:12
โ€œa watchโ€ โ€œa watchโ€
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ใ€Œๆ™‚่จˆใ€ ใ€Œๆ™‚่จˆใ€
15:14
Okay, one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€1 ใคใ€‚
15:16
โ€œa kissโ€ โ€œa kissโ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ญใ‚นใ€ใ€Œใ‚ญใ‚นใ€
15:19
And โ€œan axโ€. โ€œan axโ€
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๆ–งใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ–งใ€
15:22
One. โ€œan axโ€
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๏ผ‘ใคใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ–งใ€
15:24
Okay. Now, weโ€™re going to move on to the plural.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎ่ฉฑใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:27
Remember, again, to make the plural, or moreย 
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ€ใพใŸใฏ
15:30
than one, here, we add โ€˜esโ€™. Okay.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
15:35
โ€œa busโ€ One.
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใ€ ๏ผ‘ใคใ€‚
15:37
โ€œtwo busesโ€ โ€œtwo busesโ€
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใŒ2ๅฐใ€ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใŒ2ๅฐใ€
15:41
โ€œa boxโ€
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ใ€Œ็ฎฑใŒ1ใคใ€
15:43
โ€œthree boxesโ€ โ€œthree boxesโ€
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ใ€Œ็ฎฑใŒ3ใคใ€ใ€Œ็ฎฑใŒ3ใคใ€
15:47
โ€œa watchโ€. โ€œfour watchesโ€
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ใ€Œๆ™‚่จˆใŒ1ใคใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ4ใคใฎๆ™‚่จˆใ€
15:51
โ€˜esโ€™ right. โ€œfour watchesโ€
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ใ€Œesใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ4ใคใฎๆ™‚่จˆใ€
15:55
โ€œa kissโ€ One.
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ใ€Œa Kissใ€ 1ใคใ€‚
15:57
โ€œfive kissesโ€ โ€œfive kissesโ€
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ใ€Œ5ๅ›žใฎใ‚ญใ‚นใ€ ใ€Œ5ๅ›žใฎใ‚ญใ‚นใ€
16:01
Add the โ€˜esโ€™.
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ใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:02
And the last one.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
16:04
โ€œan axโ€ โ€œan axโ€
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ใ€Œๆ–งใ€ ใ€Œๆ–งใ€
16:06
Okay, we have โ€œsix axesโ€. โ€œsix axesโ€
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ€Œ6 ใคใฎๆ–งใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ6ใคใฎ่ปธใ€
16:11
So donโ€™t forget. We have to putย ย 
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€Œesใ€ ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
16:13
โ€˜esโ€™ to make these nouns plural.
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ใ€‚
16:16
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
16:20
So, how do we know if we should put โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ to make the noun plural?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
16:27
Well, for most nouns, you just have to put โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงๆธˆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
16:31
Okay, for most of them.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:33
But, for some, you have to put โ€˜esโ€™. And how do we know?
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
16:37
Wellโ€ฆ
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ใ•ใฆโ€ฆ
16:39
Letโ€™s look at the board. We have some nouns.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:41
The first one is โ€œchurchโ€. Okay.
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ไธ€ใค็›ฎใฏใ€Œๆ•™ไผšใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
16:45
โ€œChurchโ€ ends in โ€˜chโ€™.
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ใ€Œๆ•™ไผšใ€ใฏใ€Œchใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:48
So if the noun ends in โ€˜chโ€™, you have to put โ€˜esโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒใ€Œchใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:56
Okay. So it becomes โ€œchurchesโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œๆ•™ไผšใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:58
So again, if the noun ends in โ€˜chโ€™,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒใ€Œchใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
17:01
add โ€˜esโ€™ at the end to make it plural.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:06
The same goes for the next word โ€œbrushโ€.
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ๆฌกใฎใ€Œใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ทใ€ใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:09
Youโ€™ll notice โ€œbrushโ€ ends in โ€˜shโ€™. Okay.
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ใ€Œbrushใ€ใŒใ€Œshใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
17:14
So if it ends in โ€˜shโ€™, same thing, we add โ€˜esโ€™ at the end to make it plural.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œshใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:23
Okay. The next word is 'fox'.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€Œใ‚ญใƒ„ใƒใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:26
We have the letter โ€˜xโ€™ at the end. Okay.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œxใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
17:29
All nouns that end in โ€˜xโ€™, we have to put โ€˜esโ€™ to make it plural.
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ใ€Œxใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:36
Okay, so, โ€˜chโ€™, โ€˜shโ€™, โ€˜xโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ€Œchใ€ใ€ใ€Œshใ€ใ€ใ€Œxใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:41
If the noun ends with these, put โ€˜esโ€™.
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ๅ่ฉžใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:43
And the last one is โ€œdressโ€.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฏใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:45
Okay, we have โ€˜ssโ€™ at the end.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œssใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:48
Same thing.
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ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ€‚
17:50
Put โ€˜esโ€™ at the end to make it plural.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:53
Okay. โ€œdressesโ€
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œdressesใ€
17:55
Again, if it ends in โ€˜ssโ€™ put โ€˜esโ€™.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ€Œssใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:59
Okay, so please, donโ€™tย  forget โ€˜chโ€™, โ€˜shโ€™, โ€˜xโ€™, โ€˜ssโ€™,ย 
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œchใ€ใ€ใ€Œshใ€ใ€ใ€Œxใ€ใ€ใ€Œssใ€ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:05
we must put โ€˜esโ€™ at the end.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
18:08
Most of the other nouns we just add โ€˜sโ€™.
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ไป–ใฎๅ่ฉžใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:10
Okay. Now we have some special nouns on this side.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅดใซใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็‰นๆฎŠๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
18:15
โ€œPotato, tomato, volcanoโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒขใ€ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ€็ซๅฑฑใ€ใ€‚
18:18
Now, most nouns that end in โ€˜oโ€™, like โ€œphotoโ€,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œphotoใ€ใชใฉใ€ใ€Œoใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ€
18:23
all we have to do is add an โ€˜sโ€™ to make it plural.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:27
โ€œphotosโ€. Okay.
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ใ€Œๅ†™็œŸใ€ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
18:28
But these are special because we actuallyย 
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€
18:31
have to put โ€˜esโ€™ at the endโ€ฆ to make themโ€ฆplural.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:41
Okay. So we have โ€œpotatoes, tomatoes, volcanoesโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒขใ€ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ€็ซๅฑฑใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
18:47
Again, these are a little bit special.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็‰นๆฎŠใงใ™ใ€‚
18:50
For most nouns that end in โ€˜oโ€™, we just add โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œoใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:53
Okay, and, uhhh, letโ€™s go to the final part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
18:57
Okay, letโ€™s do some extra practice.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
19:00
On the board, I have some nouns.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ไธŠใซใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:03
Some are singular and some are plural.
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:07
We have to decide togetherย  if we should put โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™
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ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹
19:11
or make them singular. Okay.
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ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
19:14
So you have to listen carefully andย  remember what we learned in this video.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่žใ„ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
19:19
Okay. โ€œtwo booksโ€
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€ŒไบŒๅ†Šใฎๆœฌใ€
19:21
Right, this is plural. There are two.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ไบŒใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:24
โ€œtwo booksโ€ We have to put an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€ŒไบŒๅ†Šใฎๆœฌใ€ ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
19:28
โ€œtwo booksโ€
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ใ€ŒไบŒๅ†Šใฎๆœฌใ€
19:30
Okay. The next one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
19:32
โ€œthree classโ€ Hmmmm.
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ใ€Œ๏ผ“ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
19:34
โ€œclassโ€ ends with an โ€˜sโ€™. So what do we put?
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ใ€Œclassใ€ใฏใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
19:38
โ€œthree classesโ€ โ€œthree classesโ€
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ใ€Œ๏ผ“ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ ใ€Œ๏ผ“ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€
19:44
Okay. So again the plural is โ€œthree classesโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Š่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏใ€Œ3 ใคใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:49
Okay.ย 
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
19:50
โ€œa lionโ€ โ€œa lionโ€
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ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€ ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€
19:53
Do we have to put anything? No.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚
19:55
No โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ because this is singular. Thereโ€™s just one lion.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐใชใฎใงใ€Œsใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œesใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใฏไธ€้ ญใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:01
โ€œa lionโ€
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ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€
20:03
โ€œsix hatsโ€ โ€œsix hatsโ€
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ใ€ŒๅธฝๅญใŒ6ใคใ€ ใ€ŒๅธฝๅญใŒ6ใคใ€
20:08
We have to put an โ€˜sโ€™. โ€œsix hatsโ€
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ€
20:12
Okay. The next noun is โ€œseven matchโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใฎๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œใ‚ปใƒ–ใƒณใƒžใƒƒใƒใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:16
What do we put?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
20:17
Well, we have a โ€˜chโ€™. So we have to put โ€œmatchesโ€.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œchใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไธ€่‡ดใ€ใ‚’้…็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:23
โ€œseven matchesโ€ โ€œseven matchesโ€
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ใ€Œไธƒ่ฉฆๅˆใ€ ใ€Œไธƒ่ฉฆๅˆใ€
20:28
Okay. And the last one is โ€œone batโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฏใ€Œใƒฏใƒณใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใ€‚
20:32
โ€œone batโ€.
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ใ€Œใƒใƒƒใƒˆ1ๆœฌใ€ใ€‚
20:34
We do not put an โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ because again, itโ€™s just one.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใฏ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:38
We donโ€™t have to put anything after โ€˜batโ€™.
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ใ€Œbatใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:41
Okay, this is singular.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
20:43
Okay, so, in this video, we learned how to make a noun singular.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:48
Okay. And how to make a noun plural.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€‚
20:51
Remember, singular means one. Plural means more than one.
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏ 1 ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
20:55
And remember, donโ€™t forget, we have to putย 
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€
20:58
โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™. Okay.
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ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
21:01
And thanks for joining. Thatโ€™s the end of this video.
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ใใ—ใฆใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
21:03
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
21:13
Hi everybody and welcome to this video.
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ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
21:16
In this video, weโ€™re going toย  talk about subjective pronouns.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:21
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
21:25
Here they are. The subjective pronouns.
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ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€‚
21:27
Please take a careful look. Theyโ€™re very important in English.
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ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
21:32
Okay. So, the first subjective pronoun is โ€˜Iโ€™.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:37
โ€œIโ€ means me. โ€œIโ€™m Estherโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใจใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
21:40
I
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I
21:43
He Now, โ€œheโ€ is only used for boys or men.
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He ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใพใŸใฏ็”ทๆ€งใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
21:49
Okay. He
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๅฝผ
21:50
So another boy or man is โ€œheโ€.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅฐ‘ๅนดใพใŸใฏ็”ทๆ€งใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:54
โ€œSheโ€ is used for girls or women.
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ใ€ŒSheใ€ใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใ‚„ๅฅณๆ€งใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
21:58
Okay. She
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ She
22:02
It โ€œItโ€ย ย 
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It ใ€ŒItใ€ใฏ
22:03
is used for a place like a school, an animal like a dog, or a thing like a chair.
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ๅญฆๆ กใชใฉใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็Šฌใชใฉใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€ๆค…ๅญใชใฉใฎ็‰ฉใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
22:12
Okay. It
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œ
22:14
The next one is โ€œyouโ€. โ€œYouโ€ means you.
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใจใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:18
Okay. โ€œyouโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ "ใ‚ใชใŸ"ใ€‚
22:21
We โ€œWeโ€ means other people and me.
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็งใŸใก ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใจใฏใ€ไป–ใฎไบบใ€…ใจ็งใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:26
For example, โ€œI singโ€, โ€œyou singโ€, then โ€œwe singโ€.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใŒๆญŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็งใŸใกใŒๆญŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
22:32
Okay. โ€œweโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ "็งใŸใกใฏ"ใ€‚
22:34
And the last one is โ€œtheyโ€.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:37
โ€œTheyโ€ means many people,ย  places, animals or things.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€็‰ฉใชใฉใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:43
Okay. So, more than one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ€‚
22:45
If thereโ€™s more than one, we useย  the subjective pronoun โ€˜theyโ€™.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:50
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
22:54
Okay, so letโ€™s practice togetherย  with subjective pronouns.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:00
The first sentence on theย  board says, โ€œJenny singsโ€.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใŒๆญŒใ†ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:04
Now Jenny is one girl.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใฏไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:07
So we can say, โ€œShe singsโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญŒใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
23:11
โ€œJack singsโ€. Jack is one boy.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒๆญŒใ†ใ€ใ€‚ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใฎไธ€ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
23:15
So we have to say, โ€œhe singsโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆญŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
23:20
The last sentence says, โ€œJenny and Jack singโ€.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒๆญŒใ†ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
23:25
Now Jenny and Jack are two people.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏไบŒไบบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:28
So we have to say, โ€œthey singโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆญŒใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
23:32
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:35
Okay, letโ€™s do some more practice.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
23:39
The first sentence on the board says,
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ
23:41
โ€œThe cat runsโ€.
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ใ€Œ็ŒซใŒ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:44
โ€˜The catโ€™ is an animal, so we have to say, โ€œIt runsโ€.
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ใ€Œ็Œซใ€ใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
23:50
The next sentence says, โ€œThe dog and cat runโ€.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œ็Šฌใจ็ŒซใŒ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
23:54
Now, โ€˜the dog and catโ€™, they are two animals.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใจ็Œซใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไบŒๅŒนใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
23:59
So anytime you have two or moreย  things, we say, โ€œThey runโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€2 ใคไปฅไธŠใฎ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:05
โ€˜Theyโ€™.
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'ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ'ใ€‚
24:06
Okay, now, for the last sentence, Iโ€™mย  going to talk about my cat, Ongee.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใจใ—ใฆใ€็งใฎ็Œซใ€ใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:13
Ongee is a cat. Heโ€™s an animal.
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ใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใฏ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ๅฝผใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
24:16
But he has a name. Heโ€™s a boy cat.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใซใฏๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚็”ทใฎๅญใฎ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚
24:19
Okay and I love him. And heโ€™s like family.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏๅฝผใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏๅฎถๆ—ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅญ˜ๅœจใงใ™ใ€‚
24:21
So, โ€œOngee runsโ€. I can say โ€œHe runsโ€.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใŒ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
24:26
Okay. Letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
24:28
Okay, here are some more examples.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:32
But, this time, you have to figure out the subjective pronoun together with me.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’่€ƒใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
24:38
Okay. So, โ€œMy students studyโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
24:43
What should we use?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
24:45
Well, โ€˜My studentsโ€™, thereโ€™s an โ€˜sโ€™. Right.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใ€ใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅณใ€‚
24:49
Theyโ€™re people and thereโ€™s more than one.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบบ้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:52
Many people.
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใ€…ใ€‚
24:54
So we have to use the subjective pronoun, โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:06
โ€œThey studyโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
25:09
The next example.
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:11
โ€œJohn is handsomeโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ ใ ใ€ใ€‚
25:13
Okay, โ€˜Johnโ€™, thatโ€™s a person.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:16
Thereโ€™s only one. Rightโ€ฆ
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ใŸใ ไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€‚ใใ†โ€ฆ
25:18
And itโ€™s a boy, โ€˜Johnโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:21
So what should we use?
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ใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
25:24
We have to use the subjective pronoun, โ€˜heโ€™.
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ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:31
One boy. We say, โ€œheโ€.
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ไธ€ไบบใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:33
โ€œHe is handsomeโ€.
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"ๅฝผใฏใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™"ใ€‚
25:36
Okay, the last one. โ€œPizza is deliciousโ€.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ”ใ‚ถใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
25:41
โ€˜Pizzaโ€™ is a thing.
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ใ€Œใƒ”ใ‚ถใ€ใฃใฆใ‚„ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
25:43
And thereโ€™s only one. Right.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธ€ใคใ ใ‘ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅณใ€‚
25:45
Thereโ€™s no โ€˜sโ€™. One pizza.
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ใ€Œใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใƒ”ใ‚ถ1ๆžšใ€‚
25:48
We say, โ€œitโ€.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:51
โ€œIt is deliciousโ€. Okay.
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"ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใงใ™"ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
25:54
Letโ€™s move on to some more examples.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
25:56
Okay, the first example says,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€
25:59
โ€œSeoul is a cityโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ฝใ‚ฆใƒซใฏ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:02
Now, โ€˜Seoulโ€™ is a place. Okay.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฝใ‚ฆใƒซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
26:06
So we have to use the subjective pronoun, โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
26:10
โ€œIt is a cityโ€.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
26:13
The next example says,
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€
26:15
โ€œMy parents love Ongeeโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฎไธก่ฆชใฏใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:18
Now, โ€˜Ongeeโ€™ is my cat. โ€œMy parents love Ongeeโ€.
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ไปŠใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใ€ใฏ็งใฎ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใฏใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
26:23
Well, โ€˜my parentsโ€™, they are two people. My mom and my dad.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎไธก่ฆชใ€ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ2ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใจใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:28
So, what do I use?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
26:31
I have to say, โ€œtheyโ€. โ€œThey love Ongeeโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
26:37
The last example is veryย  similar to the second one.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใฏ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใจใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:41
โ€œMy parents and I love Ongeeโ€. Okay.
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ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ‚‚็งใ‚‚ใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
26:46
The difference isโ€ฆ it says, โ€œand Iโ€.
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้•ใ„ใฏโ€ฆใ€Œใใ—ใฆ็งใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
26:50
So this is โ€˜my parentsโ€™ with โ€˜meโ€™.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใจใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
26:54
So I have to say, โ€œweโ€. โ€œWe love Ongeeโ€.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ชใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
27:00
Okay. All of us.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚็งใŸใกๅ…จๅ“กใ€‚
27:02
Okay, so, in this video weย  learned about subjective pronouns.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:07
I hope you guys have a good understandingย  of โ€˜whenโ€™ and โ€˜howโ€™ to use them.
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:12
Thank you for watching and Iโ€™ll see you guys next time.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
27:15
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
27:24
Hi, everybody. Welcome to this video.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
27:28
Now, in this video, weโ€™re going to talk about subjective pronouns,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€
27:33
โ€˜beโ€™ verbs, and also, contractions.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใใ—ใฆ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
27:36
So letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใฏๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
27:39
Okay. First, we have the subjective pronouns.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใพใšใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:44
And we have the โ€˜beโ€™ verbs: am, is, and are.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€amใ€isใ€are ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:50
Okay. So letโ€™s look at the first one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
27:53
โ€œI amโ€. โ€œI am Estherโ€.
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"็งใฏ"ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
27:58
The contraction for โ€˜I amโ€™ is โ€˜Iโ€™mโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€ŒI'mใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:03
โ€œIโ€™mโ€.
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"็งใฏ"ใ€‚
28:04
Now, a contraction is a more common way of saying subjective pronouns and their โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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็พๅœจใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎใฏไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:11
Itโ€™s faster and quicker and shorter.
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ใฉใ‚“ใฉใ‚“้€Ÿใใชใฃใฆใ€็Ÿญใใชใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
28:15
Okay, itโ€™s more common.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใใ‚Œใฎใปใ†ใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:16
I want you to use contractions. Okay.
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
28:21
So, โ€œI amโ€ becomes โ€œIโ€™mโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
28:26
โ€œHe isโ€ โ€“ โ€œheโ€™sโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ โ€“ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใ€‚
28:31
โ€œShe isโ€ - โ€œsheโ€™sโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ - ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ใ€‚
28:34
โ€œIt isโ€ - โ€œitโ€™sโ€.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ - ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€‚
28:38
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the bottom.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธ€็•ชไธ‹ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
28:40
โ€œYou areโ€ becomes โ€œyouโ€™reโ€.
496
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใŒใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
28:44
โ€œYouโ€™reโ€.
497
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480
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใ€‚
28:46
โ€œWe areโ€ โ€“ โ€œweโ€™reโ€. โ€œWeโ€™reโ€.
498
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ โ€“ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€‚ "ใ ใฃใŸ"ใ€‚
28:51
and โ€œThey areโ€. The contraction is โ€œtheyโ€™reโ€.
499
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ"ใ€‚็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:57
โ€œTheyโ€™reโ€.
500
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ€‚
28:58
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
501
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
29:00
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
29:01
Weโ€™re going to take a look at some sentences using the โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
29:07
Now, notice on the board,ย  I only used contractions.
504
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎใฟใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:11
Okay.
505
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
29:12
For example, instead of โ€œI amโ€, Iโ€™m going to say โ€œIโ€™mโ€.
506
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
29:17
So, the first sentence. โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
507
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ "็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
29:20
Okay. This means one.
508
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 1 ใคใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
29:23
So we have to say, โ€œa studentโ€.
509
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
29:26
โ€œaโ€
510
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ใ€Œaใ€ ไปŠ
29:27
Now many people make the mistake of saying,
511
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ใ€ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ ใจ้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ไบบใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™
29:30
โ€œIโ€™m studentโ€, but thatโ€™s wrong. Okay.
512
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
29:33
You have to put โ€˜aโ€™.
513
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ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
29:35
Now, before I read it, youย  have to listen carefully.
514
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ชญใ‚€ๅ‰ใซใ€ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
29:39
โ€˜Iโ€™m aโ€™ - sounds like one word.
515
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใงใ™ใ€ - ไธ€ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
29:42
โ€œIโ€™m aโ€ฆโ€ โ€œIโ€™m aโ€ฆโ€
516
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ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใงใ™ใ€
29:45
โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
517
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
29:47
Okay. Please repeat after me.
518
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚็งใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใ„ใฆ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
29:49
โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€. โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
519
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"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚ "็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
29:54
Okay, the next one, again, sounds like one word.
520
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚ใพใŸ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
29:57
โ€œHeโ€™s aโ€ฆโ€. โ€œHeโ€™s aโ€ฆโ€.
521
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29:57
Okay.soโ€ฆ
522
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29:57
โ€œHeโ€™s a studentโ€.
523
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672
29:57
Please repeat.
524
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"ๅฝผใฏโ€ฆ"ใ€‚ "ๅฝผใฏโ€ฆ"ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใ™ใญโ€ฆ
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
29:58
โ€œHeโ€™s a studentโ€. โ€œHeโ€™s a studentโ€.
525
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
30:01
Same thing.
526
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ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ€‚
30:03
โ€œSheโ€™s a studentโ€.
527
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
30:04
Please repeat.
528
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
30:05
โ€œSheโ€™s a studentโ€. โ€œSheโ€™s a studentโ€.
529
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
30:16
Okay. The next sentence has โ€˜itโ€™.
530
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œitใ€ใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
30:20
Now remember, โ€˜itโ€™ is only used for a place, a thing or an animal.
531
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็‰ฉใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
30:25
So we canโ€™t have those things be a student.
532
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ†ใ„ใ†ไบบใŸใกใ‚’ๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
30:28
So we have to say, โ€œItโ€™s a dogโ€.
533
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
30:31
Okay, please repeat.
534
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ใฏใ„ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
30:33
โ€œItโ€™s a dogโ€. โ€œItโ€™s a dogโ€.
535
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"็Šฌใงใ™"ใ€‚ "็Šฌใงใ™"ใ€‚
30:37
Okay, the next one.
536
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚
30:39
โ€œYouโ€™re a studentโ€.
537
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
30:41
Please repeat.
538
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
30:42
โ€œYouโ€™re a studentโ€. โ€œYouโ€™re a studentโ€.
539
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
30:47
Okay. Now letโ€™s look at โ€˜weโ€™reโ€™.
540
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆฌกใซใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
30:50
โ€œWeโ€™re studentsโ€. Okay.
541
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"็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
30:53
We took out the โ€˜aโ€™ and we put an โ€˜sโ€™
542
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
30:55
because โ€˜weโ€™reโ€™ means many people.
543
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ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
30:58
Not one student, but many students.
544
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ไธ€ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใฏใชใใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
31:01
So, we have to say, โ€œweโ€™re studentsโ€.
545
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
31:04
Please repeat.
546
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
31:06
โ€œWeโ€™re studentsโ€. โ€œWeโ€™re studentsโ€.
547
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"็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚ "็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
31:11
The same thing goes for โ€˜theyโ€™.
548
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ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใ‚‚ๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
31:14
Again, โ€˜theyโ€™ means many peopleโ€ฆor many things.
549
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใ€…ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
31:17
Here, we put โ€˜sโ€™. And we took out the โ€˜aโ€™.
550
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
31:20
So, โ€œtheyโ€™re studentsโ€.
551
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
31:23
Please repeat.
552
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
31:24
โ€œTheyโ€™re studentsโ€. โ€œTheyโ€™re studentsโ€.
553
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
31:29
Okay, weโ€™re going to look at some more examples.
554
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
31:32
Please listen and repeat carefully.
555
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ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่žใ„ใฆ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
31:36
Letโ€™s start with the first one: โ€œIโ€™mโ€.
556
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
31:38
โ€œIโ€™m a boyโ€. โ€œIโ€™m a boyโ€.
557
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
31:40
โ€œIโ€™m a girlโ€. โ€œIโ€™m a girlโ€.
558
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"็งใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™"ใ€‚ "็งใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™"ใ€‚
31:50
โ€œHeโ€™sโ€.
559
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320
31:50
โ€œHeโ€™s a manโ€. โ€œHeโ€™s a manโ€.
560
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"ๅฝผใฏ"ใ€‚
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใ ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใ ใ€ใ€‚
31:52
โ€œHeโ€™s a boyโ€. โ€œHeโ€™s a boyโ€.
561
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
31:59
โ€œSheโ€™sโ€.
562
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160
31:59
โ€œSheโ€™s a womanโ€. โ€œSheโ€™s a womanโ€.
563
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"ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ"ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
32:06
โ€œSheโ€™s a girlโ€. โ€œSheโ€™s a girlโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
32:09
โ€œItโ€™sโ€.
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"ใใฎ"ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
32:10
โ€œItโ€™s a chairโ€. โ€œItโ€™s a chairโ€.
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32:19
โ€œItโ€™s a catโ€. โ€œItโ€™s a catโ€.
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ใ€Œ็Œซใ ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็Œซใ ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
32:27
โ€œYouโ€™reโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใ€‚
32:29
โ€œYouโ€™re a singerโ€. โ€œYouโ€™re a singerโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญŒๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญŒๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
32:34
โ€œYouโ€™re a friendโ€. โ€œYouโ€™re a friendโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ‹้”ใ ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ‹้”ใ ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
32:40
โ€œWeโ€™reโ€.
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32:40
โ€œWeโ€™re sistersโ€. โ€œWeโ€™re sistersโ€.
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"ใ ใฃใŸ"ใ€‚
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅง‰ๅฆนใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅง‰ๅฆนใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
32:44
โ€œWeโ€™re brothersโ€. โ€œWeโ€™re brothersโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ…„ๅผŸใชใฎใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ…„ๅผŸใชใฎใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
32:53
โ€œTheyโ€™reโ€.
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32:53
โ€œTheyโ€™re peopleโ€. โ€œTheyโ€™re peopleโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
33:01
โ€œTheyโ€™re carsโ€. โ€œTheyโ€™re carsโ€.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ปŠใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ปŠใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
33:07
Well I hope that this video helped you understand
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€
33:10
how to use subjective pronouns,
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ใใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎ
33:13
their โ€˜beโ€™ verbs, and also contractions.
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ไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰ๅนธใ„ใงใ™
33:16
Now, before we go, I wanted to share aย  little bit about myself using the lesson.
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใŸ็ง่‡ช่บซใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:23
So, first, remember, โ€œIโ€™m aโ€ฆโ€.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใพใšใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
33:26
โ€œIโ€™m a girlโ€.
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"็งใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™"ใ€‚
33:29
Also, โ€œIโ€™m a teacherโ€.
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ใ‚ใจใ€Œ็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
33:33
โ€œIโ€™m an Americanโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
33:35
Now, the word โ€˜Americanโ€™ย  starts with the vowel โ€˜aโ€™,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€ŒAmericanใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œaใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
33:40
so we have to say โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ€Œanใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
33:42
โ€œIโ€™m an Americanโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
33:45
And โ€œIโ€™m an animal loverโ€.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็งใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉๆ„›ๅฅฝๅฎถใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
33:48
Again, same thing.
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ใพใŸใพใŸๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ€‚
33:49
โ€˜Animalโ€™ starts with the vowel โ€˜aโ€™,
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ใ€Œๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œaใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
33:52
so we have to put โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
33:54
โ€œIโ€™m an animal loverโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉๆ„›ๅฅฝๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
33:55
And that means someone who loves animals.
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’ๆ„›ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:58
I love dogs and cats and other animals.
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็งใฏ็Šฌใ‚„็Œซใ€ใใฎไป–ใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
34:01
So, โ€œIโ€™m an animal loverโ€.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉๆ„›ๅฅฝๅฎถใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
34:04
Okay.
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34:04
Well, thatโ€™s it and thank you for watching.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใฆใ€ไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:06
And Iโ€™ll see you guys next time.
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ใใ—ใฆใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
34:08
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
34:18
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
34:20
In this video, weโ€™re going to talk about subjective pronouns,
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹
34:24
โ€˜beโ€™ verbs,
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
34:26
and how to use them with the word โ€˜notโ€™.
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ใจใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ€Œnotใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใจ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆไฝฟ็”จโ€‹โ€‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ
34:29
Okay. So, letโ€™s look at the board to help us out.
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
34:33
Now the first sentence says, โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:37
โ€˜Notโ€™ means itโ€™s not true.
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ใ€Œ้•ใ†ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
34:40
No.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆ
34:41
So remember, โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€ means โ€˜yesโ€™.
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ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
34:44
โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
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"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
34:45
I go to school, and I learn.
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็งใฏๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใใ€ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
34:48
โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€ means โ€˜noโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:50
โ€œIโ€™m a teacherโ€ or โ€œNo, Iโ€™m not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€็งใฏ็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
34:54
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
34:55
Now, notice, we first have the subjective pronoun and the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:02
Then, we put โ€˜notโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
35:04
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
35:05
โ€˜Notโ€™ comes after.
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ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใŒๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ€‚
35:07
And then we have the noun.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
35:09
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
35:10
โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:12
Okay.
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35:12
Now, also, listen carefully.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:15
โ€œNot aโ€ฆโ€ sounds like one word.
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ใ€Œโ€ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใฏไธ€่จ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
35:18
โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:20
โ€œNot aโ€ฆโ€.
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ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“โ€ฆใ€ใ€‚
35:22
โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:24
Okay, letโ€™s look at the next one.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
35:26
โ€œHeโ€™s not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:29
โ€œHeโ€™s not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:33
โ€œSheโ€™s not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:35
โ€œSheโ€™s not a studentโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:39
โ€œItโ€™s not a dogโ€.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Šฌใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:42
Remember, โ€˜itโ€™ is used for place, thing or animal.
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ใ€Œitใ€ใฏๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็‰ฉใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:48
So, โ€œItโ€™s not a dogโ€.
634
2148080
1920
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
35:51
Okay.
635
2151680
240
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
35:52
โ€œYouโ€™re not a studentโ€.
636
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1200
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:55
โ€œYouโ€™re not a studentโ€.
637
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2800
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
35:58
Okay, the next one is a little bit different.
638
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
36:01
We have โ€˜we areโ€™.
639
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1280
็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
36:03
โ€œWeโ€™reโ€.
640
2163040
880
36:03
Now, remember, โ€˜weโ€™ means more than one.
641
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"ใ ใฃใŸ"ใ€‚
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใจใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
36:07
Many.
642
2167040
720
36:07
Okay.
643
2167760
640
ๅคšใใฎใ€‚
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
36:08
So we say โ€œstudentsโ€.
644
2168400
1440
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
36:09
We put an โ€˜sโ€™ and we donโ€™t put an โ€˜aโ€™ in front.
645
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2960
ๅ‰ใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใฏ็ฝฎใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
36:13
โ€œWeโ€™re not studentsโ€.
646
2173680
1440
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
36:16
โ€œWeโ€™re not studentsโ€.
647
2176080
1440
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
36:18
Okay. And โ€˜theyโ€™reโ€™ is the same thing.
648
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
36:21
It means more than one.
649
2181440
2000
ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
36:23
So, โ€œTheyโ€™re not studentsโ€.
650
2183440
2400
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
36:26
โ€œTheyโ€™re not studentsโ€.
651
2186400
1440
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
36:28
Okay, weโ€™re going to look at some more examples.
652
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2640
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
36:31
I want you to listen carefully and repeat after the examples.
653
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ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่žใ„ใฆใ€ไพ‹ใฎๅพŒใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
36:36
Letโ€™s start with the first one.
654
2196880
1840
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
36:38
โ€œIโ€™m notโ€.
655
2198720
1120
ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
36:40
โ€œIโ€™m not a boyโ€.
656
2200960
1120
ใ€Œ็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
36:44
โ€œIโ€™m not a boyโ€.
657
2204160
1040
ใ€Œ็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
36:47
โ€œIโ€™m not a girlโ€.
658
2207040
1200
"ๅฅณใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆ"ใ€‚
36:50
โ€œIโ€™m not a girlโ€.
659
2210160
1200
"ๅฅณใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆ"ใ€‚
36:53
โ€œHeโ€™s notโ€.
660
2213360
1040
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
36:55
โ€œHeโ€™s not a manโ€.
661
2215440
1040
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
36:58
โ€œHeโ€™s not a manโ€.
662
2218640
1040
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
37:02
โ€œHeโ€™s not a boyโ€.
663
2222160
1040
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
37:05
โ€œHeโ€™s not a boyโ€.
664
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
37:08
โ€œSheโ€™s notโ€.
665
2228160
880
"ๅฝผๅฅณใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„"ใ€‚
37:10
โ€œSheโ€™s not a womanโ€.
666
2230320
1040
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
37:14
โ€œSheโ€™s not a womanโ€.
667
2234000
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
37:17
โ€œSheโ€™s not a girlโ€.
668
2237280
1200
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
37:20
โ€œSheโ€™s not a girlโ€.
669
2240400
1440
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€
37:23
โ€œItโ€™s notโ€.
670
2243680
800
"ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“"ใ€‚
37:26
โ€œItโ€™s not a chairโ€.
671
2246000
1040
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
37:29
โ€œItโ€™s not a chairโ€.
672
2249360
1120
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
37:32
โ€œItโ€™s not a catโ€.
673
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3040
ใ€Œ็Œซใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
37:35
โ€œItโ€™s not a catโ€.
674
2255920
1120
ใ€Œ็Œซใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
37:39
โ€œYouโ€™re notโ€.
675
2259520
880
"ใ‚ใชใŸใงใฏใชใ„"ใ€‚
37:41
โ€œYouโ€™re not a singerโ€
676
2261520
1200
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญŒๆ‰‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
37:45
โ€œYouโ€™re not a singerโ€.
677
2265200
1280
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญŒๆ‰‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
37:48
โ€œYouโ€™re not a friendโ€.
678
2268960
1280
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ‹้”ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
37:51
โ€œYouโ€™re not a friendโ€.
679
2271920
1360
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ‹้”ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
37:55
โ€œWeโ€™re notโ€.
680
2275440
720
"ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸ"ใ€‚
37:57
โ€œWeโ€™re not sistersโ€.
681
2277760
1440
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅง‰ๅฆนใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:00
โ€œWeโ€™re not sistersโ€.
682
2280960
2880
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅง‰ๅฆนใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:04
โ€œWeโ€™re not brothersโ€.
683
2284640
1360
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ…„ๅผŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:07
โ€œWeโ€™re not brothersโ€.
684
2287600
1440
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ…„ๅผŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:10
โ€œTheyโ€™re notโ€.
685
2290480
800
ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:12
โ€œTheyโ€™re not peopleโ€.
686
2292720
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบบ้–“ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:15
โ€œTheyโ€™re not peopleโ€.
687
2295600
2240
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบบ้–“ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
38:18
โ€œTheyโ€™re not carsโ€.
688
2298720
1360
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ปŠใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
38:22
โ€œTheyโ€™re not carsโ€.
689
2302240
1360
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ปŠใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
38:24
Okay, so in this video, we learned how to use subjective pronouns
690
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ไธป่ฆณไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซ
38:30
with the โ€˜beโ€™ verb
691
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•
38:31
and how to use them with the word โ€˜notโ€™. Okay.
692
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ใจใ€ใ€Œnotใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
38:35
So, I wrote some sentences aboutย  myself using what we learned.
693
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ใใ“ใงใ€ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใซใคใ„ใฆใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
38:40
So remember, โ€œIโ€™m not aโ€ฆโ€.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
38:43
Okay.
695
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400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
38:44
โ€œIโ€™m not a boyโ€.
696
2324320
2000
ใ€Œ็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
38:46
โ€œIโ€™m not a boyโ€.
697
2326320
1120
ใ€Œ็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
38:48
โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€.
698
2328960
1200
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
38:51
โ€œIโ€™m not a studentโ€.
699
2331040
1280
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
38:53
โ€œIโ€™m not a Canadianโ€.
700
2333920
1280
ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
38:56
โ€œIโ€™m not a Canadianโ€.
701
2336400
1360
ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
38:58
And the last one.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
39:00
โ€œIโ€™m not a loserโ€.
703
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•—่€…ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
39:02
โ€œIโ€™m not a loserโ€.
704
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•—่€…ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
39:04
Okay.
705
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
39:05
So that was a little bit about me.
706
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ไปฅไธŠใ€็งใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
39:07
Thanks for watching andย  Iโ€™ll see you guys next time.
707
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
39:10
Bye.
708
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
39:20
Hi, everybody.
709
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960
ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
39:22
In this video, Iโ€™m going to talk about how to make questions using subjective pronouns
710
2362000
6160
ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉž ใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
39:28
and โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
711
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ใ€‚
39:29
Okay.
712
2369920
400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
39:30
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
713
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
39:33
So, this example sentence says.
714
2373520
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ๆ–‡ใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
39:36
โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
715
2376080
1040
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
39:37
Okay.
716
2377840
720
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
39:38
Remember, โ€œIโ€™mโ€ is just a contraction for โ€œI amโ€.
717
2378560
4160
ใ€ŒI'mใ€ใฏๅ˜ใซใ€ŒI amใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
39:43
Okay.
718
2383360
640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
39:44
So, โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
719
2384000
1440
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
39:46
โ€œI am a studentโ€.
720
2386240
2080
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
39:48
They mean the same thing.
721
2388320
1440
ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
39:50
Now when we want to make a question,
722
2390800
2720
่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ€
39:53
we just have to make a simpleย  change. Itโ€™s very easy.
723
2393520
3760
็ฐกๅ˜ใชๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ่ถ…็ฐกๅ˜ใ€‚
39:58
All you have to do is putย  the โ€˜beโ€™ verb in the front.
724
2398080
3680
ๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
40:02
Okay.
725
2402320
880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
40:03
So, โ€œAm I a student?โ€.
726
2403200
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
40:07
โ€œAm I a student?โ€.
727
2407920
560
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
40:08
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb comes in the front.
728
2408480
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beๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅ‰ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
40:11
Okay.
729
2411120
560
40:11
I also want you to listen to my intonation.
730
2411680
3280
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
็งใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚‚่žใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
40:15
When I say it in a sentence, โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
731
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใง่จ€ใ†ใจใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
40:20
โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
732
2420640
960
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
40:22
Okay, then when I say it in a question.
733
2422480
2480
ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€่ณชๅ•ใง่จ€ใ†ใจใ€‚
40:24
โ€œAm I a student?โ€.
734
2424960
1120
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
40:27
โ€œAm I a student?โ€.
735
2427120
1120
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
40:28
Notice my intonation goes up for the question.
736
2428960
3360
็งใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไธŠใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
40:33
Okay, now there are two possible answers for this question.
737
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4880
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
40:38
โ€œAm I a student?โ€.
738
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1040
"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
40:41
The answers you can say are: โ€œYes, I amโ€.
739
2441120
3840
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
40:46
โ€œYes, I amโ€.
740
2446240
1440
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
40:48
Okay.
741
2448400
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
40:49
And, โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
742
2449200
2640
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
40:52
โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
743
2452560
1360
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
40:55
Okay.
744
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
40:56
Weโ€™re going to look at some more examples.
745
2456000
2320
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
40:58
Please make sure you repeat after each example.
746
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ๅ„ไพ‹ใฎๅพŒใซๅฟ…ใš็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
41:02
Letโ€™s look at the first one.
747
2462800
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
41:04
โ€œAm Iโ€ฆ?โ€.
748
2464880
960
ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸใ€
41:06
โ€œAm I a girl?โ€.
749
2466560
960
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใ€‚
41:08
โ€œYes, I amโ€.
750
2468880
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
41:11
โ€œAm I a boy?โ€.
751
2471280
880
"็งใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
41:13
โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
752
2473680
1120
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
41:16
โ€œAm I a singer?โ€.
753
2476320
960
ใ€Œ็งใฏๆญŒๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใ€‚
41:18
โ€œYes, I amโ€.
754
2478480
1360
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
41:20
โ€œAm I a friend?โ€.
755
2480960
960
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
41:23
โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
756
2483040
1200
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
41:25
Now, weโ€™re going to talk about โ€œhe isโ€ and โ€œshe isโ€ and how to use them in questions.
757
2485840
7200
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใจใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใใ—ใฆ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใงใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
41:33
So letโ€™s look at the sentence on the board.
758
2493040
2080
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€้ป’ๆฟใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
41:35
โ€œHeโ€™s a doctorโ€.
759
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"ๅฝผใŒๅŒป่€…ใงใ™"ใ€‚
41:38
Orโ€ฆ
760
2498640
720
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏโ€ฆ
41:39
โ€œSheโ€™s a doctorโ€.
761
2499360
1520
ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
41:41
Remember, โ€œheโ€™sโ€ and โ€œsheโ€™sโ€ are contractions for โ€œhe isโ€ and โ€œshe isโ€.
762
2501840
8320
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใจใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใจใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
41:50
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb there is โ€˜isโ€™.
763
2510800
2160
ใใ“ใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œisใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
41:53
So, when we make a question, we have to move the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to the front.
764
2513760
5840
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
41:59
Okay.
765
2519600
320
41:59
So we put โ€˜isโ€™ in the front.
766
2519920
1920
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ“ใงใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
42:02
โ€œIs he a doctor?โ€.
767
2522800
1600
"ๅฝผใฏๅŒปๅธซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
42:05
โ€œIs she a doctor?โ€.
768
2525520
1760
"ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
42:07
Okay.
769
2527920
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
42:08
Very easy.
770
2528480
800
้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใ€‚
42:09
Just put the โ€˜beโ€™ verb in the front.
771
2529280
2240
beๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
42:12
Now I want you to listen to the intonation again.
772
2532400
3440
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
42:16
โ€œHeโ€™s a doctorโ€.
773
2536400
1520
"ๅฝผใŒๅŒป่€…ใงใ™"ใ€‚
42:18
Okay.
774
2538800
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
42:19
The intonation is going down.
775
2539360
1760
ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
42:22
โ€œIs he a doctor?โ€.
776
2542640
1600
"ๅฝผใฏๅŒปๅธซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
42:25
In the question, again, the intonation goes up.
777
2545360
2560
่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
42:28
Okay.
778
2548640
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
42:29
Now when you answer, they are several possible answers you can give.
779
2549440
4480
็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
42:34
Soโ€ฆ
780
2554640
160
ใใ‚Œใงโ€ฆ
42:35
โ€œYes, he isโ€.
781
2555600
1760
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
42:38
Orโ€ฆ
782
2558880
240
ใพใŸใฏโ€ฆ
42:39
โ€œYes, she isโ€.
783
2559680
1760
"ใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
42:42
Okay.
784
2562080
800
42:42
Thatโ€™s easy.
785
2562880
1360
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚Œใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
42:44
When you come to know, this is where it gets a little tricky, but you can do it.
786
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ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ“ใŒๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
42:50
โ€œNo, he isnโ€™tโ€.
787
2570000
1920
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
42:52
Okay, โ€œisnโ€™tโ€ is a contraction for โ€œis notโ€.
788
2572800
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ใ€Œisn'tใ€ใฏใ€Œis notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
42:57
Okay.
789
2577440
880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
42:58
โ€œNo, he isnโ€™tโ€.
790
2578320
1600
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
43:00
Orโ€ฆ
791
2580560
160
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏโ€ฆ
43:01
โ€œNo, she isnโ€™tโ€.
792
2581360
1920
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
43:03
Okay, so you can use โ€œshe isnโ€™tโ€, โ€œhe isnโ€™tโ€.
793
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
43:08
Another answer you can give is โ€œNo, heโ€™s notโ€.
794
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4160
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
43:13
Orโ€ฆ
795
2593840
240
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏโ€ฆ
43:14
โ€œNo, sheโ€™s notโ€.
796
2594640
1760
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
43:17
You already know this is a contraction for โ€˜he isโ€™ and โ€˜she isโ€™.
797
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œhe isใ€ใจใ€Œshe isใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ™ใงใซใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
43:22
So, โ€œNo, heโ€™s notโ€.
798
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1760
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
43:25
โ€œNo, sheโ€™s notโ€.
799
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"ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้•ใ†"ใ€‚
43:27
Okay.
800
2607120
560
43:27
So these are both common.
801
2607680
2320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
43:30
And theyโ€™re both ok to use.
802
2610000
2400
ใใ—ใฆใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
43:32
Okay.
803
2612400
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
43:33
So, remember, we can give twoย  different answers for โ€˜noโ€™.
804
2613200
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
43:38
Alright, now weโ€™re going toย  look at some more examples.
805
2618160
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
43:41
Please make sure you repeat after each example.
806
2621120
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ๅ„ไพ‹ใฎๅพŒใซๅฟ…ใš็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
43:45
โ€œIs heโ€ฆ?โ€, โ€œIs sheโ€ฆ?โ€.
807
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸใ€ใ€‚
43:48
โ€œIs he a man?โ€
808
2628000
800
"็”ทใฎไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
43:50
โ€œYes, he isโ€.
809
2630000
1200
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
43:52
โ€œIs he a cowboy?โ€.
810
2632720
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ซใ‚ฆใƒœใƒผใ‚คใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
43:55
โ€œNo, he isnโ€™t.โ€
811
2635520
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
43:58
โ€œIs she a woman?โ€
812
2638160
880
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
44:00
โ€œYes, she isโ€.
813
2640800
1200
"ใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
44:03
โ€œIs she a cowgirl?โ€.
814
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1200
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ซใ‚ฆใ‚ฌใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
44:06
โ€œNo, sheโ€™s not.
815
2646160
1680
"ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้•ใ†ใ€‚
44:09
Now, weโ€™re going to move on to โ€˜it isโ€™.
816
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3840
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใฎ่ฉฑใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
44:13
Okay.
817
2653520
400
44:13
And how to use that in a question.
818
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2400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚
44:16
So, letโ€™s look at the board.
819
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
44:19
โ€œItโ€™s a dogโ€.
820
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"็Šฌใงใ™"ใ€‚
44:21
Okay, we have the contraction โ€œitโ€™sโ€.
821
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2720
ใ•ใฆใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œit'sใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
44:24
Remember, โ€œitโ€™sโ€ is a contraction for โ€œit isโ€.
822
2664800
4240
ใ€Œit'sใ€ใฏใ€Œit isใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
44:29
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜isโ€™.
823
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1600
ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œisใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
44:32
When we make a question, remember, we have to put the โ€˜beโ€™ verb in the front.
824
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4960
่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
44:38
โ€œIs it a dog?โ€
825
2678800
880
"ใใ‚Œใฃใฆ็Šฌใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
44:40
โ€œIs it a dog?โ€
826
2680880
880
"ใใ‚Œใฃใฆ็Šฌใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
44:42
Okay.
827
2682640
880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
44:43
The intonation goes up for the question.
828
2683520
2960
่ณชๅ•ใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
44:47
โ€œIs it a dog?โ€
829
2687280
880
"ใใ‚Œใฃใฆ็Šฌใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
44:49
Okay.
830
2689280
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
44:50
Now, there are several answers you can give.
831
2690400
2640
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
44:54
The first one is โ€œYes, it isโ€.
832
2694000
2720
ไธ€ใค็›ฎใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
44:58
โ€œYes, it isโ€.
833
2698080
1280
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
45:00
Okay.
834
2700480
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
45:01
When you say โ€œnoโ€, you can give two answers.
835
2701040
3360
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
45:04
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™tโ€.
836
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1360
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
45:07
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™tโ€.
837
2707520
1440
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
45:09
Remember, โ€œisnโ€™tโ€ is a contraction for โ€œis notโ€.
838
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4960
ใ€Œisn'tใ€ใฏใ€Œis notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
45:14
Okay.
839
2714640
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
45:15
We can also say โ€œNo, itโ€™s notโ€.
840
2715840
2560
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
45:19
โ€œNo, itโ€™s notโ€.
841
2719440
1280
"ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใกใŒใ„ใพใ™"ใ€‚
45:21
โ€œItโ€™sโ€ is a contraction for โ€œit isโ€.
842
2721520
2880
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
45:25
Okay.
843
2725120
640
45:25
So again, remember, we have these two answers for โ€˜noโ€™, but theyโ€™re both common and
844
2725760
5360
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒใƒŽใƒผใ€ใซใฏๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
45:31
theyโ€™re both ok to use when you say โ€œnoโ€.
845
2731120
3040
ใ€ŒใƒŽใƒผใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใซใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
45:34
Okay.
846
2734960
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
45:35
Weโ€™re going to look at some more examples.
847
2735520
2080
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
45:37
Please make sure you followย  and repeat after each one.
848
2737600
3040
ๅฟ…ใšใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎๅพŒใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
45:41
โ€œIs itโ€ฆ?โ€.
849
2741840
320
"ใใ‚Œใฏ...ใงใ™ใ‹โ€ฆ๏ผŸ"ใ€‚
45:43
โ€œIs it a book?โ€.
850
2743840
2480
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
45:46
โ€œYes, it isโ€.
851
2746320
1280
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
45:49
โ€œIs it a chair?โ€.
852
2749280
880
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
45:51
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™tโ€.
853
2751840
1280
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
45:54
โ€œIs it a shoe?โ€.
854
2754240
800
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ดใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
45:56
โ€œYes, it isโ€.
855
2756400
1120
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™"ใ€‚
45:59
โ€œIs it a car?โ€.
856
2759200
640
ใ€Œ่ปŠใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
46:01
โ€œNo, itโ€™s notโ€.
857
2761200
1120
"ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใกใŒใ„ใพใ™"ใ€‚
46:04
Now, weโ€™re going to move on to โ€œyou areโ€ and put that in a question.
858
2764240
5680
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใซ็งปใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
46:10
Okay.
859
2770560
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
46:11
On the board the sentence says.
860
2771040
2320
ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซใฏใ“ใ†ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
46:13
โ€œYouโ€™re a boyโ€.
861
2773360
960
ใ€Œๅ›ใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใ ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
46:15
Remember, โ€œyouโ€™reโ€ is a contraction for โ€œyou areโ€.
862
2775120
4080
ใ€Œyou'reใ€ใฏใ€Œyou areใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
46:20
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜areโ€™.
863
2780000
1680
ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œareใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
46:22
So we have to put that inย  the front of the question.
864
2782320
3520
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
46:26
โ€œAre you a boy?โ€
865
2786800
1040
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
46:29
โ€œAre you a boy?โ€
866
2789040
960
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
46:31
Okay.
867
2791120
960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
46:32
When we answer, itโ€™s very simple.
868
2792080
2880
็ญ”ใˆใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
46:34
We can say, โ€œYes, I amโ€ or โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
869
2794960
5280
็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
46:41
Okay.
870
2801120
800
46:41
Weโ€™re going to look at some more examples.
871
2801920
2480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
46:44
Please follow and repeat after each one.
872
2804400
2800
ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎๅพŒใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
46:48
โ€œAre youโ€ฆ?โ€
873
2808560
400
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸ"
46:50
โ€œAre you a Korean?โ€
874
2810640
1120
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
46:53
โ€œYes, I am.โ€
875
2813600
2240
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
46:56
โ€œAre you a clown?โ€
876
2816400
1040
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒ”ใ‚จใƒญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
46:59
โ€œNo, Iโ€™m not.โ€
877
2819040
1200
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
47:02
โ€œAre you a nurse?โ€
878
2822000
960
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็œ‹่ญทๅธซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
47:04
โ€œYes, I am.โ€
879
2824480
1200
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
47:07
โ€œAre you a dancer?โ€
880
2827360
1120
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒ€ใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
47:09
โ€œNo, Iโ€™m not.โ€
881
2829680
1360
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
47:13
Now, letโ€™s talk about โ€œwe areโ€ and how to use that in a question.
882
2833840
5520
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€ŒWe areใ€ใจใใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
47:20
Okay.
883
2840000
720
47:20
So the sentence here says, โ€œWeโ€™re teachersโ€.
884
2840720
3840
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
47:25
Okay.
885
2845280
960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
47:26
โ€œWeโ€™reโ€ is a contraction from โ€œwe areโ€.
886
2846240
3120
ใ€ŒWe'reใ€ใฏใ€Œwe areใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
47:30
So the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™ goes in the front.
887
2850000
3760
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใŒๅ‰ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
47:34
โ€œAre we teachers?โ€
888
2854400
1200
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
47:36
โ€œAre we teachers?โ€
889
2856560
1280
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
47:38
Okay.
890
2858480
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
47:39
When we answer, we can say several things.
891
2859280
3040
็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ“ใจใŒ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
47:42
โ€œYes, we are.โ€
892
2862320
1440
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
47:44
โ€œYes, we are.โ€
893
2864960
1440
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
47:47
Orโ€ฆ
894
2867120
240
ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚โ€ฆ
47:48
โ€œNo, we arenโ€™t.โ€
895
2868160
1600
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
47:50
Listenโ€ฆ โ€œarenโ€™t.โ€
896
2870640
1200
่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„โ€ฆใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
47:52
โ€œNo, we arenโ€™t.โ€
897
2872720
1360
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
47:54
โ€œArenโ€™tโ€ is a contraction for โ€œare notโ€.
898
2874640
3360
ใ€ŒAren'tใ€ใฏใ€Œare notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
47:59
Or we can say, โ€œNo, weโ€™re notโ€.
899
2879200
2800
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
48:03
โ€œNo, weโ€™re notโ€.
900
2883120
1440
"ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“"ใ€‚
48:05
And you know โ€œWeโ€™reโ€ is aย  contraction for โ€œwe areโ€.
901
2885200
4640
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒWe'reใ€ใฏใ€Œwe areใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
48:10
Okay.
902
2890400
640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
48:11
Weโ€™re going to look at some more examples.
903
2891040
1840
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
48:12
Please repeat after each one.
904
2892880
1920
ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎๅพŒใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
48:16
โ€œAre weโ€ฆ?โ€
905
2896080
640
"็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸ"
48:18
โ€œAre we boys?โ€
906
2898000
1840
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
48:20
โ€œYes, we are.โ€
907
2900400
1200
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
48:23
โ€œAre we girls?โ€
908
2903680
960
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
48:26
โ€œNo, we arenโ€™t.โ€
909
2906160
1280
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
48:29
โ€œAre we friends?โ€
910
2909280
1040
"็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
48:31
โ€œYes, we are.โ€
911
2911760
2080
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
48:35
โ€œAre we pro-gamers?โ€
912
2915280
1360
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฒใƒผใƒžใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
48:38
โ€œNo, we arenโ€™t.โ€
913
2918240
1280
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
48:41
Now, weโ€™re moving on to โ€˜they areโ€™ in a question.
914
2921440
3520
ใ•ใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใฎใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
48:46
The sentence on the board says, โ€œTheyโ€™re friendsโ€.
915
2926240
3360
้ป’ๆฟใซใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
48:50
Remember, โ€˜Theyโ€™reโ€™ is aย  contraction for โ€˜they areโ€™.
916
2930560
3840
ใ€ŒThey'reใ€ใฏใ€Œthey areใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
48:55
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™ goes in the front of the question.
917
2935520
4640
ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใฏ่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
49:00
โ€œAre they friends?โ€
918
2940880
960
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
49:02
โ€œAre they friends?โ€
919
2942880
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
49:05
Okay.
920
2945200
720
49:05
Now when we answer, we can say, โ€œYes, they are.โ€
921
2945920
3840
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ไปŠใงใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
49:10
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
922
2950800
1280
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
49:13
Or, we can say, โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
923
2953280
2880
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
49:17
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
924
2957120
1440
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
49:19
โ€˜Arenโ€™tโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜are notโ€™.
925
2959360
3440
ใ€ŒAren'tใ€ใฏใ€Œare notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
49:23
The last thing we can say is โ€œNo, theyโ€™re notโ€.
926
2963920
3280
็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
49:28
โ€œNo, theyโ€™re not.โ€
927
2968320
1520
"ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚"
49:30
โ€˜Theyโ€™reโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜they areโ€™.
928
2970480
2720
ใ€ŒThey'reใ€ใฏใ€Œthey areใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
49:34
These two answers for โ€˜noโ€™ are both correct.
929
2974160
3840
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
49:38
And theyโ€™re both common.
930
2978000
1600
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
49:39
So you can say either one.
931
2979600
2080
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
49:42
Okay.
932
2982320
640
49:42
Weโ€™re going to look at some more examples now.
933
2982960
2480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
49:45
Please repeat after each example.
934
2985440
2240
ๅ„ไพ‹ใฎๅพŒใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
49:49
โ€œAre theyโ€ฆ?โ€
935
2989600
480
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸ"
49:51
โ€œAre they tourists?โ€
936
2991360
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎขใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
49:53
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
937
2993760
1200
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
49:56
โ€œAre they dogs?โ€
938
2996400
1440
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Šฌใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
49:58
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
939
2998640
1280
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
50:01
โ€œAre they computers?โ€
940
3001200
1280
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
50:03
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
941
3003440
1120
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
50:05
โ€œAre they birds?โ€
942
3005760
1120
ใ€Œ้ณฅใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
50:07
โ€œNo, theyโ€™re not.โ€
943
3007680
1200
"ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚"
50:10
Okay.
944
3010960
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
50:12
In this lesson, we learned how to change aย 
945
3012000
2560
ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€
50:14
subjective pronoun and aย  โ€˜beโ€™ verb into a question.
946
3014560
3840
ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจ be ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใซ
50:19
Remember, when youโ€™re making a question, you have to put the โ€˜bโ€™ verb in the beginning.
947
3019040
5440
ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
50:24
Okay.
948
3024480
880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
50:25
Alright, thatโ€™s the end of this video.
949
3025360
1920
ใฏใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
50:27
Thanks for watching.
950
3027280
1200
่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
50:28
Bye.
951
3028480
320
ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
50:38
Okay, so this is a review video.
952
3038720
3360
ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฏใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผๅ‹•็”ปใงใ™ใ€‚
50:42
We learned about subjectiveย  pronouns and โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
953
3042080
4400
ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจbeๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
50:46
We also learned how to use them in a negative sentence and in a question.
954
3046480
5840
ใพใŸใ€ๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ใ‚„็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใงใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
50:52
So, letโ€™s look at the board for review.
955
3052320
2160
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆŽฒ็คบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆๆคœ่จŽใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
50:55
โ€œI am a teacher.โ€
956
3055520
1760
"็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ€‚"
50:58
Remember, โ€˜amโ€™ is the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
957
3058240
2720
ใ€Œamใ€ใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
51:00
โ€œI am a teacher.โ€
958
3060960
1440
"็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ€‚"
51:03
Okay, we also learned contractions: โ€œIโ€™mโ€.
959
3063200
3200
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
51:07
โ€œIโ€™m a teacher.โ€
960
3067040
800
"็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚"
51:08
โ€œIโ€™m a teacher.โ€
961
3068960
1040
"็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚"
51:11
Okay, this is a negative sentence.
962
3071200
2400
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
51:13
โ€œIโ€™m not a teacher.โ€
963
3073600
1280
ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
51:15
โ€œIโ€™m not a teacher.โ€
964
3075600
1280
ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
51:17
Remember, โ€˜notโ€™ goes after the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
965
3077520
4480
ใ€Œnotใ€ใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
51:22
Okay.
966
3082000
480
51:22
And hereโ€™s a question.
967
3082480
1600
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ“ใ“ใง่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
51:24
โ€œAm I a teacher?โ€
968
3084080
1120
"็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
51:26
โ€œAm I a teacher?โ€
969
3086160
1040
"็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
51:27
Remember, the โ€˜beโ€™ verb comes in the front for a question.
970
3087840
3840
ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
51:32
Okay.
971
3092320
640
51:32
Weโ€™re going to listen to some more examples.
972
3092960
2480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
51:35
I want you to repeat after each one.
973
3095440
2320
ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎๅพŒใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
51:38
Okay.
974
3098960
400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
51:39
Letโ€™s look at some examples.
975
3099360
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
51:42
โ€œHe is a king.โ€
976
3102240
1200
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ใ ใ€‚ใ€
51:44
โ€œHe is a king.โ€
977
3104400
1200
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ใ ใ€‚ใ€
51:46
โ€œHeโ€™s a king.โ€
978
3106800
800
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ใ ใ€‚ใ€
51:48
โ€œHeโ€™s a king.โ€
979
3108560
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ใ ใ€‚ใ€
51:50
โ€œHeโ€™s not a king.โ€
980
3110640
1200
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
51:52
โ€œHeโ€™s not a king.โ€
981
3112560
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
51:54
โ€œIs he a king?โ€
982
3114880
880
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ๆง˜ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
51:56
โ€œIs he a king?โ€
983
3116640
800
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ž‹ๆง˜ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
51:58
Next.
984
3118880
400
ๆฌกใ€‚
51:59
โ€œShe is a queen.โ€
985
3119920
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:02
โ€œShe is a queen.โ€
986
3122000
2240
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:04
โ€œSheโ€™s a queen.โ€
987
3124240
960
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:06
โ€œSheโ€™s a queen.โ€
988
3126000
880
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:07
โ€œSheโ€™s not a queen.โ€
989
3127760
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
52:09
โ€œSheโ€™s not a queen.โ€
990
3129680
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
52:11
โ€œIs she a queen?โ€
991
3131920
960
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
52:13
โ€œIs she a queen?โ€
992
3133600
880
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅณ็Ž‹ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
52:16
Next.
993
3136240
400
ๆฌกใ€‚
52:17
โ€œIt is a monkey.โ€
994
3137280
1360
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:19
โ€œIt is a monkey.โ€
995
3139600
1440
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:22
โ€œItโ€™s a monkey.โ€
996
3142080
960
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:23
โ€œItโ€™s a monkey.โ€
997
3143680
960
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:25
โ€œItโ€™s not a monkey.โ€
998
3145440
1280
ใ€Œ็Œฟใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
52:27
โ€œItโ€™s not a monkey.โ€
999
3147440
1200
ใ€Œ็Œฟใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
52:29
โ€œIs it a monkey?โ€
1000
3149680
880
ใ€Œ็Œฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
52:31
โ€œIs it a monkey?โ€
1001
3151360
960
ใ€Œ็Œฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
52:33
Next.
1002
3153760
400
ๆฌกใ€‚
52:34
โ€œYou are a cook.โ€
1003
3154720
1280
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:36
โ€œYou are a cook.โ€
1004
3156800
1360
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
52:39
โ€œYouโ€™re a cook.โ€
1005
3159120
880
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
52:40
โ€œYouโ€™re a cook.โ€
1006
3160640
880
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
52:42
โ€œYouโ€™re not a cook.โ€
1007
3162240
1200
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
52:44
โ€œYouโ€™re not a cook.โ€
1008
3164000
1920
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
52:45
โ€œAre you a cook?โ€
1009
3165920
960
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
52:47
โ€œAre you a cook?โ€
1010
3167680
880
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–™็†ไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
52:50
Next.
1011
3170160
400
ๆฌกใ€‚
52:51
โ€œWe are friends.โ€
1012
3171120
1200
"็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใ€‚"
52:53
โ€œWe are friends.โ€
1013
3173120
1200
"็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใ€‚"
52:55
โ€œWeโ€™re friends.โ€
1014
3175600
1120
"ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๅ‹้”ใ ใ€‚"
52:57
โ€œWeโ€™re friends.โ€
1015
3177520
1120
"ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๅ‹้”ใ ใ€‚"
52:59
โ€œWeโ€™re not friends.โ€
1016
3179520
1920
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
53:01
โ€œWeโ€™re not friends.โ€
1017
3181440
1280
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
53:03
โ€œAre we friends?โ€
1018
3183440
960
"็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
53:05
โ€œAre we friends?โ€
1019
3185440
960
"็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
53:08
And last.
1020
3188560
720
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใ€‚
53:10
โ€œThey are monkeys.โ€
1021
3190320
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
53:12
โ€œThey are monkeys.โ€
1022
3192320
1520
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
53:14
โ€œTheyโ€™re monkeys.โ€
1023
3194640
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใ ใ€‚ใ€
53:16
โ€œTheyโ€™re monkeys.โ€
1024
3196560
1280
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใ ใ€‚ใ€
53:18
โ€œTheyโ€™re not monkeys.โ€
1025
3198400
1760
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
53:20
โ€œTheyโ€™re not monkeys.โ€
1026
3200160
1360
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
53:22
โ€œAre they monkeys?โ€
1027
3202480
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
53:24
โ€œAre they monkeys?โ€
1028
3204160
1120
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
53:27
So that was our review of subjective pronouns,
1029
3207040
3040
ไปฅไธŠใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉž
53:30
โ€˜beโ€™ verbs,
1030
3210720
1200
ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€
53:31
how to use them with โ€˜notโ€™,
1031
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2160
ใ€Œnotใ€ใจใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ€
53:34
and how to use them in questions.
1032
3214080
2160
็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใงใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฎใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
53:36
I really hope that you repeatedย  each example that I gave
1033
3216880
4080
็งใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใŸใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™
53:40
because pronunciation is very important.
1034
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็™บ้Ÿณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅคงๅˆ‡ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
53:44
Now, if you didnโ€™t, you should go back and watch it again and repeat.
1035
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่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
53:48
Okay. Well thatโ€™s all. Thank you.
1036
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
53:51
Bye.
1037
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
54:01
This is a checkup for subjective pronouns and โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
1038
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ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจbeๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚
54:06
Letโ€™s take a look at the board.
1039
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
54:08
The first sentence.
1040
3248880
960
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ€‚
54:10
โ€œ___, are bags.โ€
1041
3250600
2200
ใ€Œ___ใฏใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
54:13
Now, bags are things.
1042
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใฏ็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
54:16
So we canโ€™t say โ€œheโ€ or โ€œsheโ€ or, you know, any of those.
1043
3256000
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
54:20
We have to use โ€œitโ€ or โ€œtheyโ€.
1044
3260240
2800
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
54:23
Now, we have โ€œareโ€ฆ.
1045
3263760
1600
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใฏโ€ฆใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
54:26
bagsโ€.
1046
3266320
720
ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ€ใ€‚
54:27
With an โ€˜sโ€™.
1047
3267040
720
ใ€Œsใ€ไป˜ใใ€‚
54:28
So that means more than one.
1048
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1680
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
54:31
We have to use โ€˜theyโ€™.
1049
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
54:34
โ€œThey are bags.โ€
1050
3274960
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
54:37
Okay.
1051
3277840
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
54:38
The next sentence we have an animal.
1052
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2480
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
54:41
โ€œ____ is a dog.โ€
1053
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1760
ใ€Œ____ใฏ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
54:43
Okay.
1054
3283600
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
54:44
But just one.
1055
3284560
1200
ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไธ€ใคใ ใ‘ใ€‚
54:45
Right? โ€™aโ€™ dog.
1056
3285760
1840
ๅณ๏ผŸ '็Šฌใ€‚
54:47
So this time we use โ€˜itโ€™.
1057
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2000
ใใ“ใงไปŠๅ›žใฏใ€Œitใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
54:50
โ€œIt is a dog.โ€
1058
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"ใใ‚Œใฏ็Šฌใ ใ€‚"
54:53
Now letโ€™s look at these two.
1059
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1520
ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
54:55
โ€œThe girl is an artist.โ€
1060
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2240
ใ€Œใใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏ่Šธ่ก“ๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
54:58
We have โ€˜the girlโ€™.
1061
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1760
็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œใ‚ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใ€ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
55:01
What is the subjective pronoun for one girl?
1062
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ไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ไธป่ฆณ็š„ใชไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
55:06
โ€œShe.โ€
1063
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320
"ๅฝผๅฅณใ€‚"
55:07
โ€œShe is an artist.โ€
1064
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1760
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
55:10
These two sentences have the same meaning.
1065
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3440
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
55:14
Theyโ€™re the same.
1066
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880
ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ ใ€‚
55:16
Okay, and on the bottom, we have a question.
1067
3316240
2640
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
55:19
When we ask a question, we have to put the โ€˜beโ€™ verb first.
1068
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3760
่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
55:24
โ€œAre ___ pandas?โ€
1069
3324320
2080
ใ€Œ__ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใƒ€ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
55:28
โ€œAre ___ pandas?โ€
1070
3328320
2640
ใ€Œ__ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใƒ€ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
55:30
With an โ€˜sโ€™.
1071
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1120
ใ€Œsใ€ไป˜ใใ€‚
55:32
That means more than one.
1072
3332080
1920
ใคใพใ‚Š่ค‡ๆ•ฐใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
55:34
So, we say, โ€œtheyโ€.
1073
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
55:37
โ€œAre they pandas?โ€
1074
3337200
1280
ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใƒ€ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
55:39
โ€œYes, ____ are.โ€
1075
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2720
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€___ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
55:42
Again plural.
1076
3342560
1200
ใพใŸใ—ใฆใ‚‚่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ€‚
55:43
So we just use the same.
1077
3343760
2000
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
55:45
โ€œThey.โ€
1078
3345760
800
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€‚"
55:46
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
1079
3346560
1280
"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
55:48
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1080
3348400
2160
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
55:50
Okay, now weโ€™re going to focus on negatives and questions.
1081
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4640
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใจ่ณชๅ•ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
55:56
Okay, the first sentence says,
1082
3356240
2320
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ
55:58
โ€œIโ€™m a studentโ€.
1083
3358560
1280
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
56:00
Okay, โ€œI amโ€ฆIโ€™m a studentโ€.
1084
3360480
2400
ใฏใ„ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
56:03
Okay.
1085
3363520
640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
56:04
What if Iโ€™m a teacher?
1086
3364160
1760
็งใŒๆ•™ๅธซใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
56:05
Okay, itโ€™s not true.
1087
3365920
1600
ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
56:07
I need โ€˜notโ€™.
1088
3367520
1520
ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
56:09
Rightโ€ฆ
1089
3369040
320
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญโ€ฆ
56:10
Remember, โ€˜notโ€™ goes after the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
1090
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œnotใ€ใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
56:13
โ€œI amโ€ฆam not.โ€
1091
3373040
2800
ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆ้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
56:17
And then the noun. โ€œโ€ฆa student.โ€
1092
3377600
2160
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ่ฉžใ€‚ "โ€ฆๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€‚"
56:20
โ€œIโ€™m not a student.โ€
1093
3380400
1840
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
56:23
Okay.
1094
3383280
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
56:24
โ€œThey are teachers.โ€
1095
3384240
1840
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚"
56:26
Okay.
1096
3386880
960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
56:27
And now we have some other people...
1097
3387840
2000
ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใซใฏไป–ใซใ‚‚ไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใฎไบบใŒใ„ใพใ™...
56:30
and thatโ€™s not true.
1098
3390400
1520
ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
56:32
โ€œThey are not teachers.โ€
1099
3392640
4640
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
56:38
Again, after the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™ and before the noun โ€˜teachersโ€™.
1100
3398240
5760
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ŒTeachersใ€ใฎๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
56:44
โ€œThey are not teachers.โ€
1101
3404000
2160
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
56:47
Okay.
1102
3407120
400
56:47
Now, Iโ€™m going to ask you a question.
1103
3407520
2240
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ณชๅ•ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
56:49
And you have to answer.
1104
3409760
1680
ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ญ”ใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
56:52
โ€œAre you a student?โ€
1105
3412560
1360
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
56:55
โ€œAre you a student?โ€
1106
3415600
2320
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
56:57
Well, youโ€™re taking my class,ย  youโ€™re learning English.
1107
3417920
3680
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
57:01
So, โ€œYes, I am.โ€
1108
3421600
1760
ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
57:04
Okay, you should say, โ€œYes, I am.โ€
1109
3424000
2400
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
57:07
But how about this one?
1110
3427440
1600
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
57:09
โ€œAre you a monkey?โ€
1111
3429040
960
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
57:11
โ€œAre you a monkey?โ€
1112
3431680
880
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Œฟใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
57:13
Of course the answer is โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
1113
3433600
2880
ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
57:17
โ€œNo, Iโ€™m notโ€.
1114
3437440
1280
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
57:19
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the last part.
1115
3439440
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
57:22
Now for this last part, weโ€™re going to look at some sentences,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใฏใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
57:27
but thereโ€™s something wrongย  in all of these sentences.
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ™ในใฆใซไฝ•ใ‹ๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
57:31
So you have to find the mistakes.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
57:34
The first sentence says, โ€œIโ€™m studentโ€.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
57:40
Okay, look, โ€œstudentโ€.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใ€‚
57:42
Thereโ€™s no โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
57:44
That means just one.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€1ใคใ ใ‘ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
57:46
Just one.
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ไธ€ใคใ ใ‘ใ€‚
57:47
So remember, if thereโ€™s justย  one, we have to put โ€˜aโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€1 ใคใ ใ‘ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
57:53
โ€œIโ€™m a student.โ€
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"็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚"
57:56
Letโ€™s look at the next one.
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ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
57:58
โ€œThey are studentโ€.
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"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™"ใ€‚
58:01
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
58:02
This one says, โ€œThey areโ€.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
58:05
This means there is more than one.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
58:08
More than one student.
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็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไบบใ€‚
58:10
So, what do we have to do?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
58:12
We have to say โ€œThey areโ€ฆ.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
58:16
studentsโ€.
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿ"ใ€‚
58:18
We have to put an โ€˜sโ€™ to show thereโ€™s more than one student.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
58:24
โ€œShe arenโ€™t a baby.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
58:28
โ€œShe.โ€
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"ๅฝผๅฅณใ€‚"
58:29
Thatโ€™s one person.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
58:31
One girl or woman.
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ไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใพใŸใฏๅฅณๆ€งใ€‚
58:33
โ€œโ€ฆa baby.โ€
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"โ€ฆ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ€‚"
58:34
Thatโ€™s one person.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
58:37
But we put โ€œarenโ€™tโ€.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
58:39
Now thatโ€™s wrong.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
58:40
We have to say... โ€˜isnโ€™tโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใฏ...ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
58:45
โ€œShe isnโ€™t a babyโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€
58:50
โ€œYou isnโ€™t a catโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Œซใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ€‚
58:53
Now, for the subjective pronoun โ€˜youโ€™,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œyouใ€ใซใฏ
58:56
we have to have the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
59:00
So not โ€œYou isnโ€™t a catโ€,ย  but โ€œYou arenโ€™t... a catโ€.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Œซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ...็Œซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
59:07
โ€œYou arenโ€™t a cat.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Œซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
59:10
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
59:11
โ€œAre it a cat?โ€
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ใ€Œ็Œซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
59:14
Okay. โ€œโ€ฆa cat.โ€
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ "โ€ฆ็Œซใ€‚"
59:16
Thatโ€™s one animal.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€ๅŒนใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
59:18
So, do we need โ€˜areโ€™?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
59:20
No, we need the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
59:24
โ€œIs it a cat?โ€
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ใ€Œ็Œซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
59:27
โ€œIs it a cat?โ€
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ใ€Œ็Œซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
59:29
Okay, so that was the checkup for subjective pronouns and โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
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ไปฅไธŠใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจbeๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
59:33
I hope you guys understood and Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
59:37
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
59:47
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
59:48
In this video, weโ€™re going to learn how toย  make questions using โ€˜whatโ€™ and โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.ย 
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwhatใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
59:55
Okay. Now when we have one thing,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไธ€ใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
59:58
we have to use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
60:01
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
60:05
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
60:08
โ€œIt is a watch.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚่จˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
60:12
โ€œIt is a watch.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚่จˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
60:14
Itโ€™s one thing, so I have to say โ€˜aโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€ใคใฎใ“ใจใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
60:18
โ€œa watch.โ€
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"ใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒƒใƒใ€‚"
60:20
I can also use the contraction for โ€˜it isโ€™,
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใพใ™
60:24
โ€œitโ€™sโ€.
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ใ€‚
60:25
Okay, now listen.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
60:27
โ€œItโ€™s a โ€ฆ.โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏ โ€ฆใ€‚"
60:28
โ€œItโ€™s a โ€ฆ.โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏ โ€ฆใ€‚"
60:30
โ€œItโ€™s a watch.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚่จˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
60:36
โ€œItโ€™s a watch.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚่จˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
60:39
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
60:41
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
60:43
โ€œItโ€™s a marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
60:44
โ€œItโ€™s a marker.โ€
1182
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
60:46
Okay. Now, there are two highlighters.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆใฏ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
60:51
Okay, two.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€2 ใคใ€‚
60:52
We use โ€˜areโ€™.
1185
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒฌใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
60:55
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
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"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
60:57
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1187
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"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
61:00
โ€œThey are highlighters.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
61:04
โ€œThey are highlighters.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
61:07
We have more than one, so we have to say โ€œareโ€.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
61:11
And we have to put an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
61:15
Again, we can use a contraction for โ€˜they areโ€™:
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ‚’็ธฎ็ด„ใ—ใฆ
61:19
โ€œtheyโ€™reโ€.
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720
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใจ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
61:20
โ€œTheyโ€™re highlighters.โ€
1194
3680400
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
61:24
โ€œTheyโ€™re highlighters.โ€
1195
3684080
1360
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
61:29
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1196
3689680
1120
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
61:32
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1197
3692400
1040
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
61:34
โ€œTheyโ€™re markers.โ€
1198
3694880
1120
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
61:36
โ€œTheyโ€™re markers.โ€
1199
3696840
1720
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
61:39
Okay.ย 
1200
3699440
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
61:40
Weโ€™re going to look at some examplesย  and Iโ€™m going to ask some questions.
1201
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹่ณชๅ•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
61:44
We please try to answer them.
1202
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ใœใฒ็ญ”ใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
61:48
Listen carefully and answer with โ€œItโ€™sย 
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ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่žใ„ใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใงใ™ ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใงใ™ใ€
61:51
aโ€ or โ€œTheyโ€™reโ€. Letโ€™s look at the first one.
1204
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ใจ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
61:55
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1205
3715520
560
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
61:57
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1206
3717280
560
61:57
โ€œItโ€™s a key.โ€
1207
3717840
4240
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ตใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:05
โ€œItโ€™s a key.โ€
1208
3725200
640
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ตใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:07
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1209
3727280
720
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
62:11
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1210
3731200
1040
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
62:13
โ€œTheyโ€™re keys.โ€
1211
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้ตใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:18
โ€œTheyโ€™re keys.โ€
1212
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้ตใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:20
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1213
3740800
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
62:24
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1214
3744000
800
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
62:26
โ€œItโ€™s a chair.โ€
1215
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880
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:30
โ€œItโ€™s a chair.โ€
1216
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:32
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1217
3752160
460
62:32
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1218
3752620
20
62:32
โ€œTheyโ€™re chairs.โ€
1219
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3920
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ" ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:37
โ€œTheyโ€™re chairs.โ€
1220
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1120
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
62:43
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1221
3763120
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
62:46
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1222
3766160
2160
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
62:48
โ€œItโ€™s a cat.โ€
1223
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800
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:02
โ€œItโ€™s a cat.โ€
1224
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5052
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:07
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1225
3787292
34
63:07
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1226
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34
63:07
โ€œTheyโ€™re cats.โ€
1227
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553
63:07
โ€œTheyโ€™re cats.โ€
1228
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"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ" "ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:08
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1229
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324
63:08
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1230
3788636
324
63:08
โ€œItโ€™s a house.โ€
1231
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:13
โ€œItโ€™s a house.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:15
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1233
3795600
460
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
63:16
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1234
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20
63:16
โ€œTheyโ€™re houses.โ€
1235
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3280
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ" ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:20
โ€œTheyโ€™re houses.โ€
1236
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:23
Now letโ€™s focus on pronunciation
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€็™บ้Ÿณ ใจ้€Ÿใ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจ
63:26
and saying these fast. Okay.ย 
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ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
63:28
English speakers speak very quickly,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใ่ฉฑใ™
63:31
so you have to practice as well.
1240
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ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
63:34
Okay. โ€œWhat is it?โ€ย 
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ "ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
63:37
Okay, letโ€™s try it faster three times.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€3ๅ›ž้€Ÿใใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
63:40
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1243
3820160
560
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
63:42
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1244
3822720
560
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
63:43
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
1245
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560
63:43
It sounds like one word.
1246
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
ไธ€ใคใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
63:46
Okay, and the answer is also very fast.
1247
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‚้žๅธธใซ้€Ÿใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
63:49
โ€œItโ€™s aโ€ฆโ€
1248
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใงใ™ใ€
63:51
โ€œItโ€™s aโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใงใ™ใ€
63:52
โ€œItโ€™s aโ€ฆโ€
1250
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480
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใงใ™ใ€
63:53
โ€œItโ€™s a pencil.โ€
1251
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3567
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใงใ™ใ€
63:57
โ€œItโ€™s a chair.โ€
1252
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21
63:57
โ€œItโ€™s a marker.โ€
1253
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332
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
63:59
Okay.
1254
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
64:00
When we have more than one,ย  we say, โ€œWhat are they?โ€.
1255
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
64:03
Letโ€™s do it fast three times.
1256
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็ด ๆ—ฉใ3ๅ›žใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
64:05
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1257
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640
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
64:08
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1258
3848560
720
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
64:09
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
1259
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1360
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
64:10
Okay.
1260
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800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
64:11
And when you answer. โ€œTheyโ€™reโ€ฆโ€ย 
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ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€
64:14
โ€œTheyโ€™re pencilsโ€
1262
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960
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใงใ™ใ€
64:16
โ€œTheyโ€™re chairsโ€
1263
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880
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€
64:18
โ€œTheyโ€™re markersโ€
1264
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960
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€
64:20
Okay, so this video was โ€˜whatโ€™ and โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
1265
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏใ€Œwhatใ€ใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
64:25
I hope you understood, andย  Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
64:28
Bye.
1267
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
64:38
Hi, everybody, and welcome.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
64:41
In this video, weโ€™re going to talk about โ€˜thisโ€™ and โ€˜thatโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
64:46
Now โ€˜thisโ€™ and โ€˜thatโ€™ are used to talk about nouns
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็พๅœจใ€ใ€Œthisใ€ใจใ€Œthatใ€ ใฏใ€็งใŸใกใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ๅ่ฉžใ€่ฟ‘ใใพใŸใฏ้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹
64:51
that are close to us, near or far away.
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ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
64:56
Okay.
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64:56
So letโ€™s look at the board.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚ŒใงใฏๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
64:59
โ€œThis is a flower.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
65:02
Okay, we use โ€˜thisโ€™ to talk aboutย  one noun, โ€œa flowerโ€, that is close.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ๅ่ฉžใ€Œ่Šฑใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
65:10
Okay.
1276
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
65:11
โ€œThis is a flower.โ€
1277
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2000
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
65:13
Itโ€™s not far.
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ใใ‚“ใชใซ้ ใใชใ„ใ€‚
65:14
Itโ€™s close.
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่ฟ‘ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚
65:17
โ€œThat is a flower.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
65:19
Okay, we use โ€˜thatโ€™ to talkย  about one noun thatโ€™s far away.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ้ ใ้›ขใ‚ŒใŸ 1 ใคใฎๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
65:26
So, โ€œThatโ€ฆ that is a flowerโ€.
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ใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
65:31
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
65:32
For another exampleโ€ฆ
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆโ€ฆ
65:34
โ€œThis is a marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
65:37
Itโ€™s close to me.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
65:39
But โ€œThatโ€ฆ that is a markerโ€.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œโ€ฆใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ ใ‚ˆใ€
65:44
Itโ€™s far away.
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้ ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
65:46
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
65:49
So we knowโ€ฆ
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ใใ‚Œใง็งใŸใกใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™โ€ฆ
65:50
โ€œThis is a flower.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
65:53
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
65:54
And โ€œThat is a flower... thatโ€.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใ โ€ฆใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€‚
65:59
Now, โ€œIs this a flowerโ€?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
66:02
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
66:03
โ€œItโ€™s a chair.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
66:04
So we have to use the negative.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
66:07
โ€œThis isnโ€™t a flower.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
66:09
Itโ€™s close by, but it isnโ€™t a flower.
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่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
66:14
โ€˜isnโ€™tโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜is notโ€™.
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ใ€Œisn'tใ€ใฏใ€Œis notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
66:18
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
66:19
โ€œThis isnโ€™t a flower.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
66:21
โ€œThis is a chair.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
66:25
โ€œThat isnโ€™t a flower.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
66:27
Itโ€™s far away, so we say โ€œthatโ€.
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้ ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
66:30
Again, we have โ€˜isnโ€™tโ€™, โ€˜a flowerโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œisn'tใ€ใ€ใ€Œa flowersใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
66:33
โ€œThatโ€™s a chair.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
66:36
And letโ€™s take another example.
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
66:39
โ€œThis isnโ€™t a pencil.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
66:42
โ€œThis is a marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
66:44
Andโ€ฆ
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ใใ—ใฆโ€ฆ
66:45
โ€œThat isnโ€™t a pencil.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
66:48
โ€œThat is a marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
66:50
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
66:54
Now weโ€™re going to learn how to use โ€˜thisโ€™ and โ€˜thatโ€™ in a question.
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ๆฌกใซใ€่ณชๅ•ใฎไธญใงใ€Œthisใ€ใจใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
66:59
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
67:00
So we know, โ€œThis is a flowerโ€.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
67:04
When we make a question, we have to switch.
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
67:07
We put the โ€˜beโ€™ verb first.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
67:10
So it becomes, โ€œIs this a flower?โ€.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
67:14
Okay, itโ€™s close by.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
67:16
So the answer is, โ€œYes, it isโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
67:20
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
67:21
โ€œIs that a flower?โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
67:23
Itโ€™s far away.
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้ ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
67:25
The answer is, โ€œYes, it isโ€.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
67:29
Okay, but how about this?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
67:31
โ€œThis isnโ€™t a flower.โ€ So...
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใงโ€ฆ
67:35
โ€œIs this a flower?โ€.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
67:37
The answer is, โ€œNo, it isnโ€™tโ€.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
67:50
โ€œIs that a flower?โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
67:58
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
68:00
Okay, here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€‚
68:02
โ€œIs this a marker?โ€.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
68:03
โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
68:07
โ€œIs that a marker?โ€.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
68:08
โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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68:08
โ€œIs this a pencil?โ€.
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚" ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
68:10
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
68:11
โ€œIs that a pencil?โ€.
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68:11
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
68:12
Okay, so we learned โ€˜thisโ€™ย  and โ€˜thatโ€™ in this video.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
68:17
I hope you guys understand andย  Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
68:20
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
68:30
Hi, everybody and welcome to this video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
68:33
Weโ€™re going to talk about howย  to use โ€˜theseโ€™ and โ€˜thoseโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
68:38
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
68:39
Uhhh, just like we learned with โ€˜thisโ€™ and โ€˜thatโ€™,
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
68:43
we use โ€˜theseโ€™ and โ€˜thoseโ€™ to talkย  about nouns that are close to us
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็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ๅ่ฉž
68:50
or far from us.
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ใ‚„้ ใ„ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
68:52
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
68:53
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
68:56
Now, we know if there is just one,
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
68:59
and itโ€™s close to us,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
69:01
we say, โ€œThis is a flowerโ€.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
69:04
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
69:05
But thereโ€™s more than one.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
69:07
Itโ€™s plural.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚
69:08
So we have to say, โ€œTheseโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
69:11
โ€œThese are flowers.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
69:14
Again, more than one.
1361
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚
69:17
Now, I change the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to โ€˜areโ€™
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ€Œareใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—
69:21
and I added an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of โ€˜flowerโ€™.
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ใ€ใ€Œflowerใ€ใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
69:25
So, โ€œThese are flowers.โ€
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
69:29
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
69:30
Now, thereโ€™s one thatโ€™s far away.
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ใ•ใฆใ€้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
69:33
We say, โ€œThat is a flower.โ€
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
69:37
But, again, thereโ€™s more than one.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
69:39
There are two flowers.
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่ŠฑใŒ๏ผ’ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
69:41
So, in that case, we use, โ€œThose are flowers.โ€
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€ใจไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
69:47
โ€œThose are flowers.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
69:49
Theyโ€™re far away.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้ ใใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
69:51
โ€œThose are flowers.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
69:53
Letโ€™s look at these.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
69:55
โ€œThis is a marker.โ€
1375
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
69:59
โ€œThese are markers.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
70:03
โ€œThat is a marker.โ€
1377
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
70:07
โ€œThose are markers.โ€
1378
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
70:10
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
70:11
Letโ€™s move on to the next part.
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ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
70:14
So we know โ€œThese are flowersโ€.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
70:17
Theyโ€™re close by.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ฟ‘ใใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
70:19
And for the flowers that are far away, we say,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹่Šฑใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€
70:23
โ€œThose are flowersโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
70:25
Okay.
1385
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
70:26
But over here we have โ€˜chairsโ€™.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€Œๆค…ๅญใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
70:29
So, we have to use the negative.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
70:33
Okay.
1388
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70:33
We use the contraction โ€˜arenโ€™tโ€™
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ€Œare notใ€ใ‚’็Ÿญ็ธฎใ—ใŸ
70:36
which is short for โ€˜are notโ€™.
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œaren'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
70:40
โ€œThese arenโ€™t flowers.โ€
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
70:43
โ€œThese arenโ€™t flowers.
1392
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
70:47
Okay, and for the chairs that are far away,
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ใ•ใฆใ€้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆค…ๅญใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€
70:50
we say, โ€œThose arenโ€™t flowersโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
70:57
โ€œThose arenโ€™t flowers.โ€
1395
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70:57
Okay, and letโ€™s try with the markers.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
71:01
โ€œThese arenโ€™t pens.โ€
1397
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
71:06
โ€œThese arenโ€™t pens.โ€
1398
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880
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
71:07
Okay, and far away.
1399
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ใ•ใฆใ€้ ใใพใงใ€‚
71:09
โ€œThose arenโ€™t pens.โ€
1400
4269680
4800
ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
71:14
โ€œThose arenโ€™t pens.โ€
1401
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
71:15
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1402
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
71:18
Okay, now weโ€™re going to make some questions.
1403
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
71:22
We know, โ€œThese are flowersโ€.
1404
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใ ใ€ใจ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
71:26
When you want to make aย  question, you have to change
1405
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ€
71:29
โ€˜these areโ€™ and put the โ€˜beโ€™ verb first.
1406
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ใ€Œthese areใ€ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
71:33
So, it becomes, โ€œAre these flowers?โ€.
1407
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
71:37
โ€œAre these flowers?โ€
1408
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
71:39
And the answer is โ€œYes, they are.โ€
1409
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ใใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
71:43
Okay, now the flowers are far away.
1410
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ใ•ใฆใ€่Šฑใฏใ‚‚ใ†้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
71:46
So we say, โ€œAre those flowers?โ€.
1411
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ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
71:49
โ€œAre those flowers?โ€
1412
4309760
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
71:51
And again, the answer is โ€œYes, they are.โ€
1413
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
71:56
Okay. Now here, we have chairs.
1414
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๆค…ๅญใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
71:59
โ€œAre these flowers?โ€
1415
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
72:02
The answer is โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
1416
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
72:06
Okay, now theyโ€™re far away.
1417
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚‚ใ†้ ใใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
72:09
โ€œAre those flowers?โ€
1418
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
72:11
And again, the answer is โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
1419
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
72:16
How about these? โ€œAre these markers?โ€
1420
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
72:20
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
1421
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
72:21
โ€œAre those markers?โ€
1422
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
72:25
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
1423
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
72:26
โ€œAre these pens?โ€
1424
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
72:31
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
1425
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
72:38
โ€œAre those pens?โ€
1426
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21
72:38
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
1427
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒšใƒณใฏใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
72:39
Okay, so in this video, we learnedย  how to use โ€˜theseโ€™ and โ€˜thoseโ€™.
1428
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
72:44
I hope you guys understand and Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
72:48
Bye.
1430
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
72:58
Letโ€™s do some practice with โ€˜thisโ€™, โ€˜thatโ€™,ย ย 
1431
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
73:01
โ€˜theseโ€™, and โ€˜thoseโ€™. First, I have this pen.
1432
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ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€็งใฏใ“ใฎใƒšใƒณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
73:07
I have to say, โ€œThis is a pen.โ€
1433
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
73:10
โ€œThis is a pen.โ€
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"ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚"
73:13
Okay.
1435
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
73:15
Over there, โ€œThat is a pen.โ€
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ใ‚ใใ“ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
73:18
โ€œThat is a pen.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
73:21
Now, I have two pens.
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ไปŠใ€็งใฏใƒšใƒณใ‚’2ๆœฌๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
73:24
โ€œThese are pens.โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
73:27
โ€œThese are pens.โ€
1440
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
73:30
Okay, Iโ€™m going to move them far away.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’้ ใใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
73:33
โ€œThose are pens.โ€
1442
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
73:35
โ€œThose are pens.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
73:38
Okay, letโ€™s move on to questions.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
73:42
I have one pen.
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็งใฏใƒšใƒณใ‚’1ๆœฌๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
73:45
โ€œIs this a pen?โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
73:51
โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
73:54
โ€œIs this a cookie?โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
74:03
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
74:04
โ€œIs that a pen?โ€
1450
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20
74:04
โ€œYes, it is.โ€
1451
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ "ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
74:05
โ€œIs that a cookie?โ€
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74:05
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
74:06
Okay, two pens.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใƒšใƒณใŒ 2 ๆœฌใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
74:08
โ€œAre these pens?โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
74:11
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
74:13
โ€œAre these cookies?โ€
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
74:16
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
74:19
Okay, now theyโ€™re over here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
74:22
โ€œAre those pens?โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒšใƒณใฏใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
74:24
Yes, they are?โ€
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™๏ผŸ"
74:26
โ€œAre those cookies?โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
74:29
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
74:31
Okay, so that was our practice
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
74:33
for โ€˜thisโ€™, โ€˜thatโ€™, โ€˜theseโ€™, and โ€˜thoseโ€™.
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ใŒใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฎ ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใ—ใŸ
74:36
I hope you guys understood andย  Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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ใ€‚ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
74:40
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
74:50
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
74:52
In this video, weโ€™re going toย  learn about possessive adjectives.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
74:56
We use possessive adjectives to show that something belongs to me,
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็งใŸใกใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
75:02
or something belongs to someone else.
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ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไป–ใฎไบบใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
75:05
I own something or someone owns something.
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ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
75:09
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
75:10
So letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใฏๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
75:12
Now last time we learned about subjective pronouns
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ๅ›žใฏไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸ
75:16
and here they are.
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ใŒใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
75:18
โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ€‚
75:24
And here are the possessive adjectives.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใซๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
75:28
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
75:29
โ€˜Myโ€™.
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'็งใฎ'ใ€‚
75:30
We use โ€˜myโ€™ to show that something belongs to me.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œmyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
75:34
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
75:35
โ€˜Hisโ€™.
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'ๅฝผใฎ'ใ€‚
75:36
This means that something belongs to one man or one boy.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไธ€ไบบใฎ็”ทๆ€งใพใŸใฏไธ€ไบบใฎๅฐ‘ๅนดใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
75:42
โ€˜Herโ€™.
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'ๅฝผๅฅณ'ใ€‚
75:43
We use that to show something belongs to one woman or one girl.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณๆ€งใพใŸใฏไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
75:51
โ€˜Itsโ€™.
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'ใใฎ'ใ€‚
75:52
We use โ€˜itsโ€™ to show that something belongs to an animal.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅ‹•็‰ฉใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œitใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
75:58
We use โ€˜yourโ€™ to show thatย  something belongs to you.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œyourใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
76:03
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
76:05
โ€˜Ourโ€™.
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'็งใŸใกใฎ'ใ€‚
76:06
โ€˜Ourโ€™ means that something belongs to me and you or me and somebody else.
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎใ€ใจใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใพใŸใฏ็งใจไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
76:13
Okay, or me and other people.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็งใจไป–ใฎไบบใŸใกใ€‚
76:16
Okay, and last.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
76:18
We use โ€˜theirโ€™ to show that something belongs to many people.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅคšใใฎไบบใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œtheirใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
76:23
Okay, not me, but many people.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็งใงใฏใชใใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
76:26
Okay, now I want you to payย  attention to three special words.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง 3 ใคใฎ็‰นๅˆฅใชๅ˜่ชžใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
76:31
โ€˜Itsโ€™, โ€˜yourโ€™ and โ€˜theirโ€™.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ€ใ€‚
76:34
Now I want you to notice these words sound like other words.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒไป–ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
76:38
So you have to be carefulย  not to get them confused.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
76:42
And Iโ€™m going to explain.
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ใใ—ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
76:45
โ€˜Itsโ€™ sounds like the contraction for โ€˜it isโ€™; โ€˜itโ€™sโ€™.
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ใ€ŒItsใ€ใฏใ€Œit isใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ 'ใใฎ'ใ€‚
76:51
Okay, so, donโ€™t get that confused.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใงใฏใ€ๆททไนฑใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
76:54
โ€˜Yourโ€™ sounds like the contraction for โ€˜you areโ€™ โ€˜youโ€™reโ€™.
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ใ€ŒYourใ€ใฏใ€Œyou areใ€ใ€Œyou'reใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
77:00
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
77:01
So make sure you use this one to show possession.
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4160
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆจฉใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…ใšใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
77:05
Okay.
1507
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720
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
77:06
And the last word, โ€˜theirโ€™, it actually sounds like two other words.
1508
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅˆฅใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
77:12
The contraction for โ€˜they areโ€™ โ€˜theyโ€™reโ€™
1509
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€
77:15
or the word t-h-e-r-e, theย  other word โ€˜thereโ€™. Okay.
1510
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ใพใŸใฏ there ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชž 'there'ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
77:21
So please donโ€™t get those confused.
1511
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
77:25
Now I know all of this sounds very hard,
1512
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆ้žๅธธใซ้›ฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
77:28
but if you practice with me,ย  Iโ€™m sure youโ€™ll understand.
1513
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ใŒใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใฃใจ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
77:31
So letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1514
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
77:34
Okay, letโ€™s practice together.
1515
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
77:37
Now, here I have a marker.
1516
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
77:40
It belongs to me.
1517
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
77:41
So, I have to say, โ€œThis is my marker.โ€
1518
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4000
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
77:46
โ€œThis isnโ€™t your marker.โ€
1519
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็›ฎๅฐใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
77:49
โ€œThis is my marker.โ€
1520
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎ็›ฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
77:52
Okay, letโ€™s look at this boy.
1521
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅฐ‘ๅนดใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
77:55
He has a hat.
1522
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ๅฝผใฏๅธฝๅญใ‚’ใ‹ใถใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
77:57
So, I have to say, โ€œThis is his hat.โ€
1523
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎๅธฝๅญใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
78:01
โ€œThis is his hat.โ€
1524
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎๅธฝๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
78:03
โ€œThis isnโ€™t my hat.โ€
1525
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎๅธฝๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
78:06
โ€œThis isnโ€™t your hat.โ€
1526
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅธฝๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
78:09
Okay.
1527
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
78:10
And this girl has a dress.
1528
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’็€ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
78:12
So, โ€œThis is her dress.โ€
1529
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
78:15
โ€œThis is her dress.โ€
1530
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
78:17
โ€œThis isnโ€™t my dress.โ€
1531
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
78:19
โ€œThis isnโ€™t your dress.โ€
1532
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
78:23
Okay, in this picture thereโ€™s an animal; a dogโ€ฆand it has a ball.
1533
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใซใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚็Šฌโ€ฆใใ—ใฆใƒœใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
78:29
I have to say, โ€œThis is its ball.โ€
1534
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
78:34
โ€œThis is its ball.โ€
1535
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
78:37
โ€œThis isnโ€™t my ball.โ€
1536
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
78:39
and โ€œThis isnโ€™t your ball.โ€
1537
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
78:42
Now, in this picture, we have two people.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใซใฏไบŒไบบใฎไบบใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
78:46
Okay, and they both own this house.
1539
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบŒไบบใจใ‚‚ใ“ใฎๅฎถใฎๆ‰€ๆœ‰่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚
78:49
So, โ€œThis is their house.โ€
1540
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅฎถใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
78:53
โ€œThis is their house.โ€
1541
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ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
78:56
Okay, now a little bit farther away, we have three books.
1542
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—้›ขใ‚ŒใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใซๆœฌใŒ 3 ๅ†Šใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
79:01
Okay.
1543
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880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
79:02
And this boy and girl have the books here.
1544
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎๅฐ‘ๅนดใจๅฐ‘ๅฅณใฏใ“ใ“ใซๆœฌใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
79:07
So, we have to say โ€œthoseโ€.
1545
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
79:09
And because we have more than one,
1546
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
79:12
we have to use โ€˜areโ€™.
1547
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ใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
79:13
Okay.
1548
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480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
79:15
โ€œThose are their books.โ€
1549
4755040
7520
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
79:24
โ€œThose are their books.โ€
1550
4764160
483
79:24
โ€œThose arenโ€™t my books.โ€
1551
4764643
1917
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎๆœฌใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
79:27
โ€œThose arenโ€™t your books.โ€
1552
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2160
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆœฌใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
79:30
Okay.
1553
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880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
79:31
And the last one.
1554
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1520
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
79:33
Hereโ€™s the county Korea.
1555
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2080
ใ“ใ“ใŒ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ็œŒใงใ™ใ€‚
79:35
Okay, we all live here.
1556
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2160
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ็š†ใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
79:37
So we say, โ€œThis is our country.โ€
1557
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ“ใ“ใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅ›ฝใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
79:41
โ€œThis is our country.โ€
1558
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ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅ›ฝใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
79:44
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the nextย  part for some more practice.
1559
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
79:50
Here are some practice sentences.
1560
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2400
ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
79:53
Weโ€™re going to put possessiveย  adjectives on these lines.
1561
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4800
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒใซๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
79:58
Okay.
1562
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880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
79:59
So, letโ€™s try together.
1563
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2320
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
80:01
โ€œI put candy in ____ mouth.โ€
1564
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4400
ใ€Œ___ใฎๅฃใซใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
80:06
Okay, this is a mouth.
1565
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฃใงใ™ใ€‚
80:08
โ€œI put candy in โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€
1566
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3120
ใ€ŒใŠ่“ๅญใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒโ€ฆโ€ฆใ€
80:11
What should we put?
1567
4811120
960
ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
80:13
โ€œmy mouth.โ€
1568
4813760
880
"็งใฎๅฃใ€‚"
80:16
Okay, next.
1569
4816000
2000
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใ€‚
80:18
โ€œJohn.โ€
1570
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480
ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€‚ใ€
80:19
John is one man or boy.
1571
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏไธ€ไบบใฎ็”ทๆ€งใพใŸใฏๅฐ‘ๅนดใงใ™ใ€‚
80:22
โ€œJohn lost ____ bag.โ€
1572
4822320
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏ___ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ใชใใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
80:25
Okay, for one man or boy, we say, โ€œhisโ€.
1573
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ไธ€ไบบใฎ็”ทๆ€งใ‚„ๅฐ‘ๅนดใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ€Œๅฝผใฎใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
80:31
โ€œJohn lost his bag.โ€
1574
4831520
2240
ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏใ‚ซใƒใƒณใ‚’ใชใใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
80:34
Okay, โ€œThe parentsโ€ฆโ€
1575
4834720
2240
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใฏโ€ฆใ€
80:36
Thatโ€™s more than one person. Thatโ€™s two people.
1576
4836960
3280
ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ2ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
80:40
So, โ€œThe parents love ____ baby.โ€
1577
4840240
3280
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใฏ___ใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
80:44
We have to putโ€ฆ
1578
4844320
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็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆ
80:50
โ€œtheirโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
80:51
โ€œThe parents love their baby.โ€
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ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
80:55
Okay. And here, โ€œThe dogโ€ฆโ€
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏโ€ฆใ€
80:58
Okay, โ€˜the dogโ€™ is an animal.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใ€ใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
81:00
So, โ€œThe dog eats ____ food.โ€
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏ___ใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
81:05
What do we put?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
81:07
We have to say, โ€œitsโ€.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
81:10
โ€œThe dog eats its food.โ€
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏ้คŒใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
81:13
Okay, letโ€™s look at some more examples.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
81:18
Letโ€™s continue.
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็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
81:20
โ€œ_____ names are Paul and Sam.โ€
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ใ€Œ_____ใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใƒใƒผใƒซใจใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
81:23
Okay, we have two people, Paul, and Sam.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใƒใƒผใƒซใจใ‚ตใƒ ใจใ„ใ† 2 ไบบใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
81:26
And the plural names.
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ใใ—ใฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅใ€‚
81:28
So we have to say, โ€œTheirโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
81:34
โ€œTheir names are Paul and Sam.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใƒใƒผใƒซใจใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
81:37
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
81:38
โ€œCan I use ____ phone?โ€
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ใ€Œ___้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
81:42
Okay, Iโ€™m asking you.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
81:44
So I have to say, โ€œCan I useโ€ฆ your phone?โ€
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
81:51
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
81:52
And the next one. โ€œ_____ make-up looks good.โ€
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ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ_____ใฎใƒกใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏใ„ใ„ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
81:56
Whose make-up? Well, usuallyย  girls or women wear make-up.
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่ชฐใฎใƒกใ‚คใ‚ฏ?ใ•ใฆใ€้€šๅธธใ€ๅฅณใฎๅญใ‚„ๅฅณๆ€งใฏๅŒ–็ฒงใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
82:02
So, Iโ€™m going to say,
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ใใ“ใงใ€
82:06
โ€œHer make-up looks good.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎใƒกใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใญใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚
82:09
Okay, andโ€ฆ
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆโ€ฆ
82:11
โ€œ_____ videos are helpful to you.โ€
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ใ€Œ_____ ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
82:14
Okay, these are the videos that we make. Right?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒไฝœใฃใŸใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ™ใ€‚ๅณ๏ผŸ
82:17
We teach English in these videos.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
82:20
So, the answer is โ€œourโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
82:24
โ€œOur videos are helpful to you.โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
82:27
Or we sure hope they are.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใŸใกใฏ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
82:29
Okay, so in this video, we learnedย  how to use possessive adjectives.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
82:34
Donโ€™t forget you have toย  put a noun after each one.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎๅพŒใซๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
82:39
I hope you understand, and I hope to see you in the next video.
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ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
82:42
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
82:52
Hi, everybody and welcome.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
82:55
In this video, weโ€™re going to learn about possessive pronouns.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
82:59
Okay.
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82:59
And we use possessive pronouns to show that something belongs to us
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใŸใกใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็งใŸใกใฎๆ‰€ๆœ‰็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
83:04
or something is owned by us.
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ใ€‚
83:07
Okay, or someone else.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎไบบใ€‚
83:09
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
83:12
Now, last time we learnedย  about subjective pronouns.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ๅ›žใฏไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
83:16
And here they are.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
83:18
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
83:19
And in another video, we talkedย  about possessive adjectives.
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ๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
83:24
And here they are.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
83:25
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
83:26
And over here are the possessive pronouns that weโ€™re going to talk about in this video.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
83:32
Now, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are the same.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
83:37
They show possession.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆจฉใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
83:39
Which means, I own something.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
83:41
Something belongs to meโ€ฆor to someone else.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใฏ็งใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
83:45
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
83:46
The only difference is that theyโ€™re used a little differently.
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ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใŒๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
83:51
For possessive adjectives, you have to put a noun after.
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ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅพŒใ‚ใซๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
83:56
Okay.
1635
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83:56
โ€œMy dog.โ€
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
"ใ†ใกใฎ็Šฌใ€‚"
83:58
Okay.
1637
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83:58
But for possessive pronouns, you donโ€™t have to put a noun after it.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅพŒใ‚ใซๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
84:04
Okay, you can just say โ€œmineโ€.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
84:06
Okay.
1640
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
84:07
So letโ€™s go through each one.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
84:10
โ€œMy"
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ใ€Œ็งใฎใ€
84:11
"Mineโ€
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ใ€Œ็งใฎใ€
84:13
Okay.
1644
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
84:14
And this is the same.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
84:15
โ€œHis"
1646
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฎใ€
84:16
"Hisโ€
1647
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฎใ€
84:18
Okay.
1648
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84:18
For โ€˜herโ€™, we say โ€œhersโ€.
1649
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ€Œhersใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
84:21
We add an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
84:23
โ€œHersโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ€
84:24
โ€œIts"
1652
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€
84:25
"Itsโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€
84:27
Again, itโ€™s the same.
1654
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ใพใŸๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
84:29
โ€œYour"
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ€
84:31
"Yoursโ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ€
84:32
We have to put an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
84:33
โ€œYoursโ€
1658
5073360
560
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€
84:35
โ€œOur"
1659
5075120
320
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€
84:36
"Oursโ€ and โ€œTheir"
1660
5076240
2560
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใจใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ€
84:39
"Theirsโ€
1661
5079520
560
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ€
84:40
Okay, again, I know that this can be really confusing, but letโ€™s practice some more.
1662
5080880
5120
ใ•ใฆใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
84:46
Okay.
1663
5086000
480
84:46
And letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1664
5086480
1800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
84:48
Okay, letโ€™s practice together.
1665
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2600
ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
84:50
Now, โ€œThis is my marker.โ€
1666
5090880
2320
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
84:54
But with possessive pronouns, you do not have to put a noun after.
1667
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5440
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅพŒใ‚ใซๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
84:59
Okay, so I can say, โ€œThis is mine.โ€
1668
5099440
2880
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
85:03
โ€œThis isnโ€™t yours.โ€
1669
5103040
1920
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
85:04
โ€œThis is mine.โ€
1670
5104960
960
"ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚"
85:06
Okay, letโ€™s look at the board.
1671
5106560
1360
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆŽฒ็คบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
85:08
This boy has a hat.
1672
5108480
1840
ใ“ใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใฏๅธฝๅญใ‚’ใ‹ใถใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
85:10
So we say, โ€œThis is his.โ€
1673
5110320
2480
ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
85:15
โ€œThis isnโ€™t mine.โ€
1674
5115440
746
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
85:16
โ€œThis isnโ€™t yours.โ€
1675
5116186
533
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
85:17
โ€œThis is his.โ€
1676
5117280
1200
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
85:20
The girl has a dress.
1677
5120000
1520
ๅฅณใฎๅญใฏใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’็€ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
85:22
โ€œThis is hers.โ€
1678
5122320
1360
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
85:26
โ€œThis isnโ€™t mine.โ€
1679
5126160
747
85:26
โ€œThis isnโ€™t yours.โ€
1680
5126907
1093
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
85:28
โ€œThis is hers.โ€
1681
5128000
1040
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
85:29
Okay.
1682
5129840
240
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
85:30
Now with โ€˜itsโ€™, itโ€™s kind of different.
1683
5130640
3520
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œitsใ€ใงใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
85:34
Okay.
1684
5134160
640
85:34
You still have to put a noun,
1685
5134800
2560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
85:37
so you canโ€™t say, โ€œThis is its.โ€
1686
5137360
2480
ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
85:40
You have to say, โ€œThis is its ball.โ€
1687
5140400
2560
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
85:43
Again, โ€œThis is its ball.โ€
1688
5143760
2240
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
85:48
โ€œThis isnโ€™t mine.โ€
1689
5148240
667
85:48
โ€œThis isnโ€™t yours.โ€
1690
5148907
1093
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
85:50
โ€œThis is its ball.โ€
1691
5150000
1360
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
85:52
Okay.
1692
5152160
800
85:52
Now we have two people who have a house.
1693
5152960
2160
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ไปŠใ€ๅฎถใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏไบŒไบบใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
85:55
โ€œThis is theirs.โ€
1694
5155840
1360
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:00
โ€œThis isnโ€™t mine.โ€
1695
5160080
746
86:00
โ€œThis isnโ€™t yours.โ€
1696
5160826
613
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
86:02
โ€œThis is theirs.โ€
1697
5162000
1040
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:04
Okay.
1698
5164080
640
86:04
Now over here, we have some books and weโ€™re going to say that they belong to these two people.
1699
5164720
5840
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ๅ†Šใ‹ใฎๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฎไบŒไบบใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
86:10
Okay.
1700
5170560
720
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
86:11
So weโ€™re going to use the plural โ€˜beโ€™ verb; โ€˜areโ€™.
1701
5171280
3440
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ 'ใฏ'ใ€‚
86:15
Okay.
1702
5175280
240
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
86:16
โ€œThese are theirs.โ€
1703
5176320
2400
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:19
โ€œThese arenโ€™t mine.โ€
1704
5179760
4560
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
86:24
โ€œThese arenโ€™t yours.โ€
1705
5184880
640
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
86:25
โ€œThese are theirs.โ€
1706
5185520
1120
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:27
Okay.
1707
5187600
720
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
86:28
And last, we have a picture of Korea.
1708
5188320
3200
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใฎๅ†™็œŸใงใ™ใ€‚
86:31
Okay.
1709
5191520
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
86:32
โ€œThis is ours.โ€
1710
5192560
1760
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:35
โ€œThis is ours.โ€
1711
5195200
1520
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:37
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1712
5197440
2240
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
86:41
Okay, letโ€™s look at these examples.
1713
5201760
2720
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
86:44
We have to put in some possessive pronouns.
1714
5204480
3280
ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
86:47
Okay.
1715
5207760
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
86:48
โ€œThat lipstick is _____.โ€
1716
5208640
2960
ใ€Œใใฎๅฃ็ด…ใฏ_____ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
86:51
Okay, well we have the noun โ€˜lipstickโ€™ and usually a girl or woman wears lipstick,
1717
5211600
6640
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œlipstickใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้€šๅธธใ€ๅฅณใฎๅญใพใŸใฏๅฅณๆ€งใฏๅฃ็ด…ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
86:58
so weโ€™re going to use the possessive pronoun โ€˜hersโ€™.
1718
5218240
6000
ใฎใงใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œhersใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
87:04
Okay.
1719
5224240
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
87:05
โ€œThat lipstick is hers.โ€
1720
5225120
2480
ใ€Œใใฎๅฃ็ด…ใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
87:08
Okay.
1721
5228400
720
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
87:09
The next sentence.
1722
5229120
1040
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ€‚
87:10
โ€œThat sports car is _____.โ€
1723
5230720
3120
ใ€Œใ‚ใฎใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใ‚ซใƒผใฏ_____ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
87:13
Okay.
1724
5233840
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
87:14
Again, usually a man will drive a sports car.
1725
5234960
4720
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็”ทๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚
87:19
So, we can say, โ€œThat sports car is his.โ€
1726
5239680
8080
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฎใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใ‚ซใƒผใฏๅฝผใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
87:28
Okay.
1727
5248800
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
87:29
Now, letโ€™s look at these last two.
1728
5249600
2240
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
87:32
โ€œThis money is mine, not yours.โ€
1729
5252640
3680
ใ€Œใ“ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
87:37
โ€œThis money is mine; it belongs to me.โ€
1730
5257200
2720
ใ€Œใ“ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚"
87:40
โ€œIt doesnโ€™t belong to you.โ€
1731
5260720
1600
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
87:43
Not yours.
1732
5263120
960
ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
87:44
Okay.
1733
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
87:45
And the last one.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
87:46
โ€œDokdo is ours.โ€
1735
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ใ€Œ็‹ฌๅณถใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
87:48
Itโ€™s Koreas.
1736
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใงใ™ใ€‚
87:49
Rightโ€ฆ
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240
ใใ†โ€ฆ
87:50
โ€œNot theirs.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
87:52
Not Japanโ€™s.
1739
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ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
87:54
โ€œIt belongs to us.โ€
1740
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
87:55
So we say, โ€œItโ€™s ours.โ€
1741
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ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
87:58
Okay, so in this video, weย  learned possessive pronouns.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
88:02
I hope you understand, and Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
88:06
Bye.
1744
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€
88:15
This is a checkup for โ€˜thisโ€™,ย  โ€˜thatโ€™, โ€˜theseโ€™, โ€˜thoseโ€™,
1745
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ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉž
88:20
possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns.
1746
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ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ ใ€‚
88:24
Okay.
1747
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
88:25
Now here, I want you to focus on โ€˜thisโ€™, โ€˜thatโ€™, โ€˜theseโ€™, and โ€˜thoseโ€™.
1748
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
88:32
Okay, so hereโ€™s the first example.
1749
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
88:35
We have a dog.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
88:37
One dog.
1751
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ไธ€ๅŒนใฎ็Šฌใ€‚
88:39
So we have to use โ€˜thisโ€™ or โ€˜thatโ€™.
1752
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œthisใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
88:43
Okay.
1753
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
88:44
If itโ€™s close, I say, โ€œThis is a dog.โ€
1754
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่ฟ‘ใใซใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
88:48
If itโ€™s far away, I say, โ€œThat is a dog.โ€
1755
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้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
88:54
So, Iโ€™m going to write โ€˜thisโ€™.
1756
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚
88:58
Okay.
1757
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
88:59
The next one says, โ€œโ€ฆare balloons.โ€
1758
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œโ€ฆใฏ้ขจ่ˆนใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
89:04
โ€œโ€ฆare balloons.โ€ With an โ€˜sโ€™.
1759
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ใ€Œโ€ฆ้ขจ่ˆนใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œsใ€ไป˜ใใ€‚
89:07
Thereโ€™s more than one.
1760
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
89:08
So can we use โ€˜thisโ€™ or โ€˜thatโ€™?
1761
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œthisใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
89:12
No.
1762
5352240
240
ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€
89:13
We have to use โ€˜theseโ€™ or โ€˜thoseโ€™.
1763
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2960
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
89:16
So, if itโ€™s close, I say โ€œThese are balloons.โ€
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ขจ่ˆนใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
89:22
If they are far, โ€œThose are balloons.โ€
1765
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้ ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ้ขจ่ˆนใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
89:26
Okay.
1766
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
89:27
So letโ€™s write โ€˜thoseโ€™.
1767
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจๆ›ธใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
89:31
โ€œThose are balloons.โ€
1768
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ้ขจ่ˆนใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
89:34
Okay.
1769
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
89:35
Now when we ask the question,
1770
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ใ•ใฆ ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†
89:38
โ€œAre these pens?โ€
1771
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
89:40
we have more than one.
1772
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
89:43
โ€œThese pens.โ€ With an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œsใ€ไป˜ใใ€‚
89:46
Okay.
1774
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
89:47
I can put two answers here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ 2 ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
89:51
โ€œNo, ___ arenโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€__ใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
89:59
I can say โ€œNo, these arenโ€™t.โ€
1777
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
90:00
Orโ€ฆ I can say โ€œNo, they..."ย  more than one "... they arenโ€™t.โ€
1778
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ใพใŸใฏโ€ฆใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œโ€ฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ›ž่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
90:07
Okay.
1779
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
90:08
The next one. โ€œThese ____ eyes.โ€
1780
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4160
ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใฎ___ใฎ็›ฎใ€‚ใ€
90:13
We need a โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
1781
5413760
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
90:16
Okay.
1782
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320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
90:17
Thereโ€™s more than one, right.
1783
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚
90:19
There are two eyes.
1784
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็›ฎใฏไบŒใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
90:20
So, โ€œThese are eyes.โ€
1785
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
90:25
Okay.
1786
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
90:26
And here โ€œโ€ฆis a nose.โ€
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œโ€ฆใฏ้ผปใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
90:30
One.
1788
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320
1ใคใ€‚
90:32
A nose.
1789
5432000
800
90:32
And itโ€™s close.
1790
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้ผปใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏ่ฟ‘ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
90:34
So, I have to say, โ€œThis is a nose.โ€
1791
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ผปใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
90:40
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1792
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
90:44
Weโ€™re going to do some more checkup.
1793
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆคœๆŸปใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
90:46
Now here, I want you to focus on possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
1794
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
90:53
Letโ€™s look at the first example.
1795
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
90:55
โ€œThese are my pen.โ€
1796
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
90:58
Okay.
1797
5458960
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
91:00
We have โ€˜theseโ€ฆareโ€™.
1798
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3200
็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰โ€ฆใฏใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
91:04
This means we need more than one.
1799
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
91:07
Rightโ€ฆ
1800
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720
ใใ†โ€ฆ
91:08
More than one pen.
1801
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ใƒšใƒณใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
91:09
So, we have to put โ€˜sโ€™.
1802
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
91:12
โ€œThese are my pens.โ€
1803
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
91:15
Okay.
1804
5475360
960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
91:16
Letโ€™s look at these two together.
1805
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ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
91:19
โ€œThose arenโ€™t her children.โ€
1806
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅญไพ›ใŸใกใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
91:23
Okay.
1807
5483680
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
91:24
So we can also say, โ€œThose arenโ€™t ____.โ€
1808
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4200
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ___ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
91:29
What do we put?
1809
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
91:30
โ€œโ€ฆ her children.โ€
1810
5490440
1960
ใ€Œโ€ฆๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅญไพ›ใŸใกใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
91:33
We can always say, โ€œThose arenโ€™t hers.โ€
1811
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็งใŸใกใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
91:37
Okay.
1812
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960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
91:38
We donโ€™t need a noun here.
1813
5498560
1920
ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅ่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
91:41
We do need a noun over here, though.
1814
5501040
3120
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
91:44
Okay.
1815
5504160
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
91:45
Then, โ€œIs it yours?โ€
1816
5505600
2160
ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
91:48
โ€œIs it yours?โ€
1817
5508880
800
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็‰ฉใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
91:50
โ€œYes, itโ€™s _____.โ€
1818
5510560
2120
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€_____ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
91:53
Thereโ€™s no noun.
1819
5513200
1280
ๅ่ฉžใŒใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
91:54
We have to sayโ€ฆ
1820
5514480
3360
็งใŸใกใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“โ€ฆ
91:58
โ€œmineโ€.
1821
5518720
480
ใ€Œ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใ€‚
92:00
โ€œIs it yours?โ€
1822
5520000
800
"ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็‰ฉใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
92:01
โ€œYes, itโ€™s mine.โ€
1823
5521440
1280
"ใฏใ„ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚"
92:03
Okay.
1824
5523920
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
92:04
And the last twoโ€ฆ
1825
5524720
1040
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใฏโ€ฆ
92:05
โ€ _____ these his shoes?โ€
1826
5525760
3760
ใ€Œ_____ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎ้ดใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
92:10
We need a โ€˜beโ€™ verb here.
1827
5530640
1840
ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
92:12
โ€ _____ these his shoes?โ€
1828
5532480
2320
ใ€Œ_____ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎ้ดใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
92:15
We have โ€˜theseโ€™, and we have โ€˜shoesโ€™ with an โ€˜sโ€™.
1829
5535520
4160
็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ—ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใฎไป˜ใ„ใŸใ€Œ้ดใ€ใ‚‚ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
92:19
So we need the plural โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
1830
5539680
2720
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
92:24
โ€œAreโ€. โ€œAre these his shoes?โ€
1831
5544720
2560
"ใฏ"ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎ้ดใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
92:28
Okay.
1832
5548080
720
92:28
And the answer. โ€œNo, theyโ€ฆโ€
1833
5548800
2400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใ€‚ ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€
92:32
Plural.
1834
5552560
480
่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ€‚
92:34
โ€œโ€ฆare.โ€
1835
5554720
240
"โ€ฆใฏใ€‚"
92:35
We have โ€˜noโ€™. โ€œNo, they arenโ€™tโ€
1836
5555920
3920
็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
92:40
Okay.
1837
5560800
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
92:41
โ€œAre not, arenโ€™tโ€.
1838
5561360
1280
ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
92:43
Okay.
1839
5563360
640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
92:44
Letโ€™s move on to the next part.
1840
5564000
1760
ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
92:47
For this last part, weโ€™re going to look at these sentences.
1841
5567120
3440
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
92:51
But theyโ€™re all wrong.
1842
5571200
2240
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
92:53
They all have mistakes.
1843
5573440
2000
ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏ็š†้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
92:55
So you have to find the mistakes for me.
1844
5575440
3120
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
92:59
Okay.
1845
5579360
880
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
93:00
So, the first one says, โ€œThat are chairs.โ€
1846
5580240
3840
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
93:04
Hmmmm, we know thatโ€™s wrong.
1847
5584600
2120
ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
93:07
โ€˜Thatโ€™ is used for singular nouns.
1848
5587520
3600
ใ€ŒThatใ€ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
93:11
One.
1849
5591120
320
1ใคใ€‚
93:12
But it says โ€œareโ€ and it says โ€œchairsโ€ with an โ€˜sโ€™.
1850
5592320
4960
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œchairsใ€ใจใ€Œsใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
93:18
So, we have to change this word.
1851
5598000
4320
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
93:22
We can say, โ€œThese are chairs.โ€
1852
5602320
4800
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
93:27
or โ€œThose are chairs.โ€
1853
5607120
2240
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
93:30
Okay.
1854
5610320
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
93:31
โ€œThis book is my.โ€
1855
5611600
1840
ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏ็งใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
93:34
Hmm.
1856
5614600
1000
ใตใƒผใ‚€ใ€‚
93:35
We have the possessive pronoun โ€˜myโ€™.
1857
5615600
2480
ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œmyใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
93:38
But remember, you have to have a noun after,
1858
5618960
4000
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅพŒใ‚ใซๅ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
93:42
but thereโ€™s no noun.
1859
5622960
1440
ใŒใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
93:45
So, we can change this to theย  possessive adjective โ€˜mineโ€™.
1860
5625280
6160
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œmineใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
93:52
Okay.
1861
5632160
720
93:52
You donโ€™t need a noun if you say โ€˜mineโ€™.
1862
5632880
2960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ€Œ็งใฎใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐๅ่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
93:57
Okay.
1863
5637360
400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
93:58
โ€œThat is he house.โ€
1864
5638480
2160
ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใฎๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
94:02
Hmm.
1865
5642120
1000
ใตใƒผใ‚€ใ€‚
94:03
We want to show that this house belongs to this man or boy.
1866
5643120
6160
็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅฎถใŒใ“ใฎ็”ทๆ€งใพใŸใฏๅฐ‘ๅนดใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
94:09
โ€œThat is he house.โ€
1867
5649280
1520
ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใฎๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
94:11
But this word โ€˜heโ€™, does not show possession.
1868
5651440
4160
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆจฉใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
94:17
Okay.
1869
5657200
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
94:18
So, we say, โ€œThis is his house.โ€
1870
5658000
4080
ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใŒๅฝผใฎๅฎถใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
94:22
โ€˜Hisโ€™, then the noun โ€˜houseโ€™.
1871
5662800
2480
ใ€Œๅฝผใฎใ€ใ€ๆฌกใซๅ่ฉžใ€Œๅฎถใ€ใ€‚
94:27
Similarly, for the next one.
1872
5667360
2000
ๆฌกๅ›žใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€‚
94:29
โ€œShe name is Jenny.โ€
1873
5669920
1920
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
94:32
We want to show that this name belongs to Jenny.
1874
5672880
4000
ใ“ใฎๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
94:37
So, we sayโ€ฆ
1875
5677680
1200
ใคใพใ‚Šโ€ฆ
94:41
โ€œherโ€.
1876
5681200
240
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
94:42
โ€œHer name is Jenny.โ€
1877
5682640
3280
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
94:45
Okay, and the last one is also similar.
1878
5685920
2960
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
94:49
โ€œItโ€™s ours house.โ€
1879
5689520
1920
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
94:52
Now, if we donโ€™t have โ€˜houseโ€™, โ€œItโ€™s ours.โ€
1880
5692560
3280
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใซใ€Œๅฎถใ€ใŒใชใ„ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
94:56
We can say that.
1881
5696400
1520
ใใ†่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
94:57
But since we have a noun, โ€ฆ
1882
5697920
3520
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
95:01
we use the possessive pronoun,
1883
5701440
2800
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€Ž็งใŸใกใฎใ€ๅฎถใงใ™ใ€
95:04
โ€œItโ€™s โ€˜ourโ€™ house.โ€
1884
5704240
1760
ใจใ„ใ†ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™
95:06
Okay.
1885
5706880
880
ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
95:07
That was the checkup for possessiveย  pronouns, possessive adjectives,
1886
5707760
5200
ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
95:12
โ€˜thisโ€™, โ€˜thatโ€™, โ€˜theseโ€™, and โ€˜thoseโ€™.
1887
5712960
2400
ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
95:15
I hope you understood, and Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
1888
5715360
3200
ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
95:18
Bye.
1889
5718560
9680
ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
95:28
Hi, everybody.
1890
5728240
1440
ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
95:29
In this video, weโ€™re going to talk about the articles; โ€˜aโ€™, โ€˜anโ€™ and โ€˜theโ€™.
1891
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6320
ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œaใ€ใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใ€ใ€Œtheใ€ใ€‚
95:36
Now this can be very confusing, so please make sure you pay careful attention.
1892
5736880
5360
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๆททไนฑใ‚’ๆ‹›ใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅๅˆ†ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
95:43
We use articles in front of nouns.
1893
5743200
3680
ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๅ† ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
95:46
Okay, so remember that andย  letโ€™s look at the board.
1894
5746880
3120
ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
95:51
First, we use โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ when weโ€™re talking about any one thing.
1895
5751440
5840
ใพใšใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‹ 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
95:58
For example, letโ€™s say Iย  say, โ€œA banana is delicious.โ€
1896
5758320
5920
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
96:04
Okay, that means all bananas.
1897
5764240
2560
ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
96:06
Any banana is delicious.
1898
5766800
3040
ใฉใฎใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ‚‚็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
96:09
โ€œA banana is delicious.โ€
1899
5769840
2240
ใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
96:12
Okay, letโ€™s jump over here.
1900
5772800
2560
ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ้ฃ›ใณ็งปใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
96:15
If Iโ€™m talking about a specific bananaโ€ฆ
1901
5775360
3200
ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชใƒใƒŠใƒŠใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใˆใฐโ€ฆ
96:18
maybe I have a banana in my hand.
1902
5778560
2080
ๆ‰‹ใซใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
96:21
Itโ€™s specific, not any banana, this one.
1903
5781440
3120
ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใƒใƒŠใƒŠใงใฏใชใใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
96:25
I have to use โ€˜theโ€™,
1904
5785520
1600
ใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏๅคใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใง
96:28
โ€œThe banana is old.โ€
1905
5788240
2160
ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
96:31
Okay. This one.
1906
5791440
1360
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
96:33
I canโ€™t say, โ€œA banana is old.โ€
1907
5793600
3440
ใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏๅคใ„ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
96:37
Then that means all bananas are old.
1908
5797040
2720
ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏใ™ในใฆๅคใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
96:39
And thatโ€™s not true. Just this one.
1909
5799760
2960
ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใ€‚
96:42
So, I say, โ€œThe banana is old.โ€
1910
5802720
2800
ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏๅคใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
96:46
Okay, letโ€™s move over here.
1911
5806480
1840
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
96:48
We also use โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ when weโ€™re talking about something for the first time.
1912
5808880
5920
ๅˆใ‚ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
96:55
So, I have another example here.
1913
5815840
1920
ใใ“ใงใ€ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
96:58
โ€œI watched a movie.โ€
1914
5818320
2080
"็งใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚"
97:01
Okay.
1915
5821040
800
97:01
Iโ€™m talking about this movie for the first time, so I have to use โ€œโ€ฆa movieโ€.
1916
5821840
6640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๅˆใ‚ใฆใ“ใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œโ€ฆๆ˜ ็”ปใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
97:09
But, if I want to talk about this movie again,
1917
5829920
3360
ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€
97:13
for the second time, or theย  third time or fourth, fifthโ€ฆ
1918
5833280
4560
2ๅ›ž็›ฎใงใ‚‚ใ€3ๅ›ž็›ฎใงใ‚‚ใ€4ๅ›ž็›ฎใงใ‚‚ใ€5ๅ›ž็›ฎใงใ‚‚โ€ฆ
97:17
it doesnโ€™t matter.
1919
5837840
880
ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
97:19
I have to use โ€˜theโ€™.
1920
5839280
1680
ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
97:22
โ€œThe movie was fun.โ€
1921
5842160
2240
ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
97:25
Iโ€™m talking about this one. The specific.
1922
5845040
2480
็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชใ€‚
97:28
โ€œThe movie was fun.โ€
1923
5848240
2000
ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
97:31
I canโ€™t say, โ€œA movie was fun.โ€
1924
5851280
3120
ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใฏ้ข็™ฝใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
97:34
That means all movies are fun.
1925
5854400
2080
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใฉใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
97:36
Thatโ€™s not true.
1926
5856480
800
ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
97:38
โ€œThe movie was fun.โ€
1927
5858080
1680
ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
97:41
Okay, and I also use โ€˜theโ€™
1928
5861200
2720
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็ง
97:43
when Iโ€™m talking about a nounย  where thereโ€™s only one and only.
1929
5863920
3920
ใฏ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ใ—ใ‹ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚‚ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
97:48
Okay.
1930
5868480
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
97:49
For example, thereโ€™s only one sun.
1931
5869280
3440
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅคช้™ฝใฏไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
97:52
Okay, when I look at theย  sky, thereโ€™s only one sun.
1932
5872720
3600
ใ•ใฆใ€็ฉบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจๅคช้™ฝใŒไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
97:56
So, I say, โ€œThe sun.โ€
1933
5876320
1840
ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€Œๅคช้™ฝใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
97:59
โ€œThe sun is hot.โ€
1934
5879040
1680
"ๅคช้™ฝใฏ็†ฑใ„ใ€‚"
98:00
I cannot say, โ€œA sun.โ€
1935
5880720
2240
ใ€Œๅคช้™ฝใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
98:02
Thatโ€™s wrong.
1936
5882960
1200
ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
98:04
When thereโ€™s one and only, we say, โ€œThe sun.โ€
1937
5884160
3440
ๅ”ฏไธ€็„กไบŒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅคช้™ฝใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
98:08
Okay.
1938
5888320
640
98:08
Letโ€™s look at some more examples.
1939
5888960
1600
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
98:11
The first example says, โ€œA lion is dangerous.โ€
1940
5891520
4320
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใฏๅฑ้™บใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
98:16
I have to use โ€˜aโ€™ because Iโ€™mย  talking about any one lion.
1941
5896640
4960
็งใฏ 1 ้ ญใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
98:21
Any lion is dangerous.
1942
5901600
1840
ใฉใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚‚ๅฑ้™บใงใ™ใ€‚
98:24
All lions are dangerous.
1943
5904000
2320
ใ™ในใฆใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใฏๅฑ้™บใงใ™ใ€‚
98:26
So, I use โ€˜aโ€™.
1944
5906320
1520
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
98:29
The next sentence says, โ€œItโ€™s a dog.โ€
1945
5909040
3200
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
98:33
Iโ€™m talking about this dog for the first time, so I use โ€˜aโ€™.
1946
5913200
6080
ๅˆใ‚ใฆใ“ใฎ็Šฌใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
98:40
Now, Iโ€™m talking about thisย  dog for the second time.
1947
5920720
4400
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็Šฌใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏไบŒๅ›ž็›ฎใงใ™ใ€‚
98:45
So, I say, โ€œThe dog is cute.โ€
1948
5925120
3440
ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€Œ็Šฌใฏใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
98:49
Okay.
1949
5929760
640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
98:50
Hereโ€™s a similar example.
1950
5930400
1840
ๅŒๆง˜ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
98:52
โ€œItโ€™s an ant.โ€
1951
5932880
1200
ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ ใ‚ˆใ€
98:55
Well, I used โ€˜anโ€™ because we have โ€˜antโ€™, which start with a vowel.
1952
5935040
5360
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€ๆฏ้Ÿณใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใ€Œantใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
99:00
And Iโ€™m talking about this ant for the first time.
1953
5940400
3760
ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏๅˆใ‚ใฆใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒชใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
99:05
โ€œItโ€™s an ant.โ€
1954
5945120
1120
ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ ใ‚ˆใ€
99:07
Now, Iโ€™m talking about this ant again.
1955
5947120
2800
ใ•ใฆใ€ใพใŸใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒชใฎ่ฉฑใงใ™ใ€‚
99:10
โ€œThe ant is small.โ€
1956
5950800
2000
ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใฏๅฐใ•ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
99:14
โ€œThe antโ€ฆโ€, this one, โ€œโ€ฆis small.โ€
1957
5954080
2880
ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใฏโ€ฆใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œโ€ฆๅฐใ•ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€
99:18
Okay, and the last one.
1958
5958240
1760
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
99:20
โ€œItโ€™s the moon.โ€
1959
5960000
1440
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
99:22
I have to say, โ€œthe moonโ€ย  because thereโ€™s only one moon.
1960
5962160
4160
ๆœˆใฏไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๆœˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
99:27
I cannot say, โ€œa moonโ€.
1961
5967360
1760
ใ€Œๆœˆใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
99:30
โ€œItโ€™s the moon.
1962
5970560
1040
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœˆใงใ™ใ€‚
99:32
The moonโ€ฆโ€, only one, โ€œโ€ฆis round.โ€
1963
5972240
3760
ๆœˆใฏโ€ฆใ€ใ€ใŸใ ไธ€ใคใ€ใ€Œโ€ฆใฏไธธใ„ใ€ใ€‚
99:37
Okay.
1964
5977200
640
99:37
Letโ€™s look at some more examples.
1965
5977840
2000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
99:42
Okay, we have some more examples,
1966
5982000
2480
ไป–ใซใ‚‚ไพ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
99:44
but this time I want you to think aboutย  whether we should put โ€˜aโ€™, โ€˜anโ€™ or โ€˜theโ€™.
1967
5984480
6320
ใŒใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฏใ€Œaใ€ใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œtheใ€ใฎใฉใ‚Œใ‚’็ฝฎใในใใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
99:51
Okay.
1968
5991760
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
99:52
So, โ€œI see ____ desk and ___ chair.โ€
1969
5992800
3680
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œโ—‹โ—‹ๆœบใจโ—‹โ—‹ๆค…ๅญใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
99:57
We donโ€™t know which desk and chair.
1970
5997600
3120
ใฉใฎๆœบใจๆค…ๅญใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
100:00
And itโ€™s the first time Iโ€™m talking about them.
1971
6000720
3200
ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏๅˆใ‚ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
100:04
So, we have to put โ€˜aโ€™.
1972
6004480
3360
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
100:08
โ€œI see a desk and a chair.โ€
1973
6008800
4240
ใ€Œๆœบใจๆค…ๅญใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
100:14
The next one.
1974
6014560
1120
ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
100:15
โ€œI see ____ octopus.โ€
1975
6015680
1920
ใ€Œโ—‹โ—‹ใ‚ฟใ‚ณใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
100:18
Okay, this is the same.
1976
6018160
2320
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
100:20
Itโ€™s the first time Iโ€™mย  talking about this octopus.
1977
6020480
4080
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚ณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏๅˆใ‚ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
100:25
So, do I put โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™?
1978
6025120
2560
ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹๏ผŸ
100:28
Well here we have the vowel โ€˜oโ€™.
1979
6028720
2400
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œoใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
100:31
So we have to put โ€œโ€˜anโ€™ octopusโ€.
1980
6031760
2960
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ€Œanใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚ณใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
100:35
โ€œI see an octopus.โ€
1981
6035360
2080
ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
100:38
Okay, the next one.
1982
6038560
2080
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚
100:40
โ€œItโ€™s ___ pen.โ€
1983
6040640
1040
ใ€Œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
100:42
Okay, itโ€™s the same.
1984
6042640
1600
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
100:44
Itโ€™s the first time, so I say, โ€œa penโ€.
1985
6044240
3040
ๅˆใ‚ใฆใชใฎใงใ€Œใƒšใƒณใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
100:48
Now, Iโ€™m talking about theย  pen for the second time.
1986
6048400
3520
ใ•ใฆใ€ไบŒๅบฆ็›ฎใฎใƒšใƒณใฎ่ฉฑใงใ™ใ€‚
100:52
So I say, โ€œThe pen is red.โ€
1987
6052640
5200
ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€Œใƒšใƒณใฏ่ตคใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
100:58
Okay, Iโ€™m talking about this one.
1988
6058560
2080
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
101:00
So I say, โ€œtheโ€.
1989
6060640
960
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œใใฎใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
101:02
Okay, similarlyโ€ฆ
1990
6062560
1760
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๅŒๆง˜ใซโ€ฆ
101:04
โ€œShe is ____ girl.โ€
1991
6064320
2000
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ___ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
101:07
What do I say?
1992
6067200
880
ไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
101:09
โ€œa girl.โ€
1993
6069760
1120
"ๅฅณใฎๅญใ€‚"
101:10
Weโ€™re talking about her for the first time.
1994
6070880
2560
ๅฝผๅฅณใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆใ‚ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
101:14
Okay.
1995
6074240
480
101:14
And now weโ€™re talking about this girl again, for the second time.
1996
6074720
4400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅ†ใณใ“ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ไบŒๅบฆ็›ฎใงใ™ใ€‚
101:19
So, I have to say, โ€œThe girl is pretty.โ€
1997
6079120
4320
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
101:24
And the last example.
1998
6084880
1440
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใ€‚
101:27
โ€œI can see ___ sky.โ€
1999
6087040
2240
ใ€Œ__ใฎ็ฉบใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
101:30
Now, we only have one sky.
2000
6090560
2160
ไปŠใ€็ฉบใฏไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
101:33
Rightโ€ฆ
2001
6093280
560
101:33
So, if thereโ€™s only one and only, we have to put the article โ€˜theโ€™.
2002
6093840
5120
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญโ€ฆ
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
101:39
โ€œI can see the sky.โ€
2003
6099920
2480
ใ€Œ็ฉบใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
101:43
Okay.
2004
6103840
720
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
101:44
So in this video, we talked about the articles โ€˜aโ€™, โ€˜anโ€™ and โ€˜theโ€™.
2005
6104560
5520
ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œaใ€ใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใ€ใ€Œtheใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
101:50
I hope you understand, andย  Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
2006
6110080
3200
ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
101:53
Bye.
2007
6113280
6560
ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
102:03
Hi, everybody.
2008
6123120
1360
ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
102:04
In this video, weโ€™re going to talk about the prepositions: in, on and under.
2009
6124480
6240
ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž inใ€onใ€under ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
102:11
Now, we use prepositions toย  show โ€˜whereโ€™ something is.
2010
6131440
3760
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ€Œใฉใ“ใซใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
102:15
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
2011
6135840
1760
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
102:18
Okay, now in this picture, we have a cat.
2012
6138560
4080
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใซใฏ็ŒซใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
102:22
Okay, and weโ€™re talking about this specific cat, so we have to say, โ€œthe catโ€.
2013
6142640
5520
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Œซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ็Œซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
102:28
Okay. โ€œโ€ฆis in the box.โ€
2014
6148160
3120
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆ็ฎฑใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
102:31
Okay.
2015
6151280
560
102:31
The preposition is โ€˜inโ€™.
2016
6151840
1520
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏใ€Œinใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
102:34
โ€œHeโ€™s โ€˜inโ€™ the box.โ€ โ€œโ€ฆโ€™inโ€™ the box.โ€
2017
6154000
4000
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็ฎฑใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ "โ€ฆ'็ฎฑใฎไธญใ€‚"
102:39
Okay.
2018
6159280
320
102:39
And the next one.
2019
6159600
1120
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚
102:40
โ€œThe cat is onโ€ฆโ€
2020
6160720
2640
ใ€Œ็ŒซใฏไธŠใซใ„ใพใ™โ€ฆใ€
102:43
The preposition โ€˜onโ€™โ€ฆ โ€œthe chairโ€.
2021
6163360
2400
ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€ŒไธŠใ€โ€ฆใ€Œๆค…ๅญใ€ใ€‚
102:46
โ€œHeโ€™s on the chair.โ€
2022
6166320
1920
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆค…ๅญใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
102:49
Okay.
2023
6169600
400
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
102:50
And the next one.
2024
6170000
1200
ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚
102:51
โ€œThe cat is โ€˜underโ€™โ€ฆ
2025
6171200
2320
ใ€Œ็Œซใฏใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎใ€Žไธ‹ใ€ใซใ„ใพใ™โ€ฆ
102:54
โ€™underโ€™ the table.โ€
2026
6174880
1360
ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎใ€Žไธ‹ใ€ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
102:57
โ€œโ€ฆโ€™underโ€™ the table.โ€
2027
6177200
1520
"โ€ฆ'ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธ‹ใซใ€‚"
102:59
Okay.
2028
6179840
960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
103:00
Letโ€™s look at the next one.
2029
6180800
1360
ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
103:02
Now we have plural nouns.
2030
6182720
2080
ใ“ใ‚Œใง่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ่ฉžใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
103:05
โ€œThe apples โ€˜areโ€™โ€ฆโ€
2031
6185360
1920
ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏใ€Žใงใ™ใ€โ€ฆใ€
103:08
Okay. โ€œโ€ฆin the box.โ€
2032
6188000
1840
ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ "โ€ฆ็ฎฑใฎไธญใ€‚"
103:10
Again, the apples are โ€œโ€ฆโ€™inโ€™ the box.โ€
2033
6190480
2800
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏใ€Œ็ฎฑใฎไธญใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
103:14
Okay.
2034
6194240
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
103:15
Next, โ€œThe apples are โ€˜onโ€™ the chair.โ€
2035
6195120
3600
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏๆค…ๅญใฎใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
103:20
And last.
2036
6200240
1040
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใ€‚
103:21
โ€œThe apples are โ€˜underโ€™โ€ฆ.โ€™underโ€™ the table.โ€
2037
6201280
4400
ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎใ€Žไธ‹ใ€ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™โ€ฆใ€‚ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎใ€Žไธ‹ใ€ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
103:26
Okay, letโ€™s look at some more examples.
2038
6206880
2280
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
103:29
Okay, letโ€™s look at some pictures to help us understand the prepositions:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
103:34
in, on, and under.
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inใ€onใ€under ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
103:36
Iโ€™m going to ask you some questions.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹่ณชๅ•ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
103:38
I want you to think aboutย  which one you should use.
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ใฉใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ในใใ‹่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
103:42
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
103:44
โ€œWhere is the dog?โ€
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
103:48
โ€œWhere is the dog?โ€
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
103:52
โ€œThe dog is โ€˜inโ€™ the doghouse.
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏ็Šฌๅฐๅฑ‹ใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
103:58
You should use the preposition โ€˜inโ€™.
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œinใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
104:00
โ€œThe dog is โ€˜inโ€™ the doghouse.
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏ็Šฌๅฐๅฑ‹ใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
104:05
โ€œWhere is the man?โ€
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ใ€Œใใฎ็”ทใฏใฉใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
104:09
โ€œWhere is the man?โ€
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ใ€Œใใฎ็”ทใฏใฉใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
104:18
โ€œThe man is โ€˜underโ€™ the umbrella.โ€
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ใ€Œใใฎ็”ทใฏๅ‚˜ใฎใ€Žไธ‹ใ€ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
104:21
โ€œThe man is โ€˜underโ€™ the umbrella.โ€
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ใ€Œใใฎ็”ทใฏๅ‚˜ใฎใ€Žไธ‹ใ€ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
104:22
And last.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใ€‚
104:24
โ€œWhere are the girls?โ€
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"ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ๅ‡ฆใซ๏ผŸ"
104:28
โ€œWhere are the girls?โ€
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"ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ๅ‡ฆใซ๏ผŸ"
104:31
โ€œThe girls are โ€˜onโ€™ the bridge.โ€
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ใ€ŒๅฅณใฎๅญใŸใกใฏๆฉ‹ใฎไธŠใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
104:36
โ€œThe girls are โ€˜onโ€™ the bridge.โ€
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ใ€ŒๅฅณใฎๅญใŸใกใฏๆฉ‹ใฎไธŠใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
104:40
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
104:41
Letโ€™s look at some more examples.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
104:44
Now, weโ€™re going to practice asking and answering questions using: in, on and under.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€inใ€onใ€under ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใจๅ›ž็ญ”ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
104:52
First, letโ€™s take a look at this picture.
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ใพใšใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
104:55
Here we have a rabbit, a chairย  and one, two, three snakes.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใ€ๆค…ๅญใ€ใใ—ใฆ1ใ€2ใ€3ๅŒนใฎใƒ˜ใƒ“ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
105:03
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
105:04
So, I will ask a question using in, on or under.
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ใใ“ใงใ€inใ€onใ€underใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
105:10
I want you to think.
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่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
105:12
Is the answer, โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
105:15
or โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
105:17
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
105:18
Letโ€™s start with the rabbit.
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ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
105:21
โ€œIs the rabbit under the chair?โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฏๆค…ๅญใฎไธ‹ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
105:28
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
105:32
โ€œIs the rabbit in the chair?โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฏๆค…ๅญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
105:38
โ€œNo, it isnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
105:41
โ€œIs the rabbit on the chair?โ€ โ€œโ€ฆon the chair?โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฏๆค…ๅญใฎไธŠใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ "โ€ฆๆค…ๅญใฎไธŠใซ๏ผŸ"
105:47
โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
105:50
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
105:51
Now, weโ€™re going to move on to the snakes.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่›‡ใฎ่ฉฑใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
105:55
Now, there areโ€ฆthere are more than one, right, so itโ€™s plural, so we say,
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ใ•ใฆใ€There areโ€ฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใญใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใชใฎใง
105:59
โ€œAre the snakesโ€ฆโ€ with an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œ่›‡ใฏโ€ฆใ€ใจ s ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
106:03
Okay.
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106:03
So again, think.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
106:04
Is the answer, โ€œYes, they are.โ€
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
106:07
or โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
106:11
โ€œAre the snakes in the chair?โ€
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ใ€Œ่›‡ใŒๆค…ๅญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
106:18
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
2085
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
106:21
โ€œAre the snakes on the chair?โ€
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ใ€Œ่›‡ใŒๆค…ๅญใฎไธŠใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
106:28
โ€œNo, they arenโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
106:32
โ€œAre the snakes under the chair?โ€
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ใ€Œๆค…ๅญใฎไธ‹ใซใƒ˜ใƒ“ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
106:36
โ€œYes, they are.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
106:39
Okay, how did you do?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
106:41
I hope you guys understand how to use theย 
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™
106:44
prepositions; in, on and underย  after watching this video.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๅพŒใฏใ€ไธŠใ€ไธŠใ€ไธ‹ใงใ€‚
106:49
Thanks for joining and Iโ€™ll see you next time.
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ใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
106:51
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
107:01
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
107:02
In this video, weโ€™re goingย  to talk about adjectives.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
107:06
Now, we use adjectives toย  describe nouns or things.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚„็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
107:11
Okay, we can describe its size, its color, its shape or other things like that.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚บใ€่‰ฒใ€ๅฝข็Šถใชใฉใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
107:19
Okay.
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107:19
So letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚ŒใงใฏๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
107:22
The first noun weโ€™re going to use is โ€˜markerโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
107:25
โ€œItโ€™s a marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
107:27
Now, I want to use an adjectiveย  to describe the color.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่‰ฒใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
107:32
I'm going to say, โ€œItโ€™s a โ€˜blackโ€™ marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€Ž้ป’ใ€ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
107:37
โ€˜Blackโ€™ is the adjective.
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ใ€Œ้ป’ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
107:39
Now notice, I have to put the adjective after the article โ€˜aโ€™, but before the noun โ€˜markerโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œaใ€ใฎๅพŒใ‚ใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€Œmarkerใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
107:49
โ€œItโ€™s a black marker.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ป’ใ„ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
107:52
Now, I can use anotherย  adjective to describe its size.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใฎๅคงใใ•ใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๅˆฅใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
107:56
โ€œItโ€™s a long marker.โ€
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ใ€Œ้•ทใ„ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
107:59
Okay.
2110
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
108:00
Letโ€™s try the next one.
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ๆฌกใ‚‚่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
108:01
Here we have a bird.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ้ณฅใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
108:03
So, โ€œItโ€™s a bird.โ€
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ณฅใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
108:06
Okay.
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108:06
I want to use another adjectiveย  to describe the color.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
่‰ฒใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅˆฅใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
108:11
So, Iโ€™m going to say, โ€œItโ€™s a blue bird.โ€
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ้’ใ„้ณฅใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
108:15
Again, you have to put the adjective after the article, before the noun.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅ† ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใ‚ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
108:22
I can also describe its size.
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ใใฎๅคงใใ•ใ‚‚่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
108:24
โ€œItโ€™s a small bird.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฐ้ณฅใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
108:27
โ€˜Smallโ€™ is another adjective.
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ใ€Œๅฐใ•ใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
108:31
Now, at the last part, we have some apples.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
108:35
Three apples.
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใŒ 3 ๅ€‹ใ€‚
108:36
Okay, remember, when we have more than one noun, itโ€™s called a plural noun.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
108:42
So, we have to say, โ€œTheyโ€™re apples.โ€, with an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
108:48
โ€œTheyโ€™re apples.โ€
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108:48
I want to use the adjective โ€˜redโ€™ to describe the color of these apples.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฎ่‰ฒใ‚’่กจใ™ใฎใซใ€Œ่ตคใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
108:54
So, Iโ€™m going to say, โ€œTheyโ€™re red apples.โ€
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ่ตคใ„ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
108:59
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
109:00
Here, thereโ€™s no article.
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ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
109:02
Thereโ€™s no โ€˜aโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
109:03
Thatโ€™s because thereโ€™s more than one.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
109:06
โ€œTheyโ€™re red apples.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ่ตคใ„ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
109:08
So, I just have to put the adjective before the noun that itโ€™s describing.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
109:14
โ€œTheyโ€™re red apples.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ่ตคใ„ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
109:16
Okay, letโ€™s move on to some more examples.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
109:21
Okay. Now weโ€™re going toย  practice asking and answeringย 
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ณชๅ•
109:25
questions using adjectives.
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ใซ็ญ”ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
109:28
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
109:29
So, we have a man here.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ็”ทใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
109:32
I want to ask, โ€œIs he a small man?โ€
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅฐๆŸ„ใชไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่žใใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
109:36
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
109:37
We have the adjective โ€˜smallโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฐใ•ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
109:40
Notice, even in a question,
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่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€
109:43
we have to put the adjective afterย  the article and before the noun.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅ† ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
109:49
โ€œIs he a small man?โ€
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅฐๆŸ„ใชไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
109:51
Well, letโ€™s take a look at this picture.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
109:55
The answer is, โ€œNo, heโ€™s a _____ man.โ€
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏ _____ ใฎ็”ทใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
110:00
We need another adjective.
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ๅˆฅใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
110:02
Heโ€™s not a small man.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฐใ•ใ„็”ทใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
110:05
So, we have to say โ€œNo, heโ€™s aโ€ฆ
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏโ€ฆ
110:11
big man.โ€
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ๅ‰ๅคงใช็”ทใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
110:12
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
110:13
Weโ€™re going to use the adjective โ€˜bigโ€™.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œๅคงใใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
110:16
Okay, letโ€™s look at the next one.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
110:18
โ€œIs it a _____ table?โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ_____ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
110:21
The answer is โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
110:25
We need an adjective to describe color, shape or size or something.
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่‰ฒใ€ๅฝขใ€ๅคงใใ•ใชใฉใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
110:32
Well, we canโ€™t really describe the color.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€่‰ฒใ‚’ใ†ใพใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
110:35
So, I think we should try the shape.
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ใชใฎใงใ€ใใฎๅฝขใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
110:37
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
110:38
Well, โ€œIs it aโ€ฆ.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ€‚
110:42
round table?โ€
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ใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซ๏ผŸ"
110:45
And the answer is โ€œYes, it is.โ€
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ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
110:48
Okay, and last, we have two dresses.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใŒ 2 ็€ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
110:52
Okay. So that means the noun is plural.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šๅ่ฉžใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
110:56
In that case, for theย  questions, we begin with โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
111:00
โ€œAre they red dresses?โ€
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ใ€Œ่ตคใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
111:03
Okay, the adjective is โ€˜redโ€™.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ตคใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
111:06
But, โ€œAre they red dresses?โ€
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œ่ตคใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใชใฎ๏ผŸใ€
111:09
โ€œNo, theyโ€™reโ€ฆ
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆ
111:12
blue dresses.โ€
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้’ใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
111:14
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
111:15
โ€œNo, theyโ€™reโ€ฆblue dresses.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆ้’ใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
111:18
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
111:19
So, in this video, we learned about adjectives.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
111:22
I hope you guys understand.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
111:24
And Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
111:26
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
111:36
This is a check-up video for articles,ย  prepositions, and adjectives.
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ๅ† ่ฉžใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ“ใƒ‡โ€‹โ€‹ใ‚ชใงใ™ใ€‚
111:41
Iโ€™ve written some sentences on the board.
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้ป’ๆฟใซๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
111:44
Letโ€™s try to finish them together.
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ไธ€็ท’ใซไป•ไธŠใ’ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
111:47
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
111:48
The first sentence says, โ€œItโ€™s __ ___umbrella.โ€
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ____umbrella ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
111:53
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
111:54
We have the noun.
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ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
111:55
We need an article and anย  adjective to describe the umbrella.
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ๅ‚˜ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏๅ† ่ฉžใจๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
112:00
Okay.
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112:00
So here it is.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
112:02
Letโ€™s describe the color.
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่‰ฒใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
112:05
Okay.
2190
6725200
240
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
112:06
We would say โ€˜blackโ€™.
2191
6726000
1680
็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ้ป’ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
112:09
Remember, the adjective comes before the noun.
2192
6729360
3360
ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
112:13
Now we need an article.
2193
6733920
2320
ไปŠใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
112:16
And the correct article is โ€˜aโ€™.
2194
6736240
1680
ใใ—ใฆๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ† ่ฉžใฏใ€Œaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
112:18
โ€œItโ€™s a black umbrella.โ€
2195
6738560
1920
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ป’ใ„ๅ‚˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
112:21
Okay.
2196
6741440
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
112:22
Next, โ€œItโ€™s ___ ___ ___.โ€
2197
6742480
2640
ๆฌกใซใ€Œโ—‹โ—‹ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
112:25
We have three blanks.
2198
6745120
1280
ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใฏ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
112:27
Here, we have the noun โ€˜antโ€™.
2199
6747280
2400
ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œantใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
112:30
So, weโ€™re going to put that at the end.
2200
6750480
2400
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
112:33
Okay.
2201
6753760
640
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
112:34
Letโ€™s use the adjective ugly.
2202
6754400
2160
ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œ้†œใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
112:37
Okay.
2203
6757120
800
112:37
Remember, again, the adjectiveย  comes before the noun.
2204
6757920
4480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
112:42
โ€œโ€ฆugly ant.โ€
2205
6762400
1760
ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆ้†œใ„ใ‚ขใƒชใ ใ€
112:44
โ€œItโ€™s __ ugly ant.โ€
2206
6764160
1600
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ๏ผฟ้†œใ„ใ‚ขใƒชใ ใ€‚ใ€
112:46
We need an article.
2207
6766560
1120
่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
112:48
Should we use โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™?
2208
6768320
2160
ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
112:51
Well, โ€˜uglyโ€™ starts with the vowel โ€˜uโ€™, so we have to say โ€˜anโ€™.
2209
6771680
4800
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œuglyใ€ใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œuใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
112:57
โ€œItโ€™s an ugly ant.โ€
2210
6777200
1840
ใ€Œ้†œใ„ใ‚ขใƒชใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
113:00
Next.
2211
6780800
800
ๆฌกใ€‚
113:01
โ€œItโ€™s __ __ __.โ€
2212
6781600
2240
"ใใฎ __ __ __ใ€‚"
113:03
Okay.
2213
6783840
560
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
113:04
We have the noun โ€˜carโ€™.
2214
6784400
1920
ใ€Œ่ปŠใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
113:07
So, we put that at the end.
2215
6787280
1680
ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
113:10
Again, letโ€™s use an adjectiveย  that describes the color.
2216
6790240
3840
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€่‰ฒใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
113:14
Letโ€™s use โ€˜blueโ€™.
2217
6794800
1440
ใ€Œ้’ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
113:18
Okay.
2218
6798400
240
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
113:19
What article should we use?
2219
6799280
1600
ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
113:22
We have to say โ€œaโ€.
2220
6802160
1120
ใ€Œaใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
113:23
โ€œItโ€™s a blue car.โ€
2221
6803920
1920
ใ€Œ้’ใ„่ปŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
113:26
Okay, and last.
2222
6806800
1040
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
113:28
โ€œI __ ___ nice girl.โ€
2223
6808560
2400
ใ€Œ็งใฏ____็ด ๆ•ตใชๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
113:30
Thatโ€™s me.
2224
6810960
560
ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใงใ™ใ€‚
113:32
We have the noun โ€˜girlโ€™โ€ฆand the adjective โ€˜niceโ€™.
2225
6812320
3520
ๅ่ฉžใ€Œgirlใ€ใจๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œniceใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
113:36
So, we need the article.
2226
6816400
1600
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
113:38
Weโ€™re going to say โ€œaโ€.
2227
6818560
1280
ใ€Œaใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
113:41
Now, weโ€™re missing one more thing.
2228
6821120
1600
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
113:43
We need the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜amโ€™.
2229
6823360
2000
ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œamใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
113:46
โ€œI am a nice girl.โ€
2230
6826160
1920
ใ€Œ็งใฏ็ด ๆ•ตใชๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
113:49
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next part.
2231
6829360
1920
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
113:52
Okay, letโ€™s continue with the checkup.
2232
6832560
2000
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆคœๆŸปใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
113:55
Hereโ€™s a picture.
2233
6835280
1360
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ†™็œŸใงใ™ใ€‚
113:56
Okay.
2234
6836640
480
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
113:57
Look at it carefully.
2235
6837120
1200
ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
113:59
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
2236
6839120
640
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
114:01
โ€œWhat is it?โ€
2237
6841520
640
"ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
114:03
โ€œItโ€™s __ banana.โ€
2238
6843440
2000
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ๏ผฟใƒใƒŠใƒŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
114:06
We need an article here.
2239
6846400
1440
ใ“ใ“ใซ่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
114:08
And itโ€™s the first time Iโ€™m talking about this, so weโ€™re going to say โ€œaโ€.
2240
6848720
5680
ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏๅˆใ‚ใฆใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
114:15
โ€œItโ€™s a banana.โ€
2241
6855120
1680
ใ€Œใใ‚ŒใฏใƒใƒŠใƒŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
114:18
โ€œWhere is ___ banana?โ€
2242
6858240
2240
ใ€Œ____ใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
114:21
Now, you know, Iโ€™m talking about this one.
2243
6861760
4000
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
114:25
Itโ€™s specific.
2244
6865760
1280
ใใ‚Œใฏๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
114:27
So, Iโ€™m going to use the article โ€˜theโ€™.
2245
6867760
2880
ใใ“ใงๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
114:32
โ€œWhere is the banana?โ€
2246
6872000
4080
ใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
114:36
Okay. And now, letโ€™s think about the preposition.
2247
6876080
3120
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
114:39
โ€œItโ€™s __ the chair.โ€
2248
6879760
2080
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใฎ๏ผฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
114:45
We need to use the preposition โ€˜onโ€™.
2249
6885040
2480
ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œonใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
114:48
โ€œItโ€™s on the chair.โ€
2250
6888320
2320
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆค…ๅญใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
114:52
Okay.
2251
6892000
320
114:52
Letโ€™s move on.
2252
6892880
800
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
114:54
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
2253
6894400
640
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
114:56
Okay.
2254
6896720
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
114:58
โ€œTheyโ€™re ____ oranges.โ€
2255
6898560
2240
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ___ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
115:02
Okay.
2256
6902000
240
115:02
We have more than one.
2257
6902800
1040
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
115:04
Thatโ€™s why we said, โ€œThey areโ€ฆtheyโ€™reโ€ and โ€œorangesโ€ โ€ฆwith an โ€˜sโ€™.
2258
6904400
4880
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ€โ€ฆใ€Œsใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
115:10
Okay.
2259
6910160
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
115:11
Can we use โ€˜theโ€™?
2260
6911040
1360
ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
115:13
No, you donโ€™t know what oranges Iโ€™m talking about because itโ€™s the first time I said
2261
6913840
6400
ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใฏๅˆใ‚ใฆใชใฎใงใ€็งใŒไฝ•ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
115:20
anything about them.
2262
6920240
1280
ใ€‚
115:22
Then, can I use โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™?
2263
6922880
2320
ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
115:26
No, โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ is used for any one thing.
2264
6926320
3680
ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
115:30
So here we do not need any article.
2265
6930560
3120
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ่จ˜ไบ‹ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
115:37
โ€œTheyโ€™re oranges.โ€
2266
6937840
1200
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
115:39
โ€œWhat are they?โ€
2267
6939040
655
115:39
โ€œTheyโ€™re oranges.โ€
2268
6939695
785
"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
115:40
Okay.
2269
6940480
320
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
115:41
โ€œWhere __ __ oranges?โ€
2270
6941600
2400
ใ€Œ____ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใฏใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
115:45
Okay.
2271
6945280
960
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
115:46
Now, again, you know Iโ€™m talking about these specific oranges, so we use โ€˜theโ€™.
2272
6946240
7920
ใ•ใฆใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
115:55
โ€œWhere __ the oranges?โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใฏใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
115:58
Okay, remember, when you ask a question with plural, you need โ€˜areโ€™.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใง่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
116:05
โ€œWhere are the oranges?โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
116:08
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
116:09
Now, letโ€™s think about the preposition.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
116:12
โ€œTheyโ€™re ___ the chair.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ญฐ้•ทใฎ๏ผฟ๏ผฟใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
116:18
Okay.
2279
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116:18
The preposition we need is โ€˜underโ€™.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏใ€Œunderใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
116:23
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
116:24
Theyโ€™re not โ€˜onโ€™, โ€œtheyโ€™re โ€˜underโ€™ the chair.โ€
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆค…ๅญใฎใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆค…ๅญใฎใ€Œไธ‹ใ€ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
116:28
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the last part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
116:31
Okay, letโ€™s continue with the checkup.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆคœๆŸปใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
116:34
Now, we have two short stories here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏไบŒใคใฎ็Ÿญ็ทจๅฐ่ชฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
116:37
You have to help me find the mistakes.
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็งใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
116:41
The first sentence says, โ€œItโ€™s snake.โ€
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒ˜ใƒ“ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
116:45
Well, weโ€™re missing an article.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
116:47
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
116:48
And that article is โ€˜aโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹ใฏใ€Œaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
116:51
โ€œItโ€™s a snake.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ่›‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
116:53
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
116:54
โ€œItโ€™s blue a snake.โ€
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ใ€Œใƒ˜ใƒ“ใฃใฆ้’ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
116:58
Can you find the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
117:00
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
117:01
Remember, the adjective โ€˜blueโ€™ has to go between the article and the noun.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œblueใ€ใฏๅ† ่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
117:09
So, we have to move the article to the front.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
117:13
โ€œItโ€™s a blue snake.โ€
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ใ€Œ้’ใ„่›‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
117:16
That is the correct answer.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใงใ™ใ€‚
117:18
โ€œItโ€™s a blue snake.โ€
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ใ€Œ้’ใ„่›‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
117:21
Okay, the next one.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚
117:22
โ€œThe snake under the box.โ€
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ใ€Œ็ฎฑใฎไธ‹ใฎ่›‡ใ€
117:26
It sounds right.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
117:28
โ€œThe snake under the box.โ€,
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ใ€Œ็ฎฑใฎไธ‹ใฎ่›‡ใ€ใงใ™
117:30
but we forgot the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
117:33
โ€œThe snake is under the box.โ€
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ใ€Œใƒ˜ใƒ“ใŒ็ฎฑใฎไธ‹ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
117:38
Okay, letโ€™s move on to the next story.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎ่ฉฑใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
117:41
โ€œItโ€™s a octopus.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
117:44
Okay, we have an article, but octopus starts with the vowel โ€˜oโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ† ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚ณใฏๆฏ้Ÿณใ€Œoใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
117:51
So, we have to use โ€˜anโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
117:54
โ€œItโ€™s an octopus.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
117:57
โ€œAn octopus is big.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใฏๅคงใใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
118:00
Hmmmโ€ฆ
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“โ€ฆ
118:01
This oneโ€™s a little bit hard.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
118:03
But remember, weโ€™re talking about the same octopus.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ฟใ‚ณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
118:08
So now, this octopus is specific.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚ณใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
118:12
So, we have to change the article โ€˜anโ€™ to โ€˜theโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ใ€Œtheใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
118:18
โ€œThe octopus is big.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใฏๅคงใใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
118:21
The octopus from the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ฟใ‚ณใ€‚
118:25
Last, โ€œThe octopus are under the chair.โ€
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฏใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใŒๆค…ๅญใฎไธ‹ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
118:30
Whatโ€™s the mistake?
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ไฝ•ใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
118:33
โ€œThe octopusโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใŒโ€ฆใ€
118:34
Thereโ€™s only one.
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ไธ€ๅŒนใ ใ‘ใ ใ€‚
118:36
So, we donโ€™t use โ€˜areโ€™, we have to say โ€œisโ€.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใฏไฝฟ็”จใ›ใšใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
118:41
โ€œThe octopus is under the chair.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ณใŒๆค…ๅญใฎไธ‹ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
118:45
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
118:46
So that was our checkup for articles,ย  prepositions and adjectives.
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ไปฅไธŠใŒๅ† ่ฉžใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๆคœๆŸปใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
118:51
I hope you guys understand better and Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎ็†่งฃใŒๆทฑใพใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
118:55
Thank you.
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118:55
Bye.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
119:05
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
119:06
In this video, weโ€™re goingย  to learn โ€˜haveโ€™ and โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใจใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
119:11
Now we use โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™ to show possession.
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ไปŠใงใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ‚’็คบใ™ใฎใซใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
119:16
To show something belongs to you.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใ€‚
119:19
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
119:20
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
119:23
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
119:24
When youโ€™re talking about โ€˜youโ€™, or me, we say, โ€œI haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ‚„็งใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
119:30
Okay.
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ใ€‚
119:31
If something belongs to a boy or man, we say, โ€œHe hasโ€ฆโ€
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็”ทใฎๅญใพใŸใฏ็”ทๆ€งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
119:38
For a girl or a woman.
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ๅฅณใฎๅญใพใŸใฏๅฅณๆ€งใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
119:40
โ€œShe hasโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏโ€ฆใ€
119:43
For an animal or thing.
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚„็‰ฉใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆใฏ
119:45
โ€œIt hasโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ€
119:48
For you, โ€œYou haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€็งใŸใกใซใจใฃใฆใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏโ€ฆใ€
119:52
For us.
2346
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ใ€‚
119:53
Me and some other people.
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็งใจไป–ใฎไบบใŸใกใ€‚
119:55
We say, โ€œWe haveโ€ฆโ€
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
119:58
Okay, and some other people.
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ใ€ไป–ใฎไบบใŸใกใ‚‚ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
120:00
โ€œThey haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€
120:02
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
120:03
This is very easy, you just have to remember it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใชใฎใงใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ ใ‘ใงๆธˆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
120:06
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
120:07
So, letโ€™s practice with these pictures.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
120:11
Here we have a rabbitโ€ฆ
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎ
120:13
and a carrot.
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ใจใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
120:16
So, which one do we have to use?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
120:19
Well, a rabbit is an animal.
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ใพใ‚ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใ‚‚ๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใญใ€‚
120:22
So, we have to use โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
120:24
โ€œIt has a carrot.โ€
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ใ€Œใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
120:28
Again, โ€œIt has a carrot.โ€
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
120:32
Now, in this picture, we have two ants.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใซใฏ 2 ๅŒนใฎใ‚ขใƒชใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
120:36
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
120:37
So, for two things we have to use โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€2 ใคใฎใ“ใจใซใ€Œtheyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
120:42
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
120:43
So, here are two ants and an apple.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ 2 ๅŒนใฎใ‚ขใƒชใจ 1 ๅ€‹ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
120:46
So, weโ€™re going to say, โ€œThey have an apple.โ€
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
120:51
โ€œThey have an apple.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
120:54
Okay, letโ€™s move on to some more practice.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
120:58
Letโ€™s do some practice together.
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ไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
121:01
You have to think about if we should use โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™ in the blanks.
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็ฉบ็™ฝใซใ€Œhaveใ€ใจใ€Œhasใ€ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
121:06
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
121:07
So, letโ€™s look at the first one.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
121:09
โ€œThe girl โ€˜blankโ€™ long hair.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฅณใฎๅญใฎใ€Ž็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใฎ้•ทใ„้ซชใ€‚ใ€
121:12
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
121:13
Now, โ€˜the girlโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฅณใฎๅญใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
121:15
We can we use instead of the girl?
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ๅฅณใฎๅญใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
121:18
We can say โ€œsheโ€.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
121:21
โ€œSheโ€ then what do we say?
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†่จ€ใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
121:24
โ€œHas.โ€
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"ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚"
121:25
โ€œShe has long hair.โ€
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"ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้•ทใ„้ซชใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚"
121:28
Orโ€ฆ
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121:28
โ€œThe girl has long hair.โ€
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏโ€ฆ
ใ€Œใใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏ้ซชใŒ้•ทใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
121:30
Itโ€™s the same.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŒใ˜ใ ใ€‚
121:32
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
121:33
The next one.
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
121:34
โ€œThe boysโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฐ‘ๅนดใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ€
121:36
Now, thereโ€™s an โ€˜sโ€™ here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œsใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
121:37
That means thereโ€™s more than one boy.
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ใคใพใ‚Š็”ทใฎๅญใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไบบใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
121:41
When we have more than one thing, what do we use?
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
121:45
โ€œThey.โ€
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"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€‚"
121:46
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
121:47
โ€œTheyโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€
121:49
Do we say โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™?
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ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
121:52
We have to say โ€œhaveโ€.
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ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
121:56
โ€œThey have caps.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
121:57
Orโ€ฆ
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏโ€ฆ
121:58
โ€œThe boys have caps.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฐ‘ๅนดใŸใกใฏๅธฝๅญใ‚’ใ‹ใถใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
122:01
Okay, the next oneโ€™s easier.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
122:03
โ€œIโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใ€
122:05
When we have โ€˜Iโ€™, we say โ€œhaveโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
122:09
โ€œI have a friend.โ€
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"ๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚"
122:12
Okay, the next one is also easy.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๆฌกใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
122:15
โ€œHeโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏโ€ฆใ€
122:16
โ€œHe โ€˜blankโ€™ an umbrella.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‚˜ใ‚’ใ€Ž็ฉบใฃใฝใ€ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
122:20
What do we have to use?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
122:22
โ€œHas.โ€
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"ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚"
122:24
โ€œHe has an umbrella.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
122:27
Okay, the next one says, โ€œThe dog โ€˜blankโ€™ a bone.โ€
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็Šฌใฏ้ชจใ‚’ใ€Ž็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
122:33
โ€œThe dogโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œ็ŠฌใŒโ€ฆใ€
122:34
What do we use for animals?
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝ•ใจๅ‘ผใถใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
122:37
โ€œIt.โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใ€‚"
122:39
โ€œItโ€ฆ
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆ
122:41
has a bone.โ€
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้ชจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
122:43
Orโ€ฆ โ€œThe dog has a bone.โ€
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏโ€ฆใ€Œ็Šฌใซใฏ้ชจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
122:47
And last.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใ€‚
122:48
โ€œMy mother and I โ€˜blankโ€™ a car.โ€
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ใ€Œๆฏใจ็งใฏ่ปŠใ‚’ใ€Ž็ฉบใฃใฝใ€ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
122:53
Okay, this oneโ€™s tricky.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
122:55
โ€œMy mother and Iโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๆฏใจ็งใฏโ€ฆใ€
122:58
We have to say โ€œweโ€.
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
123:04
โ€œWeโ€ฆhaveโ€ฆa car.โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆ่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
123:06
โ€œMy mother and I have a car.โ€
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ใ€Œๆฏใจ็งใฏ่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
123:10
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
123:11
So, I hope you understand how to use โ€˜haveโ€™ and โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ไปฅไธŠใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใจใ€Œhasใ€ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
123:15
And Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
123:16
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
123:26
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
123:27
In this video, weโ€™re going to learn negatives with โ€˜haveโ€™ and โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใจใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๅฆๅฎš่กจ็พใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
123:32
Now this also pretty easy.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ‹ใชใ‚Š็ฐกๅ˜ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
123:35
You just have to remember everything that I wrote.
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็งใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
123:38
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
123:39
So, letโ€™s take a look at the board.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
123:42
Okay, first, for โ€˜Iโ€™, we use, โ€œI donโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใพใšใ€ใ€Œ็งใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€ŒI don't haveโ€ฆใ€ใจไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
123:48
Remember, โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜do notโ€™.
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ใ€Œdon'tใ€ใฏใ€Œdo notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
123:53
โ€œI donโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
123:57
For โ€˜he, โ€˜sheโ€™ and โ€˜itโ€™, we use โ€˜doesnโ€™t haveโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œdoesn't haveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
124:04
โ€˜Doesnโ€™tโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜does notโ€™.
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ใ€ŒDoesn'tใ€ใฏใ€Œdoes notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
124:08
โ€œHe doesnโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€
124:15
โ€œShe doesnโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€
124:16
โ€œIt doesnโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€
124:17
Now on the bottom.
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ไปŠใฏๆœ€ไธ‹ไฝใงใ™ใ€‚
124:18
For โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, โ€˜theyโ€™, itโ€™s the same as โ€˜Iโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
124:24
We use โ€˜donโ€™t haveโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
124:27
โ€œYou donโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
124:29
โ€œWe donโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€ and โ€œThey donโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
124:34
So, letโ€™s look at these pictures.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
124:36
Remember, we have a rabbit and a carrot.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็งใŸใกใซใฏใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใจใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
124:39
So, we said, โ€œIt has a carrot.โ€
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
124:43
Okay, but, weโ€™re doingย  negatives, so we have to say,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
124:47
โ€œIt doesnโ€™t have a cake.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
124:54
โ€œIt doesnโ€™t have a cake.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏ็„กใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
124:56
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
124:57
Now here, we have the ants and an apple.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ขใƒชใจใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
125:00
So, we said, โ€œThey have an apple.โ€
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ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
125:04
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
125:05
But for this banana here, we have to say, โ€œThey donโ€™t have a banana.โ€
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใฎใƒใƒŠใƒŠใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏใƒใƒŠใƒŠใŒใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
125:13
โ€œThey donโ€™t have a banana.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
125:16
Okay, letโ€™s move on to some more practice.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
125:20
Now letโ€™s try this practice with the negatives โ€˜doesnโ€™t haveโ€™ and โ€˜donโ€™t haveโ€™ together.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅฆๅฎš่ชžใฎใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ“ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
125:26
Now this is a little easy because we know that the second word is have.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ have ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
125:32
All you have to think is shouldย  we use โ€˜doesnโ€™tโ€™ or โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่€ƒใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œdoesn'tใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdon'tใ€ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ในใใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
125:36
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
125:37
So, Iโ€™m just going to put โ€˜haveโ€™ her first.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใฏใŸใ ๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€ŒๆŒใคใ€ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
125:40
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
125:41
โ€œShe โ€˜blankโ€™ have short hair.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€Žไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€็Ÿญใ„้ซชใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
125:46
Should we use โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™ or โ€˜doesnโ€™tโ€™?
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
125:49
If you remember, for โ€˜sheโ€™, we use โ€˜doesnโ€™tโ€™.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใซใฏใ€Œdoesn'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
125:55
โ€œShe doesnโ€™t have short hair.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้ซชใŒ็Ÿญใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
125:59
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
126:00
And again, Iโ€™m going to put โ€˜haveโ€™ first.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
126:04
This is easy.
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ใ‹ใ‚“ใŸใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚
126:05
โ€˜Heโ€™ and โ€˜sheโ€™ we both use โ€˜doesnโ€™tโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใจใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
126:10
โ€œHe doesnโ€™t have an umbrella.โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
126:14
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
126:15
How about for โ€˜Iโ€™?
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
126:18
โ€œI doesnโ€™t haveโ€ฆ.โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„โ€ฆใ€‚ใ€
126:20
Or โ€œI donโ€™t haveโ€ฆโ€?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„โ€ฆใ€ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
126:23
The correct answer is โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
126:27
โ€œI donโ€™t have a wife.โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใซใฏๅฆปใŒใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
126:31
โ€œPeopleโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œไบบใ€…โ€ฆใ€
126:33
Remember, if we have more than one person, animal and thing, we have to think of โ€˜theyโ€™.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎไบบใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
126:41
For โ€˜theyโ€™, do we use โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™ or โ€˜doesnโ€™tโ€™?
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
126:46
Do you remember?
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่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
126:48
The correct answer is โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
126:52
โ€œPeople donโ€™t have manners.โ€
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ใ€Œไบบใ€…ใฏใƒžใƒŠใƒผใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
126:55
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
126:56
Next.
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ๆฌกใ€‚
126:58
โ€œWeโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ€
127:00
โ€œWe โ€˜blankโ€™ have money.โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€Ž็œŸใฃ็™ฝใ€ใซใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
127:03
Should we put โ€˜doesnโ€™tโ€™ or โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™?
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
127:07
The correct answer is โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
127:11
โ€œWe donโ€™t have money.โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใซใฏใŠ้‡‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
127:14
Okay, and the last one.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚
127:16
โ€œA snakeโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œ่›‡ใ โ€ฆใ€
127:20
A snake is an animal.
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่›‡ใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
127:23
What do we use for an animal?
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
127:25
โ€œIt.โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใ€‚"
127:27
โ€œItโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ€
127:29
What should we put here?
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
127:32
โ€œItโ€ฆdoesnโ€™tโ€ฆhave legs.โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆ่ถณใŒ็„กใ„โ€ฆใ€
127:36
Okay, so that was our practice the negatives โ€˜donโ€™t haveโ€™ and โ€˜doesnโ€™t haveโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใฎๅฆๅฎš่ชžใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
127:41
I hope you understand, and Iโ€™ll see you in the next video.
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ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
127:44
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
127:54
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
127:56
In this video, weโ€™re going to learn how to ask questions using โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
128:01
Okay, letโ€™s look at the board.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆŽฒ็คบๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
128:04
When we are talking about โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™ or โ€˜itโ€™,
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็งใŸใกใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ€
128:09
the question always begins with โ€˜doesโ€™.
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่ณชๅ•ใฏๅธธใซใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
128:13
After the pronoun, we have โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใŒใคใใพใ™ใ€‚
128:15
So, we say, โ€œDoes he haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ... ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
128:19
โ€œDoes she haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ... ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
128:20
โ€œDoes it haveโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ... ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
128:22
Now, letโ€™s practice with this question and letโ€™s look at the two answers.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใง็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆ 2 ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
128:28
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
128:29
โ€œDoes he have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใซใฏๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
128:31
If the answer is โ€˜yesโ€™, we say โ€œyesโ€,
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็ญ”ใˆใŒใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€
128:35
in the blank, we matchโ€ฆ this has to be the same.
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็ฉบ็™ฝใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏไธ€่‡ดใ—ใพใ™โ€ฆใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
128:40
โ€œYes, he does.โ€
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
128:42
If the answer is โ€˜noโ€™.
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็ญ”ใˆใŒใ€ŒใƒŽใƒผใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
128:44
โ€œNo, he doesnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
128:47
โ€œDoes he have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใซใฏๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
128:49
โ€œYes, she does.โ€
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
128:52
โ€œNo, she doesnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
128:55
โ€œDoes it have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
128:58
โ€œYes, it does.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
129:00
โ€œNo, it doesnโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
129:03
Okay, so remember โ€˜doesโ€ฆhaveโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œdoesโ€ฆhaveใ€ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
129:06
Now, when we use โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜doโ€™ in the front.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใใฏใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
129:14
And โ€˜haveโ€™ after.
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ใใ—ใฆใใฎๅพŒใซใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
129:16
โ€œDo you have a friend?โ€
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"ๅ‹้”ใฏใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
129:19
โ€œDo we have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใซๅ‹้”ใฏใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
129:21
โ€œDo they have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
129:24
Okay.
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129:24
And again, we have two answers.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
129:27
We finish with โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜donโ€™tโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‹ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
129:30
So, โ€œDo you have a friend?โ€
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅ‹้”ใฏใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
129:33
โ€œYes, I do.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚"
129:35
Right, the question is asking โ€˜youโ€™, so, you say โ€œI do.โ€
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใซๅฐ‹ใญใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
129:39
Or, โ€œNo, I donโ€™t.โ€
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
129:42
โ€œDo we have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใซๅ‹้”ใฏใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
129:44
โ€œYes, we do.โ€
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
129:47
Or, โ€œNo, we donโ€™t.โ€
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
129:50
And last.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใ€‚
129:51
โ€œDo they have a friend?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
129:53
โ€œYes, they do.โ€
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚"
129:56
โ€œNo, they donโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
129:58
Okay, letโ€™s move on to some more practice.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
130:00
Alright, letโ€™s try this practice together.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซใ“ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
130:04
I know it looks hard, but Iโ€™m going to help you.
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ๅคงๅค‰ใใ†ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŠๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
130:07
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
130:08
So letโ€™s look at the first practice.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
130:11
Itโ€™s a question.
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่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
130:13
Okay, so remember when we ask a question, we begin with โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜doesโ€™.
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่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œdoใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
130:19
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
130:20
We have โ€˜sheโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
130:22
Well, remember for all questions we use โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ™ในใฆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
130:27
In the front, should we use โ€˜doesโ€™ or โ€˜doโ€™?
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ๅ…ˆ้ ญใงใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใจใ€Œdoใ€ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
130:31
The answer is โ€˜doesโ€™.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
130:33
โ€œDoes she have a dress?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
130:36
When we answer, โ€œYesโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใฏใ„โ€ฆใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใŸใ‚‰ใ€
130:40
What do we put here?
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ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹?
130:41
Remember, we put the pronoun โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
130:45
And the answer โ€˜doesโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
130:49
โ€œYes, she does.โ€
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
130:52
The next one.
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
130:53
We have โ€˜theyโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
130:55
Okay, โ€˜haveโ€™ is again the same.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
130:58
โ€œโ€ฆhave a bicycle?โ€
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ใ€Œโ€ฆ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
130:59
Okay, what goes in the front?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ใซใฏไฝ•ใŒๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
131:02
For โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜doโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
131:06
โ€œDo they have a bicycle?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
131:09
This time the answer is negative.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
131:12
โ€œNo, theyโ€ฆ.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆใ€
131:15
What do we put here?
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ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
131:17
It doesnโ€™t make sense to say, โ€œdoโ€.
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ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚Œใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
131:20
Right?
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131:20
โ€œNo, they do.โ€
2577
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
131:21
Thatโ€™s wrong.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
131:22
Itโ€™s a negative.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
131:23
We have to say, โ€œNo, they donโ€™t.โ€
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
131:27
โ€œNo, they do not.โ€
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"ใ„ใ„ใˆใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚"
131:30
Okay, and again, we have โ€˜haveโ€™ over here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
131:34
โ€œItโ€ฆโ€
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ€
131:36
Which one, โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜doesโ€™?
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใฉใฃใก๏ผŸ
131:39
The answer is โ€˜doesโ€™.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
131:41
โ€œDoes it have a ball?โ€
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ใ€Œใƒœใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
131:44
Again, the answer is negative.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
131:47
โ€œNo, itโ€ฆdoes not.โ€
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"ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚"
131:51
or the contraction, โ€œNo, it doesnโ€™t.โ€
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
131:56
Okay.
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131:56
So that was our practice for asking questions with โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ไปฅไธŠใŒใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹็ทด็ฟ’ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
132:00
I hope you understand and Iโ€™llย  see you in the next video.ย 
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ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
132:12
This is a checkup video for 'have', 'has', 'don't have', 'doesn't have'
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€
132:18
and questions with 'have'.
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ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ่ณชๅ•ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏๅ‹•็”ปใงใ™ใ€‚
132:20
Let's take a look at the board.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
132:23
Here, we have a picture of a dog and a ball.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ็Šฌใจใƒœใƒผใƒซใฎๅ†™็œŸใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
132:27
And this ball belongs to this dog.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใฏใ“ใฎ็Šฌใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
132:31
So let's make a sentence about this picture.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใซใคใ„ใฆๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
132:35
Ok...
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132:35
The dog is an animal.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ...
็Šฌใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
132:38
So, we have to use 'it'.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
132:40
Ok...
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OK...
132:41
With 'it', do we use 'have' or 'has'?
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ใ€Œitใ€ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
132:46
We have to use 'has'.
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ใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
132:50
"It has a ball."
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ใ€ŒใƒœใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
132:53
Now, there's a hat, but it says "no".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅธฝๅญใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
132:56
It's negative.
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ใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚
132:58
So, "It..."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ...ใ€
133:01
Remember, for negative, we always use 'have'.
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ๅฆๅฎšใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏๅธธใซใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
133:05
But what goes in the front?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅ…ˆใซใฏไฝ•ใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
133:07
'Doesn't' or 'don't'?
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใฎใ‹ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
133:10
For 'it', we say "doesn't".
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
133:15
"It doesn't have a hat."
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ใ€ŒๅธฝๅญใŒ็„กใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
133:19
Next, we have a question.
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ๆฌกใซใ€่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
133:22
We use 'have'.
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ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
133:24
Remember, we have to put the pronoun over here.
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
133:27
The same one.
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ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
133:29
And we put 'does' or 'do' in the front.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
133:33
What do you think?
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ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
133:37
We have to say, "does".
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
133:39
"Does it have a ball?"
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ใ€Œใƒœใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
133:42
Well, "Does it have a ball?"
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใƒœใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
133:44
"Yes, it does."
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"ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
133:47
Let's move on to the next part.
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ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
133:49
Here we have two people.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ2ไบบใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
133:52
So, we're going to say "they".
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
133:54
And a car...that belongs to them.
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ใใ—ใฆ่ปŠโ€ฆใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
133:58
For 'they', we have to say "have".
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
134:02
"They have a car."
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"ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚"
134:06
Here, there's a bus.
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
134:08
But, again, it says, "no".
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
134:10
Negative.
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ใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ€‚
134:12
"They 'blank' 'blank' a bus."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒใ‚นใ‚’ใ€Ž็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใ€ใ€Ž็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
134:15
Again, for negative, we say "have".
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
134:19
'Doesn't have' or 'don't have'?
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ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใฎใ‹ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
134:21
Which one is it?
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
134:24
For 'don't'...uhh for 'they', we say,
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ...ใˆใˆใจใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
134:27
"They don't have a bus."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒใ‚นใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
134:29
Ok, and we have a question.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
134:32
Well, again, we have to put the same pronoun.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚ŠๅŒใ˜ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
134:37
How about in the front?
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ๅ‰ใฎๆ–นใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
134:39
'Do' or 'does'?
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‹ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‹๏ผŸ
134:41
For 'they', we put 'do'.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
134:44
"Do they have a bus?"
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
134:47
"Do they have a bus?"
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
134:49
"No, they don't."
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
134:51
Ok, let's move on to some more practice.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
134:54
Ok, now for this practice, we have to find the mistakes in these sentences.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
135:00
What's wrong with them?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎไฝ•ใŒๅ•้กŒใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
135:02
Ok...
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OK...
135:03
So, let's look at the first one.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
135:05
"They has two watches."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚่จˆใ‚’๏ผ’ใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
135:08
Hmmmm.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
135:09
Remember, for 'they', we haveย  to use 'have', not 'has'.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
135:16
"They have two watches."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚่จˆใ‚’๏ผ’ใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
135:20
The next one is a question.
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ๆฌกใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
135:22
"Does they have three watches?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚่จˆใ‚’๏ผ“ใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
135:26
Ok...
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OK...
135:27
Remember, when we start a question, we have to use 'do' or 'does'.
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œdoใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
135:34
Here we have 'does'.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
135:36
But remember, for 'they', we begin with 'do'.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
135:40
"Do they have three watches?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚่จˆใ‚’๏ผ“ใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
135:44
And in the answer...
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ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใฏโ€ฆ
135:46
"No, we don't."
2664
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
135:48
What's wrong with this answer?
2665
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ใ“ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฎใฉใ“ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
135:51
Remember, the pronoun has to match.
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏไธ€่‡ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
135:54
It has to be the same.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
135:56
"Do they have three watches?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚่จˆใ‚’๏ผ“ใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
135:58
"No, they don't."
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
136:02
Let's look at these.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
136:03
"She have a dress."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
136:06
Remember, for 'she', we use 'has'.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
136:11
"She has a dress."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
136:13
How about in the question?
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่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
136:15
"Do she have a hat?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅธฝๅญใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
136:18
Remember, we begin with 'do' or 'does', but for 'she', we should begin with 'does'.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œsheใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
136:25
"Does she have a hat?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅธฝๅญใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
136:27
And the answer.
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ใใ—ใฆ็ญ”ใˆใ€‚
136:29
"No, she do."
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
136:31
Hmmm.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
136:32
'No' means it's negative.
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
136:34
So, we need a negative here.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚นใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
136:37
Is it 'don't' or 'doesn't'?
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
136:39
"No, she..
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ...
136:43
doesn't." is the correct answer.
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ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚
136:46
Okay.
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136:46
So that was our checkup.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ไปฅไธŠใŒ็งใŸใกใฎๆคœๆŸปใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
136:48
I hope you understand better.
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ใ”็†่งฃใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
136:49
And I'll see you in the next video.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
137:00
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
137:01
Iโ€™m Esther. Welcome toย ย 
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
137:02
my English grammar course on the tenses. Iโ€™m going to teach you how to use the twelveย ย 
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ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚น ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใ€็พๅœจใ€ๆœชๆฅใฎ
137:08
tenses in the past, present, and future. Itโ€™s a great course, and thereโ€™s a lot ofย ย 
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12ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใงใ€้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
137:14
important information. So keep watching.
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ใ€‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ฆ‹็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
137:19
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
137:20
My name is Esther.
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็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
137:22
I'm so excited to teach you the present simple tense in today's video.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๅ˜็ด”็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใฆใจใฆใ‚‚่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
137:27
Now this lesson can be a little difficult,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
137:30
so I'll do my best to keep it easy and fun for you.
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ใŒใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซใจใฃใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใงๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
137:34
My goal is for you to understand how and when to use this grammar by the end of the video.
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็งใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใฏใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
137:40
Let's get started.
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
137:44
Let's start with the first usage for the present simple tense.
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
137:48
The first usage is pretty easy.
2703
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
137:50
We use it to talk about facts, truths, and generalizations.
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็งใŸใกใฏไบ‹ๅฎŸใ€็œŸๅฎŸใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ่ซ–ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
137:55
Let's look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
137:57
โ€˜The Sun is bright.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅคช้™ฝใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
138:00
Now that's a fact.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
138:01
It doesn't change.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
138:02
Everybody knows that the Sun is bright.
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ๅคช้™ฝใŒๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใ“ใจใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
138:05
It was bright yesterday.
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใญใ€‚
138:06
It's bright today.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
138:07
And it will be bright tomorrow.
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ใใ—ใฆๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
138:09
That makes it a fact.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไบ‹ๅฎŸใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
138:11
โ€˜Pigs don't fly.โ€™
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ใ€Œ่ฑšใฏ้ฃ›ในใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
138:13
That's also a fact.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
138:14
Everybody knows that pigs don't fly.
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่ฑšใŒ็ฉบใ‚’้ฃ›ในใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
138:19
โ€˜Cats are better than dogs.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็Œซใฏ็Šฌใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
138:21
Now this you may not agree with.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใซใฏๅŒๆ„ใงใใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
138:23
This is my truth.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
138:25
I'm making a generalization about cats and dogs in this example.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€็Œซใจ็Šฌใซใคใ„ใฆไธ€่ˆฌๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
138:30
And finally, โ€˜It's cold in winter.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œๅ†ฌใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใ€ใ€‚
138:33
This really depends on where you live, but for a lot of people, or let's say for
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ
138:38
most people, it is cold in the winter,
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ€ๅ†ฌใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใงใ€
138:41
so that's the truth for some people.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฎ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
138:44
Now let's look back and see what verb I used in the present simple tense.
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ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
138:50
For the first sentence, we have โ€˜isโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œisใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
138:53
I use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™ to talk about the Sun.
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็งใฏๅคช้™ฝใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
138:58
In the next sentence, I use the negative of do - โ€˜do notโ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€do ใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œdo notใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
139:03
And you'll notice I use the contraction and put these two words together to make it โ€˜don'tโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€Œdon'tใ€ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
139:10
โ€˜Cats are better than dogs.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็Œซใฏ็Šฌใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
139:13
I use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb "are" to talk about cats because โ€˜catsโ€™ is plural.
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ใ€Œcatsใ€ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใชใฎใงใ€็Œซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
139:19
And finally, it's cold and winter.
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ใใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆๅฏ’ใใฆๅ†ฌใงใ™ใ€‚
139:22
Here I use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb "is" again,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚beๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
139:25
but I use the contraction to combine โ€˜itโ€™ and โ€˜isโ€™
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ใŒใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€Œitใ€ใจใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ
139:30
and made โ€˜itโ€™sโ€™.
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ใ€Œit'sใ€ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
139:32
Let's move on to the next usage.
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ๆฌกใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
139:35
We also use the present simple tense to talk about habits and routines.
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็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚„ๆ—ฅ่ชฒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ‚‚็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
139:40
So things and actions that happen regularly.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚„่กŒๅ‹•ใ€‚
139:43
Letโ€™s look at the examples.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
139:45
โ€˜I always eat lunch at noon.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆญฃๅˆใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
139:48
You'll notice I use the adverb โ€˜alwaysโ€™ because I'm talking about something that I
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็งใŒๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€Œๅธธใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
139:53
do regularly.
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ใ€‚
139:54
What is that?
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ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
139:55
โ€˜Eat lunch at noon.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆญฃๅˆใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
139:58
So I use the present simple tense.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
140:00
And here I use the verb โ€˜eatโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
140:02
โ€˜I eatโ€ฆโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
140:04
The second example says you play games every day.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
140:08
Do you see the clue that helps you know that this is something that happens regularly?
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใฏ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
140:13
It's โ€˜every dayโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
140:14
So it's something that happens as a routine or a habit,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ—ฅ่ชฒใ‚„็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใจใ—ใฆ
140:18
so you play games.
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ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
140:20
The verb here is โ€˜playโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ้Šใถใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
140:22
โ€˜You playโ€ฆโ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
140:25
The next example says โ€˜Seth starts work at 9:00 a.m. daily.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ปใ‚นใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใซไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
140:30
Again this is something that happens regularly.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
140:33
โ€˜Seth goes to work at 9:00 a.m.โ€™ every day.
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ใ€Œใ‚ปใ‚นใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅˆๅ‰9ๆ™‚ใซไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
140:37
Now you'll notice I put a blue line under the โ€˜sโ€™ in โ€˜startsโ€™.
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ใ€Œstartsใ€ใฎใ€Œsใ€ใฎไธ‹ใซ้’ใ„็ทšใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
140:42
Can you figure out why?
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็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
140:44
Well remember that when the subject of a sentence is โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™,
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
140:49
we need to add an โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ to the end of the verb in the present simple tense.
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
140:56
Seth is a โ€˜heโ€™, so we need to add an โ€˜sโ€™.
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Seth ใฏใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
141:00
โ€˜Seth starts work at 9:00 a.m. daily.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ปใ‚นใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใซไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
141:04
And the last example: โ€˜They study English every Monday.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹: ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆฏŽ้€ฑๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
141:09
Again, โ€˜every Mondayโ€™ means that they do it regularly,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒๆฏŽ้€ฑๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
141:13
and that's why we use the present simple tense.
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
141:16
โ€˜They studyโ€ฆโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™โ€ฆใ€ใ€‚
141:18
So as a review, remember we use the present simple tense
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ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใจใ—ใฆใ€
141:21
to talk about habits and routines that happen regularly.
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ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚„ใƒซใƒผใƒใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏ็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
141:26
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
141:27
We also use the present simple tense with non-continuous verbs.
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้ž้€ฃ็ถšๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏ็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€
141:32
These are verbs that weย  don't use in the continuousย 
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ใŸใจใˆไปŠ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
141:35
form,
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141:35
even if they're happening right now.
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ใ€
็ถ™็ถšๅฝขใงใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™
141:38
They're also called stative verbs.
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ใ€‚ ็Šถๆ…‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
141:40
These are connected with thoughts, opinions, feelings, emotions, and our five senses.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆ€่€ƒใ€ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใฎไบ”ๆ„Ÿใจ็ตใณใคใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
141:47
Let's look at these examples.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
141:48
โ€˜I love my mom.โ€™
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'็งใฏ็งใฎใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚'
141:50
The verb here is โ€˜loveโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๆ„›ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
141:52
That's an emotion, so I use the present simple tense.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใชใฎใงใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
141:57
โ€˜It smells good.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ๅŒ‚ใ„ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
141:59
โ€˜Smellโ€™ is one of the five senses, so I use the present simple tense.
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ใ€ŒๅŒ‚ใ„ใ€ใฏไบ”ๆ„Ÿใฎไธ€ใคใชใฎใง็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
142:03
You'll notice I underlined the โ€˜sโ€™ because remember the subject is โ€˜itโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œitใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œsใ€ใซไธ‹็ทšใ‚’ๅผ•ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
142:10
โ€˜Kelly feels happy.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒชใƒผใฏๅนธใ›ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
142:13
This is talking about a feeling.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
142:15
Again the subject here is โ€˜Kellyโ€™ which is a โ€˜sheโ€™,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ŒKellyใ€ใชใฎใงใ€
142:19
so I added an โ€˜sโ€™ to the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
142:22
And finally, โ€˜They need help.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅŠฉใ‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
142:26
We don't say, โ€˜they are needing helpโ€™ even though it's happening right now.
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ใŸใจใˆใใ‚ŒใŒไปŠ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
142:30
โ€˜Needโ€™ is non-continuous, so we say, โ€˜they need helpโ€™,
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ใ€Œๅฟ…่ฆใ€ใฏ้ž้€ฃ็ถšใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅŠฉใ‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
142:34
so remember you also use the present simple tense with non-continuous verbs,
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ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ๆ€่€ƒใ€ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ€ใใ—ใฆไบ”ๆ„Ÿใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹
142:40
connected with thoughts, opinions, feelings, emotions, and our five senses.
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้ž้€ฃ็ถšๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚‚็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆ ใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ
142:45
Let's move on.
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ใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใซ
142:46
Speakers occasionally use the present simple tense to talk about something that will happen
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่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆ™‚ๅˆถ็พๅœจใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
142:51
in the near future.
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ใ€‚
142:53
Now this can be a little confusing, but we're not using the future tense,
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€
142:58
we're using the present simple tense.
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ๅ˜็ด”ใช็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
143:00
It's possible to do that and it's actually common for people to do that.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
143:04
Again, for something that will happen in the near future.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ€‚
143:08
Let's look at the examples.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
143:10
โ€˜I have class at 6 p.m.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 6 ๆ™‚ใซๆŽˆๆฅญใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€
143:13
โ€˜6 p.m.โ€™ that's pretty soon, so I can say,
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ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 6 ๆ™‚ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ—ฉใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใชใฎใงใ€
143:17
'I have class.'
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ใ€ŒๆŽˆๆฅญใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€
143:18
- the present simple tense.
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ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚ - ็พๅœจใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ€‚
143:21
โ€˜Lisa arrives on Sunday.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒชใ‚ตใฏๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
143:23
Again the near future, โ€˜Sundayโ€™.
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ๅ†ใณ่ฟ‘ๆœชๆฅใ€ใ€Œๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ใ€‚
143:26
So I use the present simple tense.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใช็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
143:29
I added an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of arrive, because Lisa, the subject, is a โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ไธป้กŒใฎใƒชใ‚ตใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใชใฎใงใ€arrivใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
143:37
โ€˜We start work soon.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใไป•ไบ‹ใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
143:39
Again, the near future, โ€˜soonโ€™,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใ€ใ€Œใ™ใใซใ€
143:42
so I use the present simple verb โ€˜startโ€™.
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ใชใฎใงใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstartใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
143:46
And finally, โ€˜My students come tomorrow.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใŒๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
143:50
This is something that will happen in the near future,
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่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใฎใงใ€
143:53
so I use the verb โ€˜comeโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcomeใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
143:56
So remember it is possible, and it is common to use the present simple tense
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
144:02
to talk about something that will happen in the near future.
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ ใ€‚
144:05
Let's go to the next usage.
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ๆฌกใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
144:07
Let's talk about a possible negative usage for the present simple tense,
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช็”จๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€
144:12
and that is โ€˜do notโ€™ and โ€˜does notโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œdo notใ€ใจใ€Œdos notใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
144:15
The first example says, โ€˜Mike eats bread.โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
144:19
I put an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of โ€˜eatโ€™ because the subject is Mike which is a โ€˜heโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ Mike ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œeatใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
144:25
Now that's not a negative statement.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช็™บ่จ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
144:28
What happens when I want to turn it into a negative statement?
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่กจ็พใซๅค‰ใˆใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?
144:31
Well I change it like this - โ€˜Mike doesn't eat bread.โ€™
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ - ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
144:36
So you'll notice that I didn't move the โ€˜sโ€™ here, okay.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
144:39
Instead I added โ€˜doesn'tโ€™.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
144:43
I took โ€˜doesโ€™ and โ€˜notโ€™ and I turned it into a contraction by combining the two
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ใ€Œdoesใ€ใจใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ€ใใฎ 2 ใคใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ ใ€Œdoesn'tใ€ใซใ™ใ‚‹
144:48
and making it โ€˜doesn'tโ€™.
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ใ“ใจใง็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
144:50
So if the subject is โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
144:54
we use โ€˜does notโ€™ or โ€˜doesn'tโ€™ to make it negative.
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
144:58
โ€˜You swim well.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏไธŠๆ‰‹ใซๆณณใŽใพใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
145:00
In this case, I don't need to put an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of โ€˜swimโ€™ because the subject
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชž ใฏใ€Œyouใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ ใ€Œswimใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
145:05
is โ€˜youโ€™.
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ใ€‚
145:06
If I want to make this sentence negative, I use โ€˜don'tโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๆ–‡ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œdon'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
145:11
โ€˜You don't swim well.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆณณใŽใŒ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
145:14
I use the contraction for โ€˜doโ€™ and โ€˜notโ€™.
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็งใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใจใ€Œnotใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
145:17
I combine them to make โ€˜don'tโ€™,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€Œdon'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹
145:20
so if the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, or โ€˜theyโ€™,
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ใฎใงใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€ŒIใ€ใ€Œyouใ€ใ€Œweใ€ใ€Œtheyใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ
145:24
we use โ€˜do notโ€™ or โ€˜don'tโ€™.
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ใ€Œdo notใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdon'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
145:28
So to review โ€˜do notโ€™ and โ€˜does notโ€™ or โ€˜don'tโ€™ and โ€˜doesn'tโ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€
145:33
is a possible usage for the negative for present simple
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅฆๅฎšใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
145:37
tense.
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ใ€‚
145:38
Let's continue on.
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็ถšใ‘ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
145:40
Now I'll talk about one possible question form for the present simple tense
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅ˜็ด”็พๅœจๅฝขใง่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็–‘ๅ•ๅฝขใฎ 1 ใคใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
145:45
and that is by using โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜doesโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œdoใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
145:48
So let's look at the example, โ€˜They live here.โ€™
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
145:51
That's not a question, right?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
145:54
'They live hereโ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€
145:55
In order to turn it into a question, it's really simple.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
145:59
All I have to do is add โ€˜doโ€™ to the beginning and add a question mark at the end.
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ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็–‘ๅ•็ฌฆใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
146:05
โ€˜Do they live here?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
146:07
So if the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, or โ€˜theyโ€™,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
146:11
simply add โ€˜doโ€™ to the beginning of the question.
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่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
146:15
How about this one, โ€˜He plays soccer.โ€™
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
146:18
In this statement, the subject is โ€˜heโ€™ and that's why you should know by now,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œheใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€
146:24
I have an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of โ€˜playโ€™.
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ใ€Œplayใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใŠๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
146:27
However, to turn this into a question, I add โ€˜doesโ€™ at the beginning.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
146:33
โ€˜Does he play soccer?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
146:36
What you'll notice here is that I no longer have the โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of play.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆฐ—ใฅใใฎใฏใ€ๅ†็”Ÿใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œsใ€ใŒใชใใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
146:41
Instead I just used โ€˜doesโ€™ at the beginning,
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใชใฎใงใ€
146:45
so for โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™, put โ€˜doesโ€™ at the beginning,
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ€
146:49
and don't worry about putting an โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ at the end of the verb.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€‚
146:54
So to review, one possible way of forming a question for the present simple tense is
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ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ 1 ใคใฎๅฏ่ƒฝใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€
147:01
using โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜doesโ€™ at the beginning.
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ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
147:04
Alright let's move on.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
147:05
Let's start with the first checkup.
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ใพใšใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆคœๆŸปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
147:08
In this checkup, I want you to focus on the โ€˜beโ€™ verbs.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏbeๅ‹•่ฉžใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
147:12
Remember โ€˜beโ€™ verbs, in the present simple tense, can be โ€˜isโ€™, โ€˜amโ€™, or โ€˜areโ€™.
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใ€ใ€Œamใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œareใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
147:19
Take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
147:21
It says, โ€˜She _ blank _ at school.โ€™
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ใใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆๆ กใง_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
147:25
The subject of this sentence is โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
147:29
What โ€˜beโ€™ verb do we use for โ€˜sheโ€™?
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใซใฏใฉใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
147:31
The correct answer is โ€˜isโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
147:36
Now if you were thinking of the negative, the
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€
147:39
correct answer would be โ€˜she isn'tโ€™
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใชใ„ใ€
147:41
or โ€˜she is notโ€™.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
147:44
That's correct as well.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
147:46
And if we want to use a contraction for โ€˜she isโ€™, we can say โ€˜she's at schoolโ€™
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญฆๆ กใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
147:53
For the next one, it says, โ€˜They _ blank _ twenty years old.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ _ ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏ _ 20 ๆญณใงใ™ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
147:59
The subject of this sentence is โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
148:02
What โ€˜beโ€™ verb do we use for โ€˜theyโ€™?
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
148:05
The correct answer is โ€˜areโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒฌใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
148:12
For the negative, you can also use โ€˜aren'tโ€™ or โ€˜are notโ€™.
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ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œare'tใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œare notใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
148:17
Also if you want to use the contraction for โ€˜they areโ€™, you can say,
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
148:22
โ€˜They're 20 years old.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ 20 ๆญณใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
148:26
The next sentence says, โ€˜His father _ blank_ busy.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฎ็ˆถ่ฆชใฏ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
148:31
The subject of this sentence is โ€˜his fatherโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฎ็ˆถ่ฆชใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
148:35
What subject pronoun do we use for โ€˜his fatherโ€™?
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฎ็ˆถ่ฆชใ€ใซใฏใฉใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
148:39
The correct answer is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
148:41
Remember for โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, the โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œisใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
148:48
For the negative, we can say โ€˜isn'tโ€™ or โ€˜is notโ€™.
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ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ€œใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ€œใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
148:53
And for a contraction, for โ€˜fatherโ€™ and โ€˜isโ€™, we can say, โ€˜His father's busy.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็ˆถใ€ใจใ€Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’็Ÿญ็ธฎใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฎ็ˆถใฏๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
149:00
Now I want you to try to find the mistakes in this sentence.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
149:08
โ€˜We isn't good friends.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ่‰ฏใ„ๅ‹้”ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
149:11
Did you find the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใฏ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
149:15
This is the mistake.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
149:17
The subject is โ€˜weโ€™ and the โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜areโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œweใ€ใ€beๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œareใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
149:22
Therefore, the correct answer is โ€˜we are notโ€™,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€
149:25
or the contraction, โ€˜we aren't good friends.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏ็ธฎ็ด„ๅฝขใงใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ่‰ฏใ„ๅ‹้”ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
149:33
The next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ€‚
149:35
Can you find the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
149:37
โ€˜Are John a teacher?โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
149:40
Think about the subject of this sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
149:44
The subject is โ€˜Johnโ€™.
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ใŠ้กŒใฏใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
149:46
And โ€˜Johnโ€™, the subject pronoun is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€ใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
149:50
Therefore, we don't use โ€˜areโ€™, we use โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
149:56
โ€˜Is John a teacher?โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
150:00
โ€˜Is John a teacher?โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
150:01
And finally, โ€˜It am a puppy.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œๅญ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
150:05
hmm This one is a big mistake.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅคงใใช้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
150:08
The subject here is โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
150:10
What โ€˜beโ€™ verb do we use for โ€˜itโ€™?
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ใ€Œitใ€ใซใฏใฉใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
150:13
The correct answer is โ€˜isโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
150:16
So we don't say, โ€˜It am a puppy,โ€™ we say, โ€˜It is a puppy.โ€™
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅญ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใšใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅญ็Šฌใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
150:22
Great job guys.
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ ใ€‚
150:23
Let's move on to the next checkup.
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ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
150:25
For the next checkup, I want you to think of some other verbs in the present simple
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ๆฌกๅ›žใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”
150:30
tense.
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ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่€ƒใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
150:31
Take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
150:33
โ€˜He __ blank __ โ€ฆโ€™, I want you to think of the verb, โ€˜like his dinnerโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ __ ็ฉบ็™ฝใฎ __ โ€ฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฎๅค•้ฃŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๆตฎใ‹ในใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
150:39
What do we do to the verb when the subject is โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™?
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
150:44
Remember we add an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
150:46
โ€˜He likes his dinner.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅค•้ฃŸใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
150:50
For the negative, you can also say, โ€˜He doesn't like his dinner.โ€™
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ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅค•้ฃŸใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
150:56
The next sentence says, โ€˜My students __ blank __โ€ฆโ€™, I want you to think of โ€˜needโ€™,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใก __ ็ฉบ็™ฝใฎ __โ€ฆใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฟ…่ฆใ€ใ€
151:01
โ€˜โ€ฆbooksโ€™.
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ใ€Œโ€ฆๆœฌใ€
151:03
What is the subject pronoun for โ€˜my studentsโ€™?
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใ€ใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
151:07
The correct answer is โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
151:10
If the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, or โ€˜theyโ€™, in the present simple tense,
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ไธป่ชžใŒ็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
151:15
we don't change the verb, we keep it as is.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใ›ใšใ€ใใฎใพใพใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
151:19
So the correct answer is, โ€˜My students need books.โ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅพ’ใซใฏๆœฌใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
151:25
Now for the negative, you can say, โ€˜My students don't need books.โ€™
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๆ„่ฆ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใซใฏๆœฌใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
151:31
The next sentence says, โ€˜I __ blank __โ€ฆโ€™, think of the verb,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ __ ็ฉบ็™ฝใฎ __โ€ฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€Œโ€ฆใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€
151:35
โ€˜โ€ฆlive in London.โ€™
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ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
151:38
What do we do here?
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ใ“ใ“ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
151:40
Again the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, therefore we don't change the verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
151:46
The correct answer is, โ€˜I live in London.โ€™
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
151:50
What's the negative?
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ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚นใฃใฆไฝ•๏ผŸ
151:52
โ€˜I don't live in London.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
151:55
For the next part, I would like for you to try to find the mistake in the sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡ไธญใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
152:01
โ€˜He doesn't likes math.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ•ฐๅญฆใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
152:04
What's the error here?
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
152:06
Well this is a negative.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚นใงใ™ใญใ€‚
152:08
โ€˜He doesn'tโ€ฆโ€™, that's correct.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“โ€ฆใ€ใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
152:11
However, we do not add an โ€˜sโ€™ when we have โ€˜doesn'tโ€™ in front of โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œitใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œdoesn'tใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
152:18
โ€˜Do he eat candy?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
152:21
Here we have a question.
2947
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
152:24
The subject of the sentence is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
152:27
For โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, when we're making a sentence in the present simple tense,
2949
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
152:33
we use โ€˜doesโ€™ not โ€˜doโ€™.
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ใ€Œdoใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
152:37
So the correct answer is, โ€˜Does he eat candy?โ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
152:41
And finally, โ€˜Sam is play computer games.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒ ใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
152:46
There are two present simple verbs here and we can't have that,
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
152:50
so the correct way to fix this sentence is to get rid of the โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
152:56
So take that out and say, โ€˜Sam plays computer games.โ€™
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒ ใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
153:04
Add an โ€˜sโ€™ because the subject is โ€˜Samโ€™ which is a โ€˜heโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€ŒSamใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œheใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
153:09
Great job!
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸ๏ผ
153:10
Let's move on to the next practice.
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ๆฌกใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
153:12
For this next practice, we're taking a look at routines.
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ๆฌกใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใฏใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
153:16
Remember the present simple tense can be used to describe events that happen regularly.
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡
153:22
Let's take a look at the first sentence,
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅใƒใ‚นใ‚’_็ฉบใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™_ใ€
153:24
โ€˜We _ blank _ the bus every day.โ€™
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
153:28
And I want you to use the verb โ€˜takeโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œtakeใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
153:31
Here we see the clue word โ€˜every dayโ€™ which shows that this is a routine.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€ŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ—ฅๅธธ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
153:36
The subject of the sentence is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
153:40
In the present simple tense,
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€
153:41
remember if the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, or โ€˜theyโ€™,
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
153:47
we do not change the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
153:49
Therefore the correct answer is, โ€˜We take the bus every day.โ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
153:56
In the second sentence it says, โ€˜He _ blank _ to school every morning.โ€™
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆฏŽๆœๅญฆๆ กใธ _ ็ฉบใฃใฝ _ ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
154:02
Again a routine.
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ใพใŸใพใŸใƒซใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ€‚
154:05
The subject here is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
154:07
What do we do if the subject is โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™?
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
154:11
We add โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ to the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
154:15
In this example, the verb is โ€˜goโ€™, so we have to add โ€˜esโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œgoใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
154:21
โ€˜He goes to school every morning.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆฏŽๆœๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
154:26
In the next sentence, it says, โ€˜Lizzy not play (in parenthesis) tennis.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒชใ‚ธใƒผใฏ๏ผˆๆ‹ฌๅผงๅ†…๏ผ‰ใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
154:32
Here I want you to think about the negative form.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
154:36
Lizzy is a โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ใƒชใ‚ธใƒผใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
154:38
The subject pronoun is โ€˜sheโ€™ so what do we do for the negative?
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ไธป่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
154:43
We say โ€˜does notโ€™ or the contraction โ€˜doesn't play tennisโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅŽ็ธฎใ‚’ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
154:51
We do not add an โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ to the end of the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
154:56
Instead we say โ€˜doesn'tโ€™ or โ€˜does notโ€™.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
155:00
Now I want you to find a mistake in the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
155:05
โ€˜They watches TV at night.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅคœใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
155:08
Can you figure out what's wrong with the sentence?
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ใใฎๆ–‡ใฎใฉใ“ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
155:12
The subject is โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
155:15
Therefore, remember, we do not change the verb.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
155:20
We say โ€˜watchโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
155:22
โ€˜They watch TV at nightโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅคœใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
155:26
In the next sentence, or question, it says, โ€˜Does he plays soccer every week?โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใพใŸใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆฏŽ้€ฑใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
155:33
The subject of the sentence is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
155:36
To make a sentence, putting โ€˜doesโ€™ at the beginning is okay,
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
155:41
However, we don't put an โ€˜sโ€™ at the end of โ€˜playโ€™.
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ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ€Œplayใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใซ
155:46
Therefore, the correct answer is to simply say,
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆฏŽ้€ฑใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
155:50
โ€˜Does he play soccer every week?โ€™
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใงใ™ใ€‚
155:54
And finally, โ€˜He always forget his book.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆœฌใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
155:59
In this case, the subject is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
156:03
Remember, again, for he/she/it we add 's' or 'es' to the end of the verb.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€he/she/it ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
156:10
What's the verb in the sentence?
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
156:13
It's โ€˜forgetโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
156:14
Therefore we have to say, โ€˜He always forgets his book.โ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆœฌใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
156:22
Great job.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
156:23
Let's move on to the next practice.
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ๆฌกใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
156:25
In this checkup, we'll take a look at how the present simple tense can be used to describe
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ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ๆœชๆฅใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
156:31
future events.
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ใ€‚
156:33
Take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
156:35
It says, โ€˜The airplane _ blank _ tonight.โ€™
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ใ€ŒไปŠๅคœใฎ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏ็ฉบใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
156:39
And we're looking at the verb โ€˜leaveโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œleaveใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
156:42
What is the subject of the sentence?
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
156:45
The correct answer is โ€˜airplaneโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
156:48
What subject pronoun do we use for โ€˜airplaneโ€™?
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ€ใซใฏใฉใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
156:52
It's โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
156:54
Remember in the present simple tense, for โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, we add an โ€˜sโ€™
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
156:59
or โ€˜esโ€™ to the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
157:02
The verb here is โ€˜leaveโ€™ so we simply add an โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œleaveใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
157:06
The correct answer is, โ€˜The airplane leaves tonight.โ€™
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏไปŠๅคœๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
157:12
In the second sentence, it says, โ€˜Does the movie _blank_ soon?โ€™
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ป _blank_ ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
157:18
And we're using the verb โ€˜startโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstartใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
157:21
What is the subject of this sentence?
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
157:24
Itโ€™s โ€˜movieโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
157:26
And what subject pronoun do we use for movie?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใงใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
157:29
Itโ€™s โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
157:31
So it's like saying, โ€˜Does it _ blank _ soon?โ€™
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใ็ฉบ็™ฝใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
157:35
Well this is a question, so we already have the correct word in the front - โ€˜doesโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ณชๅ•ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ‰ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ€Œdoesใ€ใŒใ™ใงใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
157:42
For he/she/it, when we're asking a question, we use โ€˜doesโ€™.
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ๅฝผ/ๅฝผๅฅณ/ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
157:48
Now all we have to do is use the same verb in its base form,
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ใ‚ใจใฏๅŒใ˜ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใงไฝฟใ†ใ ใ‘ใชใฎใงใ€
157:54
so โ€˜Does the movie start soon?โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
157:57
We do not add an โ€˜sโ€™ or โ€˜esโ€™ here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œesใ€ใฏ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
158:02
Finally, it says, โ€˜Viki _ blank _ tomorrow.โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ŒViki_blank_tomorrowใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
158:06
The subject of the sentence is โ€˜Vickiโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใƒดใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
158:10
โ€˜Vickiโ€™ is a girl so the subject pronoun is โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ใ€Œใƒดใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€ใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใชใฎใงใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
158:15
You'll remember now that forโ€ฆ in this case, we put โ€˜worksโ€™.
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forโ€ฆ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œworksใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
158:20
w-o-r-k-s โ€˜worksโ€™.
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ไฝœๅ“ใฏใ€Œไฝœๅ“ใ€ใ€‚
158:23
โ€˜Vicki works tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒดใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅไป•ไบ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
158:26
Now let's find the mistakes in the sentence below.
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ใงใฏใ€ไธ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
158:30
โ€˜He do leave at 3:30 p.m.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅˆๅพŒ 3 ๆ™‚ 30 ๅˆ†ใซๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
158:34
Actually there's only one mistake.
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ๅฎŸใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใŒ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
158:36
Can you find it?
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่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
158:38
โ€˜He do leave at 3:30 p.m.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅˆๅพŒ 3 ๆ™‚ 30 ๅˆ†ใซๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
158:43
We do not need the โ€˜doโ€™ here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
158:46
We only use โ€˜doโ€™ in a question or in the negative form.
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ใ€Œdoใ€ใฏ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใพใŸใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
158:51
But also the subject is โ€˜heโ€™, so we would use โ€˜doesโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไธป่ชžใ‚‚ใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
158:55
Either way we don't need this here.
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ใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใ›ใ‚ˆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
158:58
Well now we have the verb โ€˜leaveโ€™ with the subject โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œleaveใ€ใซไธป่ชžใ€Œheใ€ใŒใคใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
159:03
Do you know what to do?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
159:05
We simply change this to โ€˜leavesโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œ่‘‰ใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
159:10
Just like we did in the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
159:12
โ€˜He leaves at 3:30 p.m.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅˆๅพŒ 3 ๆ™‚ 30 ๅˆ†ใซๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ™ใ€
159:16
In the next sentence, โ€˜They don't start school today.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
159:21
We have a negative sentence.
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ๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
159:24
โ€˜They don'tโ€ฆโ€™, that's correct.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ€ใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
159:27
โ€˜โ€ฆdo notโ€™ is correct.
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ใ€Œโ€ฆใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
159:29
For subject pronoun โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œtheyใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
159:31
However, in the negative form, we don't have to change the main verb at all.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏใ€ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใพใฃใŸใๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
159:37
Therefore, all we will do is say, โ€˜They don't start school today.โ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅญฆๆ กใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
159:43
No โ€˜sโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
159:45
Finally, โ€˜Does we eat at noon?โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๆ˜ผใซ้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
159:49
Take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
159:50
What is the subject or subject pronoun in the sentence?
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ๆ–‡ไธญใฎไธป่ชžใพใŸใฏไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
159:55
The correct answer is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
159:58
Think about the question form.
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่ณชๅ•ๅฝขๅผใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
160:01
Do we say โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜doesโ€™ in the question form for the subject pronoun โ€˜weโ€™?
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ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œweใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็–‘ๅ•ๅฝขใงใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ€Œdoesใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
160:07
The correct answer is โ€˜doโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
160:09
We say โ€˜doโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
160:12
So the correct way to say this sentence or question is,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใพใŸใฏ่ณชๅ•ใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใฏใ€
160:16
โ€˜Do we eat at noon?โ€™
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ใ€Œๆญฃๅˆใซ้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ใงใ™ใ€‚
160:19
Great job guys.
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ ใ€‚
160:20
You're done with the practice.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง็ทด็ฟ’ใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
160:21
Thank you for your hard work.
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ใŠ็–ฒใ‚Œๆง˜ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
160:23
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
160:25
Good job guys.
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ใ„ใ„ใžใ€‚
160:26
You put in a lot of practice today.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚
160:28
The present simple tense is not easy, and I'm really happy to see how hard you guys
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็พๅœจๅฝขใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใ—ใฆ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™
160:33
worked on mastering it.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
160:35
Be sure to check out my other videos and thank you for watching this video.
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็งใฎไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚‚ใœใฒใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
160:39
I'll see you next time.
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ๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
160:40
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
160:49
Hi, everybody. I'm Esther.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
160:51
I'm so excited to be teaching you theย  present continuous tense in this video.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใฆใจใฆใ‚‚่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
160:57
This tense is used to describe: an action that's happening right now,
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€็พๅœจ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€
161:01
a longer action in progress , and something happening in the near future.
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้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
161:06
There's a lot to learn, but don't worry I'll guide you through it.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŒไธๅฏงใซๆŒ‡ๅฐŽใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใฎใงใ”ๅฟƒ้…ใชใใ€‚
161:10
Let's get started.
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
161:14
The present continuous tense is used to talkย  about actions that are happening right now.
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏใ€็พๅœจ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
161:20
For example,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
161:21
โ€˜I'm teaching Englishโ€™ and โ€˜You are studying English.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
161:25
Let's take a look at some more examples.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
161:28
The first sentence says, โ€˜He is watching a movieโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
161:33
We start with the subject and a โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ไธป่ชžใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
161:36
In this case, the subject is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
161:39
For โ€˜heโ€™ / โ€˜sheโ€™ and โ€˜itโ€™,ย  we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€/ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
161:44
Then you'll notice I added an โ€˜-ingโ€™ย  to the end of the verb โ€˜watchโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwatchใ€ใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
161:50
โ€˜He is watching a movie.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
161:53
The next sentence says, โ€˜Tim is playing a computer game.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ ใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผ ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
161:57
He's doing that right now.
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ๅฝผใฏไปŠใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
162:00
Tim is a โ€˜heโ€™, therefore, againย  we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
162:06
And again you'll notice I addedย  โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of the verb.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
162:12
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
162:13
โ€˜The machine is making a noise.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๆฉŸๆขฐใŒ็•ฐ้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
162:17
Now pay attention to the subject, โ€˜the machineโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€ŒๆฉŸๆขฐใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป้กŒใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
162:21
What is the proper pronoun?
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้ฉๅˆ‡ใชไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
162:23
The answer is โ€˜itโ€™, thereforeย  we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œitใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
162:28
โ€˜The machine is making a noise.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๆฉŸๆขฐใŒ็•ฐ้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
162:32
We can also say, โ€˜It is making a noiseโ€™. Or the contraction, โ€˜It's making a noiseโ€™.
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ใ€Œ้ŸณใŒ้ณดใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ้ŸณใŒ้ณดใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
162:39
And finally, โ€˜Tom and Ben are speaking Englishโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใƒˆใƒ ใจใƒ™ใƒณใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
162:43
In this case, you'll noticeย  that we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
162:47
Can you figure out why?
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็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
162:50
That's because Tom and Ben - the subject pronoun for these two is โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใƒˆใƒ ใจใƒ™ใƒณใ€ใ“ใฎ 2 ไบบใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
162:56
โ€˜They are speaking English.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
162:59
Let's move on to the next usage.
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ๆฌกใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
163:02
The present continuous tense is also used to describe a longer action in progress.
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏใ€้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
163:09
Even though you might not beย  doing the action right now.
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ใŸใจใˆไปŠใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€‚
163:12
Let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
163:15
The first sentence says,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
163:16
โ€˜I'm reading an interesting book these days.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘้ข็™ฝใ„ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
163:20
In this case, the subject isย  โ€˜Iโ€™, so the โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜amโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œamใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
163:25
In this example, we use the contractionย  โ€˜I'mโ€™ by putting โ€˜Iโ€™ and โ€˜amโ€™ together.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒIใ€ใจใ€Œamใ€ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€ŒI'mใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
163:31
Again, you'll notice there'sย  an โ€˜-ingโ€™ after the verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
163:36
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
163:38
โ€˜You are studying to become an English teacher.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ•™ๅธซใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
163:41
The subject here is โ€˜youโ€™,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œyouใ€ใชใฎใงใ€
163:44
therefore the โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œareใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
163:47
Next, โ€˜Steven is preparing for the IELTS exam.โ€™
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใƒณใฏ IELTS ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
163:52
The subject here is โ€˜Stevenโ€™ which is a โ€˜heโ€™,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒStevenใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œheใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
163:56
therefore we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
164:00
And finally, โ€˜John and June are working at a company.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใจใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใƒณใฏไผš็คพใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
164:05
If you look at the subject โ€˜John and Juneโ€™, the pronoun for that is โ€˜theyโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใจใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใƒณใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
164:11
That's why we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
164:14
โ€˜They are working at a company.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผš็คพใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
164:17
Let's move on to the next usage.
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ๆฌกใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
164:19
The present continuous is also usedย  to talk about near future plans.
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่จˆ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
164:24
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
164:26
โ€˜She is meeting some friends tonight.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปŠๅคœๅ‹้”ใจไผšใ†ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
164:29
That's going to happen in the near future.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
164:32
You'll notice that we have 'she', so the โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ€Œsheใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œisใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
164:36
And then we added an โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of the verb โ€˜meetโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œmeetใ€ใฎ่ชžๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
164:41
The next example says, โ€˜We are going on vacation in July.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ 7 ๆœˆใซไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
164:46
The subject here is โ€˜weโ€™, therefore we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œweใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
164:51
We can also use a contraction and say, โ€˜We're going on vacation in July.โ€™
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ7 ๆœˆใซไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
164:57
Again, another near future plan.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่จˆ็”ปใงใ™ใ€‚
165:00
The next example says,
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€
165:02
โ€˜David is learning to drive tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒ‡ใ‚คใƒ“ใƒƒใƒ‰ใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
165:05
โ€˜tomorrowโ€™ is the near future.
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ใจใฏ่ฟ‘ใ„ๆœชๆฅใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
165:07
โ€˜Davidโ€™ is the subject.
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ใ€Œใƒ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ€ใŒไธป้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
165:10
โ€˜Davidโ€™ is a โ€˜heโ€™, so we use โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ€ŒDavidใ€ใฏใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
165:14
And lastly, โ€˜Vicki and I are teaching English next week.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใƒดใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใจ็งใฏๆฅ้€ฑ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
165:19
โ€˜Vicky and Iโ€™โ€ฆ If we think about the subject pronoun is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ใ€Œใƒดใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใจ็งใ€โ€ฆไธป่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
165:24
That's why we used โ€˜areโ€™. โ€˜We are teaching.โ€™
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
165:29
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
165:31
Now let's talk about the negativeย  form of the present continuous tense.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
165:36
I have some examples here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
165:38
These two examples are for actions that are happening right now, or longer actions.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€็พๅœจ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใพใŸใฏ้•ทๆœŸใซใ‚ใŸใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
165:45
These last two are for near future plans.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใฏ่ฟ‘ใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่จˆ็”ปใงใ™ใ€‚
165:48
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
165:50
The first sentence says, โ€˜I am not having fun.โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๆฅฝใ—ใใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
165:54
Now that's not true for me because I am having fun,
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็งใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
165:57
but in this example I am not having fun.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
166:01
You'll notice that the word โ€˜notโ€™ goesย  between the โ€˜beโ€™ verb and the โ€˜verb -ingโ€™.
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ใ€Œnotใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ€Œingใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
166:08
In the second example it says, โ€˜Jane isn't doing her homework.โ€™
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใฏๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
166:13
Here we use the contraction โ€˜isn'tโ€™ for โ€˜is notโ€™,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œis notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œisn'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
166:17
so just like the first sentence, we put โ€˜notโ€™ between โ€˜isโ€™ and โ€˜verb -ingโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใจใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž -ingใ€ใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
166:24
The next sentence says, โ€˜You're not seeing him tonight.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€ŒไปŠๅคœใฏๅฝผใซไผšใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
166:29
Here we have a contraction for โ€˜you areโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
166:32
โ€˜You're not seeing him tonight.โ€™
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ใ€ŒไปŠๅคœใฏๅฝผใซไผšใ‚ใชใ„ใญใ€‚ใ€
166:35
And finally, โ€˜We are not running tomorrow morning.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎๆœใฏ่ตฐใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
166:39
Here we have the subject โ€˜weโ€™, therefore, we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œweใ€ใชใฎใงใ€be ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
166:44
Donโ€™t forget to add a โ€˜notโ€™ after that to make it negative.
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ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
166:49
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
166:50
Now let's talk about how to form โ€˜beโ€™ verbย  questions in the present continuous tense.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
166:57
The first example here says,
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ใ“ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€
166:58
โ€˜Is he waiting for you?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
167:02
or โ€˜Is he waiting for you?โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
167:03
We start with the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
167:05
Take a look at the subject though.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไธป้กŒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
167:07
The subject is โ€˜heโ€™ and that's why we start with the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
167:12
โ€˜Is he waiting for you?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
167:14
You can answer, โ€˜Yes, he is.โ€™ or โ€˜No he isn't.โ€™
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
167:19
The second sentence says,
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
167:20
โ€˜Are you coming to class?โ€™
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ใ€ŒๆŽˆๆฅญใซๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
167:23
The subject here is โ€˜youโ€™ andย  that's why we start with โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒฌใ€ใงๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
167:27
โ€˜Are you coming to class?โ€™
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ใ€ŒๆŽˆๆฅญใซๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
167:29
You can answer, โ€˜Yes I am.โ€™ or โ€˜No, I'm not.โ€™
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
167:35
The next question says, โ€˜Is he preparing to study in Canada?โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใซ็•™ๅญฆใ™ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
167:40
The subject is โ€˜heโ€™, and so we start with โ€˜isโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€Œisใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
167:44
The answer can be, โ€˜Yes, he is.โ€™ or it can also be โ€˜No, he isn't.โ€™
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏ้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
167:50
Finally the last question says, โ€˜Are they going out tonight?โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠๅคœๅค–ๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
167:55
The subject here is โ€˜theyโ€™, and so we start with โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œtheyใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
168:00
The answer can be โ€˜Yes, they are.โ€™ or โ€˜No, they aren't.โ€™
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
168:06
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
168:07
Now let's talk about the WH questionย  form for the present continuous tense.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎWH็–‘ๅ•ๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
168:13
I have some examples here
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™
168:15
and you'll notice that we start with the WH questions:
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ใŒใ€WH ใฎ่ณชๅ• ( ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ„ใคใ€่ชฐใŒใ€ใชใœใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ)
168:19
what, where, when, who, why, and how.
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
168:24
What comes after?
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ใใฎๅพŒใซไฝ•ใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
168:26
You'll notice it's the โ€˜beโ€™ verbs: โ€˜areโ€™, โ€˜isโ€™, and if the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜amโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™:ใ€Œareใ€ใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€ŒIใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œamใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
168:33
So after that you have the subject and then the verb -ing.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใซๅ‹•่ฉž -ing ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
168:39
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
168:42
โ€˜What are you doing?โ€™
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'ไฝ•ใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ'
168:44
I'm asking about right now.
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ไปŠใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
168:46
For example, โ€˜I'm teaching English.โ€™
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
168:49
โ€˜Where are you going?โ€™ โ€˜I'm going to the store.โ€™
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'ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใฎ๏ผŸ' '็งใฏๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚'
168:54
โ€˜When is it starting?โ€™ โ€˜It's starting at 3.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ„ใคๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œ๏ผ“ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
168:59
I can be talking about a movie a show anything can be โ€˜itโ€™.
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚„็•ช็ต„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
169:04
โ€˜Who is she talking to?โ€™ โ€˜She's talking to Bob.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒœใƒ–ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
169:09
โ€˜Why is she crying?โ€™ โ€˜She's crying because she's sad.โ€™
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ใ€Œใชใœๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
169:15
And finally, โ€˜How is it going?โ€™ โ€˜It's going well.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ่ชฟๅญใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ 'ไธŠๆ‰‹ใใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚'
169:20
For this checkup of the present continuous tense,
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€
169:23
we'll look at how this tense can be used toย  describe an action that's happening right now.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒ็พๅœจ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
169:29
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
169:32
โ€˜You -blank- learning English.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ-็ฉบ็™ฝ-่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
169:35
Remember for this tense, we startย  with the subject and the โ€˜beโ€™ verb
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
169:40
and then the verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
169:42
We already have the verb โ€˜-ingโ€™ here, so we need the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใŒใ™ใงใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
169:47
The subject in the first sentence is โ€˜youโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
169:51
For โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, and โ€˜theyโ€™,ย  we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb - โ€˜areโ€™,
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž - ใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
169:55
so the correct answer is,
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ใฎใงใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
169:58
โ€˜You are learning Englishโ€™ right now.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏไปŠ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
170:02
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
170:03
โ€˜She _blank_ not watching TV.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’_็ฉบ็™ฝ_่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
170:07
This is the negative form ofย  the present continuous tense.
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ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
170:11
We have the word โ€˜notโ€™ before the verb โ€˜-ingโ€™,
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซๅ˜่ชžใ€Œnotใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
170:16
However, we're missing the โ€˜beโ€™ verb again.
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ใŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใŒใพใŸๆŠœใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
170:19
What is the be verb to useย  if the subject is โ€˜sheโ€™?
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€beๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
170:23
the correct answer is โ€˜isโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
170:27
โ€˜She is not watching TV.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
170:31
This one says, โ€˜I _blank_ studying now.โ€™
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏไปŠ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
170:35
The subject here is โ€˜Iโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
170:38
Again think of the โ€˜beโ€™ verb that goes before the subject โ€˜Iโ€™.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ŒIใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
170:43
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜amโ€™.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œamใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
170:46
โ€˜I am studying now.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏไปŠๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
170:48
We can also use a contraction and say, โ€˜I'm studying nowโ€™
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏไปŠๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
170:54
If we wanted to turn this into the negative form,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซๅค‰ใˆใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
170:57
we can also say, โ€˜I'm not studying now.โ€™
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ใ€ŒไปŠใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
171:02
Now, take a look at the nextย  sentence and find the mistake.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
171:06
โ€˜Layla is watch a movie.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚คใƒฉใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
171:10
Here we have the subject and the subject pronoun for Layla would be โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€Layla ใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
171:16
We have the correct โ€˜beโ€™ verb - โ€˜isโ€™,
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ 'be' ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Š 'is' ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
171:19
However, you'll notice we forgotย  the โ€˜-ingโ€™ at the end of the verb.
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ใŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใฎ '-ing' ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
171:25
We need to say, โ€˜watchingโ€™.
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ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
171:29
โ€˜Layla is watching a movie.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚คใƒฉใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
171:33
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
171:34
โ€˜They playing soccer now.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
171:37
What's missing?
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801
ไฝ•ใŒ่ถณใ‚Šใชใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
171:39
If you got it the correct answer is we need the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜areโ€™
3245
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€
171:43
because the subject is โ€˜theyโ€™.
3246
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œtheyใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œareใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
171:46
โ€˜They are playing soccer now.โ€™
3247
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
171:50
And finally, โ€˜What do you do?โ€™
3248
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
171:54
If you want to ask somebodyย  what they're doing right now,
3249
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่ชฐใ‹ใซไปŠไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
171:58
you say, 'whatโ€™... and the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜are... you.. doing?โ€™
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž โ€“ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ...ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
172:09
โ€˜What are you doing?โ€™
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'ไฝ•ใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ'
172:12
Let's move on to the next practice.
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ๆฌกใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
172:14
For this checkup we'll talk about the present continuous tense
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ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ
172:18
and how it can be used to describe an action that started in the past and continues today.
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆ้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
172:24
It's a longer action.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
172:26
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
172:29
โ€˜He _blank_ studying economics.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใ‚’_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
172:32
Remember for this tense, we take theย  subject, a โ€˜beโ€™ verb, and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
172:39
Here we already have the verb โ€˜-ingโ€™, โ€˜studyingโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ™ใงใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
172:43
So what are we missing?
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ใงใฏใ€็งใŸใกใซใฏไฝ•ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
172:44
The โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚
172:46
The correct โ€˜beโ€™ verb forย  the subject โ€˜heโ€™ is โ€˜isโ€™.
3262
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ไธป่ชžใ€Œheใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃใ—ใ„ be ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œisใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
172:51
So, โ€˜He is studying economics.โ€™
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
172:54
The next sentence says, โ€˜They're _blank_ for the fight.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆˆฆใ„ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
172:59
The verb we want to use is โ€˜trainโ€™.
3265
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็งใŸใกใŒไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œtrainใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
173:02
Now we already have the 'be' verb here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ™ใงใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
173:05
It's in the contraction โ€˜thereโ€™ย  because it's โ€˜they areโ€™.
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ใ€Œthereใ€ใฏใ€Œthey areใ€ใชใฎใง็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
173:10
All we have to do now is add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the verb.
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ใ‚ใจใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
173:14
โ€˜They're training for the fight these days.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๆˆฆใ„ใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆ่จ“็ทดใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใ€
173:20
And โ€˜We _blank_ teaching at the school.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆๆ กใง_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
173:25
Again we're missing the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
3271
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๆŠœใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
173:28
What is the โ€˜beโ€™ verb for โ€˜weโ€™?
3272
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
173:31
The correct answer is โ€˜areโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒฌใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
173:34
โ€˜We are teaching at the school.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅญฆๆ กใงๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
173:38
Now let's look for theย  mistakes in the next sentence.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
173:43
โ€˜Ben is study to become a doctor.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒ™ใƒณใฏๅŒป่€…ใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
173:47
Can you find the error?
3277
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ใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
173:49
Well we have the subject and we have the proper โ€˜be verbโ€™.
3278
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใช 'be ๅ‹•่ฉž' ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
173:54
What we're missing is the โ€˜-ingโ€™ at the end of โ€˜studyโ€™.
3279
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ๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œstudyใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ€Œ-ingใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
174:00
The correct answer is, โ€˜Ben is studying to become a doctorโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใƒ™ใƒณใฏๅŒป่€…ใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
174:06
Let's look at the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
174:08
โ€˜I don't reading that book.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
174:15
hmm
3283
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174:15
โ€˜I don't reading that book.โ€™
3284
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
174:16
To form the negative in the present continuous, we don't use โ€˜doโ€™ or โ€˜doesโ€™
3285
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงๅฆๅฎšใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œdoใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œdoesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ›ใšใ€
174:21
We use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb. What is the be verb for โ€˜Iโ€™?
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ‚’่กจใ™beๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
174:26
The correct answer is โ€˜amโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œๅˆๅ‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
174:28
โ€˜I am not reading that book.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
174:34
There is no contraction for โ€˜am notโ€™.
3289
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ใ€Œam notใ€ใซใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
174:38
Finally, โ€˜They are to learn English.โ€™
3290
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
174:42
We have the subject and we have the correct โ€˜beโ€™ verb,
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ 'be' ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
174:46
but remember we need verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
3292
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ใŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž '-ing' ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
174:50
Therefore, the correct answer is,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
174:53
โ€˜They are learning English.โ€™
3294
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
174:57
Let's move on to the next checkup.
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ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
175:00
For this checkup we'll take a look at how the present continuous tense
3296
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ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่จˆ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹
175:04
can be used to talk about future plans.
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
175:07
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
175:09
The first sentence says, โ€˜They're play a game tonight.โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠๅคœใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
175:13
The verb we want to use is โ€˜playโ€™.
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็งใŸใกใŒไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œplayใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
175:17
Remember we start with the subjectย  and here we have it, โ€˜theyโ€™.
3301
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ใพใšไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
175:21
Then we have the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
175:24
In this case we used a contractionย  for โ€˜they are โ€“ โ€˜theyโ€™reโ€™.
3303
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ โ€“ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
175:28
That's correct.
3304
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ใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
175:30
After that we have to add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of the verb,
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ่ชžๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
175:35
so the correct answer is, โ€˜They're playing a game tonight.โ€™
3306
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠๅคœใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
175:41
The next sentence says, 'We _blank_ not studying tomorrow.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
175:47
Looks good but there's a word that's missing.
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่‰ฏใ•ใใ†ใงใ™ใŒใ€่ถณใ‚Šใชใ„่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
175:50
This is the negative form because we have โ€˜notโ€™.
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ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
175:53
We simply need the โ€˜beโ€™ verb for โ€˜weโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
175:56
The correct โ€˜beโ€™ verb is โ€˜areโ€™. โ€˜We are not studying tomorrow.โ€™
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œareใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
176:03
The next sentence says, โ€˜Lynn is _blank_ out tonight.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€ŒใƒชใƒณใฏไปŠๅคœ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใงๅค–ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
176:08
and we want to use the verb โ€˜goโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
176:10
Remember 'Lynn' and then the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ€ŒLynnใ€ใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
176:15
That's correct. All we have to do is add โ€˜-ingโ€™.
3315
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ใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
176:21
โ€˜Lynn is going out tonight.โ€™
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ใ€ŒใƒชใƒณใฏไปŠๅคœๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
176:24
To make this negative you can say,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
176:27
โ€˜Lynn is not going out tonight.โ€™ or โ€˜Lynn isn't going out tonight.โ€™
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ใ€ŒใƒชใƒณใฏไปŠๅคœใฏๅค–ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒใƒชใƒณใฏไปŠๅคœใฏๅค–ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
176:33
The next sentence says, โ€˜Laura isn't study this evening.โ€™
3319
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ŒใƒญใƒผใƒฉใฏไปŠๅคœๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
176:38
Can you find the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
176:41
Remember we have to addย  โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of the verb,
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
176:46
so we need to say,
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ใ€ŒใƒญใƒผใƒฉใฏไปŠๅคœๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
176:48
โ€˜Laura isn't studying this evening.โ€™
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
176:54
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ
176:56
โ€˜My sons will playing chess later.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฎๆฏๅญใŸใกใฏๅพŒใงใƒใ‚งใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
176:59
We are talking about a future plan,
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่จˆ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
177:02
so you might be tempted to use โ€˜wellโ€™ or โ€˜willโ€™, I'm sorry.
3327
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ใ€Œwellใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
177:06
However, instead of saying โ€˜willโ€™, we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
3328
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
177:11
โ€˜My sons are playing chess later.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๆฏๅญใŸใกใฏๅพŒใงใƒใ‚งใ‚นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
177:17
And finally, โ€˜She's not to eating dinner tonight.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปŠๅคœๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
177:22
There's an extra word in here that we don't need.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅฟ…่ฆใฎใชใ„ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
177:25
What is it?
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ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
177:27
It's โ€˜toโ€™.
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ใ€Œใจใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
177:28
Remember, subject - โ€˜beโ€™ verb, not verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
177:34
We do not need โ€˜toโ€™ in this sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œtoใ€ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
177:38
All right well that's the end of this checkup.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ“ใฎๆคœๆŸปใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
177:41
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
177:42
Good job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŠ็–ฒใ‚Œๆง˜ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
177:43
You just completed the lessonย  on the present continuous tense.
3339
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
177:48
This tense is not easy but you did a great job.
3340
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ใ“ใฎ็ทŠๅผตๆ„Ÿใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
177:51
And keep watching to learn more.
3341
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ฉณใ—ใ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่ฆ–่ดใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
177:53
I know English can be difficult but with practice and effort you will improve.
3342
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆๅŠชๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚Œใฐๅฟ…ใšไธŠ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
177:58
I promise.
3343
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็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
177:59
See you in the next video.
3344
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ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
178:09
Hi, everyone.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚
178:10
I'm Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
178:11
In this video, I'm going to introduce the present perfect tense.
3347
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
178:16
This tense can be used to talk about an action that happened in the past,
3348
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€
178:21
but when it happened is not very important or itโ€™s unknown.
3349
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‹ใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ€ไธๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚
178:25
It can also be used to talk about an action that started in the past and continues in
3350
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้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่กŒ็‚บใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
178:32
the present.
3351
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ใ€‚
178:33
We really want to emphasize how long that action has been happening.
3352
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
178:38
And finally, we use this tense to talk about a recent action.
3353
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
178:43
There's a lot to learn and a lot of important information, so keep watching.
3354
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅผ•ใ็ถšใๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
178:51
Let's talk about one usage of the present perfect tense.
3355
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฎ 1 ใคใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
178:55
This tense can be used to talk about an action that happened in the past.
3356
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ่กŒ็‚บใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
179:00
But when it happened is not important or not known.
3357
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‹ใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ—ใ€็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚
179:05
However, this action isย  important to the conversationย 
3358
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ ็พๆ™‚็‚นใง ใฎไผš่ฉฑใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใ™
179:09
right now.
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ใ€‚
179:10
Let's take a look at some examples.
3360
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
179:13
The first one says, โ€˜I have been to Canada.โ€™
3361
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
179:17
What we do here is we start with the subject, โ€˜Iโ€™.
3362
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
179:22
For โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™, and โ€˜theyโ€™, we follow with โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
179:27
After that we use the past participle of the verb.
3364
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
179:31
In this case, the verb is โ€˜beโ€™.
3365
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œbeใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
179:33
And so the past participle is โ€˜beenโ€™.
3366
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œbeenใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
179:36
โ€˜I have been to Canada.โ€™
3367
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
179:39
The next sentence says, โ€˜My cousins have seen the movie.โ€™
3368
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎใ„ใจใ“ใŸใกใฏใใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
179:43
My cousins is a โ€˜theyโ€™.
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็งใฎใ„ใจใ“ใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
179:46
And so again, we follow with โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ†ใณใ€Œhaveใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
179:49
And the past participle of see is โ€˜seenโ€™.
3371
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ใใ—ใฆใ€see ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
179:54
โ€˜They have seen the movie.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
179:56
Or โ€˜My cousins have seen the movie.โ€™
3373
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎใ„ใจใ“ใฏใใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
179:59
The next example says, โ€˜Chad has gone home.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒ‰ใฏๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
180:03
Chad is a โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใƒใƒฃใƒ‰ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
180:05
For โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, we follow with โ€˜hasโ€™.
3376
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
180:11
Then, the past participle โ€˜goneโ€™ is for the verb โ€˜goโ€™.
3377
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€Œgoneใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgoใ€ใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
180:16
โ€˜Chad has gone home.โ€™
3378
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ใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒ‰ใฏๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
180:18
And finally, โ€˜My phone has been fixed.โ€™
3379
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎ้›ป่ฉฑใฏ็›ดใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
180:22
My phone is an โ€˜itโ€™.
3380
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็งใฎ้›ป่ฉฑใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
180:24
Therefore, I use โ€˜hasโ€™.
3381
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
180:27
And then I need the past participle of โ€˜beโ€™ โ€“ โ€˜beenโ€™.
3382
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉž โ€“ ใ€Œbeenใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
180:31
โ€˜My phone has been fixed.โ€™
3383
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ้›ป่ฉฑใฏ็›ดใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
180:34
Let's move on to the next usage.
3384
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ๆฌกใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
180:36
The present perfect tense is also used to describe an action that started in the past
3385
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š ็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
180:42
and continues in the present.
3386
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่กŒ็‚บใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
180:45
โ€˜forโ€™ and sinceโ€™ are common expressions used with the present perfect tense.
3387
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œforใ€ใจใ€Œsinceใ€ใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚
180:50
Let's take a look at these examples.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
180:53
โ€˜I have worked there since 2002.โ€™
3389
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ใ€Œ2002ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰ใใ“ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
180:57
You'll notice we start with the subject.
3390
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ใ“ใฎไธป้กŒใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
181:00
If it's โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™ or โ€˜weโ€™, we have โ€˜haveโ€™.
3391
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
181:04
Then the past participle of the verb.
3392
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ๆฌกใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
181:07
In this case - โ€˜workedโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ - ใ€Œใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
181:09
What you'll notice here is that we also have โ€˜since 2002โ€™.
3394
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆฐ—ใฅใใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œsince 2002ใ€ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
181:14
This shows when the action started, so with the expression โ€˜sinceโ€™, you need to use
3395
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค้–‹ๅง‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œsinceใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใงใฏ
181:20
a specific point in time.
3396
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
181:23
The next example does the same thing.
3397
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
181:26
โ€˜You have had a car since last year.โ€™
3398
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅŽปๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
181:29
Again, we use โ€˜sinceโ€™, so we have a specific point in time - โ€˜last yearโ€™.
3399
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œๆ˜จๅนดใ€ใจใ„ใ†็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
181:36
Take a look at the next example.
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
181:39
โ€˜Anna has liked him for weeks.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒŠใฏไฝ•้€ฑ้–“ใ‚‚ๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
181:42
In this case the subject is โ€˜Annaโ€™.
3402
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒŠใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
181:44
Which is a โ€˜sheโ€™, and so we use โ€˜hasโ€™.
3403
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
181:48
Then the past participle โ€˜likedโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅฅฝใใ€ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
181:51
However, at the end of the sentence, we see โ€˜for weeksโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใฏใ€Œforweeksใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
181:56
Not โ€˜since weeksโ€™.
3406
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ใ€Œๆ•ฐ้€ฑ้–“ไปฅๆฅใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
181:58
When we use โ€˜forโ€™, we talk about the duration.
3407
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ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
182:01
We explain how long this action has been true.
3408
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ใ“ใฎ่กŒ็‚บใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
182:06
And finally, โ€˜We have eaten lunch here for 3 months.โ€™
3409
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ“ใง3ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
182:11
Again, the sentence ends with โ€˜for 3 monthsโ€™.
3410
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ3ใ‹ๆœˆใฎ้–“ใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
182:14
So we show the duration.
3411
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
182:17
Let's move on to the next usage.
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ๆฌกใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
182:20
In addition, the present perfect tense can be used to describe an action that recently
3413
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘
182:26
stopped.
3414
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ๅœๆญขใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
182:27
Letโ€™s take a look at some examples.
3415
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
182:30
โ€˜I have just been to the doctor,โ€™
3416
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
182:33
So just like for all the other usages, we start with the subject,
3417
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎ็”จๆณ•ใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ไธป่ชž
182:37
โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™, and the past participle.
3418
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ใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
182:41
But you'll notice here, I used the word โ€˜justโ€™ between โ€˜haveโ€™ and the verb.
3419
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใ‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œjustใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
182:47
โ€˜I have just been to the doctor.โ€™
3420
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
182:50
This shows that it happened very recently.
3421
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ”ใๆœ€่ฟ‘ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
182:54
The next example says, โ€˜James has just seen his new baby.โ€™
3422
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใฏ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
182:59
Again, just goes in between โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™ and the verb.
3423
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
183:05
Take a look at the next example.
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
183:07
It says, โ€˜She has already been to China.โ€™
3425
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ™ใงใซไธญๅ›ฝใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
183:11
โ€˜alreadyโ€™ is another word you can use to show that this action recently happened.
3426
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ใ€Œใ™ใงใซใ€ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๆœ€่ฟ‘่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
183:18
However, โ€˜alreadyโ€™ can also be moved to the end of the sentence.
3427
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œalreadyใ€ใ‚’ๆ–‡ๆœซใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
183:23
So it's perfectly fine to say, โ€˜She has been to China already.โ€™
3428
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ™ใงใซไธญๅ›ฝใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏใพใฃใŸใๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
183:29
And in the last example, โ€˜We have recently visited Tom.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใƒˆใƒ ใ‚’่จชๅ•ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
183:34
Again, you can put this word between โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™ and the verb.
3430
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
183:39
Or you can also put it at the end of the sentence.
3431
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ใพใŸใฏๆ–‡ๆœซใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
183:43
โ€˜We have visited Tom recently.โ€™
3432
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใƒˆใƒ ใ‚’่จชใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
183:46
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
183:47
Let's take a look at the negative form of the present perfect tense.
3434
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
183:52
Here are some examples.
3435
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
183:54
The first one says, โ€˜I have not been to Europe.โ€™
3436
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€Œ็งใฏใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
183:58
What you'll notice in the first sentence is that we simply put a 'not' between โ€˜haveโ€™
3437
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงๆฐ—ใฅใใฎใฏใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€Œhaveใ€
184:03
and โ€˜beenโ€™.
3438
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ใจใ€Œbeenใ€ใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
184:05
โ€˜I have not been to Europe.โ€™
3439
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
184:08
You can also use a contraction and say โ€˜I haven't been to Europe.โ€™
3440
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€Œ็งใฏใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
184:14
The next sentence says, โ€˜It has not rained for 3 months.โ€™
3441
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ3ใƒถๆœˆ้–“้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
184:19
Again, we put the โ€˜notโ€™ between the โ€˜hasโ€™ and the verb.
3442
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
184:24
โ€˜It has not rained for 3 months.โ€™
3443
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ใ€Œ3ใƒถๆœˆใ‚‚้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
184:28
Here we have a time expression to show the duration.
3444
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ™ๆ™‚้–“ๅผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
184:33
The next example says, โ€˜Teddy hasn't driven for 2 years.โ€™
3445
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใฏ 2 ๅนด้–“้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
184:38
We used the contraction here for โ€˜hasโ€™ and โ€˜notโ€™ โ€“ โ€˜hasn'tโ€™.
3446
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
184:43
And then we use the time expression โ€˜for 2 yearsโ€™ at the end of the sentence.
3447
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ใใ—ใฆๆ–‡ๆœซใซใ€Œ2ๅนด้–“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ™‚้–“่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
184:50
And finally, the last sentence says, โ€˜My sons haven't played soccer since 2010.โ€™
3448
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œ็งใฎๆฏๅญใŸใกใฏ2010ๅนดไปฅๆฅใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
184:57
We see another contraction here for โ€˜have notโ€™ โ€“ โ€˜haven'tโ€™.
3449
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎ็ธฎ็ด„ใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
185:03
โ€˜My sons haven't played soccer since 2010.โ€™
3450
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ใ€Œ็งใฎๆฏๅญใŸใกใฏ2010ๅนดไปฅๆฅใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
185:07
This time expression uses โ€˜sinceโ€™.
3451
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚
185:10
And so we mention a specific point and time.
3452
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ใใ“ใงใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๆ™‚็‚นใจๆ™‚ๅˆปใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
185:14
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
185:15
Now let's take a look at the โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™ question form of the present perfect
3454
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ๆฌกใซใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใฎ็–‘ๅ•ๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
185:21
tense.
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ใ€‚
185:22
Take a look at the board.
3456
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
185:24
The first sentence says, โ€˜Mike has eaten lunch.โ€™
3457
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
185:28
That is a statement.
3458
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฃฐๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚
185:30
Now to turn it into a question, it's quite easy.
3459
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
185:33
All you have to do is put โ€˜hasโ€™ at the beginning.
3460
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ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
185:37
Then you follow with the subject and then the past participle.
3461
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ๆฌกใซไธป่ชžใ€ใใ—ใฆ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
185:42
You'll notice that the placement of the past participle doesn't change.
3462
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ้…็ฝฎใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
185:47
We've simply changed the order of the first 2 words.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
185:51
โ€˜Has Mike eaten lunch?โ€™
3464
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ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
185:54
โ€˜Has Mike eaten lunch?โ€™
3465
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ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
185:56
And you can answer by saying โ€˜Yes, he has.โ€™ or โ€˜No, he hasn't.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
186:02
The next sentence says, โ€˜They have watched the video.โ€™
3467
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
186:06
This is a statement.
3468
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฃฐๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚
186:08
If we want to turn it into a question, again, we change the order of the first two words.
3469
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
186:15
โ€˜Have theyโ€ฆ?โ€™
3470
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆ๏ผŸใ€
186:16
And the past participle verb stays in the same place.
3471
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ใใ—ใฆ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ็•™ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
186:21
โ€˜Have they watched the video?โ€™
3472
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
186:25
โ€˜Have they watched the video?โ€™
3473
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
186:26
You can answer this question by saying, โ€˜Yes, they have.โ€™
3474
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ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
186:30
or โ€˜No, they haven't.โ€™
3475
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
186:32
Good job, guys.
3476
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ใ„ใ„ใžใ€‚
186:34
Let's move on.
3477
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
186:35
Now, I'll briefly introduce how to ask WH questions in the present perfect tense.
3478
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ใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงWHใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
186:41
Take a look at the board.
3479
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
186:43
I have โ€˜whereโ€™, โ€˜whatโ€™, โ€˜whoโ€™, and โ€˜howโ€™.
3480
11203279
3601
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
186:47
These go at the beginning of the question.
3481
11207439
2480
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ†’้ ญใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
186:50
Let's take a look at the first example.
3482
11210720
2000
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
186:53
โ€˜Where has Tim been?โ€™
3483
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1360
ใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ ใฏใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€
186:55
You'll notice we followed the WH word with โ€˜hasโ€™ or โ€˜haveโ€™.
3484
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WH ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œhasใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
187:01
In this case, I used โ€˜hasโ€™ because the subject is โ€˜Timโ€™, and Tim is a โ€˜heโ€™.
3485
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€ŒTimใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€Tim ใŒใ€Œheใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
187:07
And then we followed that with the past participle of the verb.
3486
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
187:12
โ€˜Where has Tim been?โ€™
3487
11232160
1840
ใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ ใฏใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€
187:14
And I can answer by saying, โ€˜Tim has been home.โ€™
3488
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ ใฏๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
187:17
or โ€˜Tim has been on vacation.โ€™
3489
11237680
2800
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ ใฏไผ‘ๆš‡ไธญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
187:20
Something like that.
3490
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880
ใใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€‚
187:22
The next question says, what countries have you visited?
3491
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3760
ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใฉใฎๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
187:26
I can answer by saying, โ€˜I have visited China.โ€™
3492
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ใ€Œ็งใฏไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
187:30
or โ€˜I have visited Mexico.โ€™
3493
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
187:32
You can also use the contraction โ€˜Iโ€™veโ€™.
3494
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€ŒI'veใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
187:35
โ€˜I've visited China.โ€™
3495
11255600
2400
ใ€Œ็งใฏไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
187:38
The next question says, โ€˜Who has she talked to?โ€™
3496
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ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
187:41
You can answer by saying, โ€˜She has talked to her mom.โ€™ or โ€˜She has talked to her
3497
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆฏ่ฆชใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
187:47
teacher.โ€™
3498
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ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
187:49
The next question says, โ€˜How long have you been married?โ€™
3499
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3681
ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
187:53
โ€˜I've been married for 3 years.โ€™
3500
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ใ€Œ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆ3ๅนดใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
187:56
That's one answer that you can give.
3501
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‡บใ›ใ‚‹ไธ€ใคใฎ็ญ”ใˆใงใ™ใ€‚
187:59
Great job, everybody.
3502
11279040
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
188:00
Let's move on.
3503
11280399
801
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
188:02
For this checkup, we'll take a look at the present perfect tense.
3504
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ใ“ใฎๆคœๆŸปใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
188:05
Which describes an action that happened at
3505
11285840
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้ŽๅŽปใฎๆœช็ŸฅใพใŸใฏไธ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸ
188:08
an unknown or indefinite time in the past.
3506
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ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ่กŒ็‚บใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
188:12
Let's look at the first sentence.
3507
11292080
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
188:14
โ€˜She _blank_ read that book.โ€™
3508
11294319
2641
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’ใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใงใ€่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
188:17
The subject in this sentence is โ€˜sheโ€™.
3509
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2561
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
188:20
For he/she/it, in this tense we say, โ€˜hasโ€™.
3510
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ๅฝผ/ๅฝผๅฅณ/ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
188:26
โ€˜She hasโ€™.
3511
11306640
880
'ๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹'ใ€‚
188:28
Now, take a look at the verb.
3512
11308240
1840
ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
188:30
It looks like โ€˜readโ€™.
3513
11310640
1680
ใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
188:32
But remember we need to use the past participle of the verb.
3514
11312319
4400
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
188:36
So It's actually โ€˜readโ€™.
3515
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€Œ่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
188:38
โ€˜readโ€™ and โ€˜readโ€™ are spelled the same.
3516
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ใ€Œreadใ€ใจใ€Œreadใ€ใฏๅŒใ˜็ถดใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
188:41
โ€˜She has read that book.โ€™
3517
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
188:45
The second sentence says, โ€˜They _blank_ visit China.โ€™
3518
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใงไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชๅ•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
188:49
โ€˜visitโ€™ is the verb that you want to use here.
3519
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ใ“ใ“ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œvisitใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
188:52
For โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ and โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜haveโ€™.
3520
11332800
4240
ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
188:57
Not โ€˜hasโ€™.
3521
11337600
1120
ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
188:59
โ€˜They haveโ€™
3522
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800
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
189:01
Now, what's the past participle of visit?
3523
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2880
ใ•ใฆใ€่จชๅ•ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
189:04
The answer is โ€˜visitedโ€™.
3524
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œ่จชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
189:07
โ€˜They have visited China.โ€™
3525
11347200
3119
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชๅ•ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
189:11
Next, โ€˜We _blank_ see that concert.โ€™
3526
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใฎใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใƒˆใ‚’_blank_่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
189:16
Again, for โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, weโ€™ and โ€˜theyโ€™ โ€“ we use โ€˜haveโ€™.
3527
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
189:21
โ€˜We haveโ€™.
3528
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800
'ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™'ใ€‚
189:22
Now, the past participle of โ€˜seeโ€™ is 'seen'.
3529
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œseeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œseenใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
189:27
โ€˜We have seen that concert.โ€™
3530
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใฎใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
189:31
Now, let's look for the mistake in the next sentence.
3531
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
189:35
โ€˜Rick have been to Cuba.โ€™
3532
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2240
ใ€Œใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใƒใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
189:38
Take a look at the subject, โ€˜Rickโ€™.
3533
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ไธป้กŒใ€Œใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
189:41
Rick is a โ€˜heโ€™.
3534
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ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
189:43
So instead of โ€˜haveโ€™, we need to change this to โ€˜hasโ€™.
3535
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œhaveใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œhasใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
189:49
โ€˜Rick has been to Cuba.โ€™
3536
11389359
2240
ใ€Œใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใƒใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
189:53
โ€˜Sally and I hasn't finished work.โ€™
3537
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจ็งใฏใพใ ไป•ไบ‹ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
189:57
The subject in this sentence is โ€˜Sallyโ€™ and โ€˜Iโ€™.
3538
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใ€ใจใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
190:01
The pronoun for that is โ€˜weโ€™.
3539
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2160
ใใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
190:05
โ€˜We hasn't finished work.โ€™
3540
11405279
1921
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ไป•ไบ‹ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
190:07
That still sounds weird, right?
3541
11407840
1840
ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
190:10
We have to change this to โ€˜have notโ€™ or the contraction โ€˜haven'tโ€™.
3542
11410319
6881
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
190:18
And finally, โ€˜I did go to the doctor.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
190:22
Now this sentence makes sense, but it's not the present perfect tense.
3544
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ้€šใ˜ใพใ™ใŒใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
190:26
We have to change it.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
190:28
Remember, we use โ€˜haveโ€™ for the subject, โ€˜Iโ€™.
3546
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ไธป่ชžใ€ŒIใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
190:34
But we're not done.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
190:35
What is the past participle of โ€˜goโ€™?
3548
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ใ€Œgoใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
190:42
It is โ€˜goneโ€™.
3549
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ŒใชใใชใฃใŸใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
190:43
โ€˜I have gone to the doctor.โ€™
3550
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ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
190:46
Great job.
3551
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
190:47
Let's move on to the next checkup.
3552
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ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
190:50
In this checkup, we'll talk about the present perfect tense
3553
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ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถ
190:53
and how it can be used to describe an action that started in the past and is still true
3554
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ใจใ€้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š็พๅœจใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
190:59
today.
3555
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480
ใ€‚
191:01
The first sentence says, โ€˜I _blank_ known Carly since 1994.โ€™
3556
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ 1994 ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ซใƒผใƒชใƒผใ‚’_็ฉบ็™ฝ_็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
191:06
The subject is โ€˜Iโ€™.
3557
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
191:08
And we already have the past participle of the verb, โ€˜knowโ€™.
3558
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œknowใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ™ใงใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
191:13
Which is โ€˜knownโ€™.
3559
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๆ—ข็Ÿฅใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
191:15
What are we missing?
3560
11475200
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็งใŸใกใซไฝ•ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
191:16
The correct answer is โ€˜haveโ€™.
3561
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
191:19
For โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ and โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜haveโ€™ after the subject.
3562
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ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒโ€‹โ€‹ใซใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
191:25
The next sentence says,
3563
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
191:27
โ€˜He has been here _blank_ 2 p.m.โ€™
3564
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ _blank_ ๅˆๅพŒ 2 ๆ™‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€
191:31
Now the first part is all there.
3565
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ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ™ในใฆ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
191:34
โ€˜He has beenโ€™.
3566
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
191:36
However, remember that for the present perfect tense,
3567
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
191:40
we use โ€˜forโ€™ or โ€˜sinceโ€™ to talk about how long that action has been true.
3568
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ใใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œforใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
191:45
In this case, we use โ€˜sinceโ€™.
3569
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
191:48
Because 2 p.m. is a specific period in time.
3570
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ๅˆๅพŒ 2 ๆ™‚ใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ๅธฏใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
191:54
Next it says, โ€˜She _blank_ liked Tom since June.โ€™
3571
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ6ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒˆใƒ ใ‚’_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
191:59
The subject is โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
192:01
And we have the past participle of the verb โ€˜likeโ€™, which is 'liked'.
3573
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œlikeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œlikedใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
192:07
What are we missing?
3574
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็งใŸใกใซไฝ•ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
192:08
Again, we need โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™.
3575
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
192:12
Because the subject is โ€˜sheโ€™...
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงโ€ฆ
192:14
Can you figure out which one you need?
3577
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ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
192:17
The correct answer is โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
192:20
โ€˜She has liked Tom since June.โ€™
3579
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ6ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒˆใƒ ใฎใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
192:24
Now, I want you to find a mistake in the next sentence.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
192:29
โ€˜I have worked here six months ago.โ€™
3581
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅŠๅนดๅ‰ใซใ“ใ“ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
192:33
Can you find a mistake here?
3582
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ใ“ใ“ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
192:35
โ€˜I have workedโ€™ - that's correct.
3583
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅƒใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€โ€•โ€•ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
192:38
However, in the present perfect tense, we don't use โ€˜agoโ€™.
3584
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏใ€Œagoใ€ใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
192:44
This is talking about more the past.
3585
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
192:47
We want to talk about โ€˜sinceโ€™ or โ€˜forโ€™ instead.
3586
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œไปฅๆฅใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
192:52
Now โ€˜six monthsโ€™ is not a specific time.
3587
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œ6ใ‹ๆœˆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
192:55
So we don't use โ€˜sinceโ€™.
3588
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€Œsinceใ€ใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
192:58
Instead, we talk about the duration.
3589
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
193:01
So we need โ€˜forโ€™.
3590
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
193:03
We'll say, โ€˜I have worked here for six months.โ€™
3591
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ“ใ“ใงๅŠๅนดๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
193:08
Let's take a look at the next sentence.
3592
11588720
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
193:11
โ€˜Jen have a cold for two weeks.โ€™
3593
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใฏ2้€ฑ้–“ใปใฉ้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ใฒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
193:15
At first glance, this doesn't seem that wrong.
3594
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ไธ€่ฆ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
193:18
But remember, Jen is a โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
193:22
So we need โ€˜hasโ€™.
3596
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
193:25
โ€˜Jen hasโ€™.
3597
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
193:26
But wait a minute, โ€˜Jen has have a coldโ€™?
3598
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ใงใ‚‚ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใฏ้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ใฒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€๏ผŸ
193:30
That's not right either.
3599
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
193:32
We need the past participle of โ€˜haveโ€™.
3600
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ใ€Œhaveใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
193:35
What is the past participle?
3601
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
193:37
The correct answer is โ€˜hadโ€™.
3602
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
193:40
โ€˜Jen has had a cold for two weeks.โ€™
3603
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใฏ๏ผ’้€ฑ้–“ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ใฒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
193:45
And finally, โ€˜We haven't went home since Friday.โ€™
3604
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅไปฅๆฅใ€ๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
193:50
This one is a little tricky.
3605
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
193:52
The subject is โ€˜weโ€™.
3606
11632880
1359
ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
193:55
โ€˜We have... have notโ€™.
3607
11635040
1600
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
193:56
That's correct.
3608
11636640
1200
ใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
193:57
The contraction is โ€˜haven'tโ€™.
3609
11637840
1920
็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€Œhaven'tใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
193:59
โ€˜We haven'tโ€™.
3610
11639760
800
ใ€Œใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
194:01
Now the problem is, we have this verb โ€˜wentโ€™.
3611
11641200
3439
ใ•ใฆๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwentใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
194:05
That's in the past simple tense.
3612
11645200
2399
ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
194:08
We need the past participle of โ€˜goโ€™.
3613
11648319
2721
ใ€Œgoใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
194:12
The correct answer is โ€˜goneโ€™.
3614
11652479
2240
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€ŒใชใใชใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
194:16
โ€˜We haven't gone home since Friday.โ€™
3615
11656560
3200
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅไปฅๆฅๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
194:20
Good job, guys.
3616
11660640
1120
ใ„ใ„ใžใ€‚
194:21
Let's move on to the next checkup.
3617
11661760
2160
ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
194:23
In this checkup, we'll take a look at the present perfect tense.
3618
11663920
3920
ไปŠๅ›žใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
194:27
And how it is used to describe an action that finished recently.
3619
11667840
4000
ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚
194:32
We'll be focusing on the words, โ€˜justโ€™, โ€˜alreadyโ€™ and โ€˜recentlyโ€™ to show this.
3620
11672479
5440
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ€Œใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ™ใงใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
194:37
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
3621
11677920
2000
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
194:40
โ€˜She has just _blank_ that book.โ€™
3622
11680560
2960
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใฆๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
194:43
And we're using the verb, โ€˜readโ€™.
3623
11683520
1840
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
194:46
Remember, we take the subject, โ€˜sheโ€™.
3624
11686160
2479
่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
194:49
And for โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™ and โ€˜itโ€™, we say โ€˜hasโ€™.
3625
11689279
3921
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
194:53
So that's correct.
3626
11693200
1520
ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
194:54
Now we need the past participle of โ€˜readโ€™.
3627
11694720
3120
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œreadใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
194:58
And that is โ€˜readโ€™.
3628
11698399
1280
ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
195:02
โ€˜She has just read that book.โ€™
3629
11702720
2240
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
195:05
You'll notice I use the word, โ€˜justโ€™ right before the past participle.
3630
11705520
4720
้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ็›ดๅ‰ใซใ€Œjustใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
195:11
Next it says, โ€˜They have alreadyโ€™ and the verb is โ€˜wake upโ€™.
3631
11711359
4960
ๆฌกใซใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ™ใงใซๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็›ฎ่ฆšใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
195:17
If the subject is โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™, we use โ€˜hasโ€™.
3632
11717680
4240
ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
195:22
But if the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ or โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜haveโ€™.
3633
11722560
5601
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
195:28
So that's correct.
3634
11728160
1279
ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
195:29
โ€˜They haveโ€™.
3635
11729439
721
'ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹'ใ€‚
195:30
Also we have the word โ€˜alreadyโ€™ here to show that it happened recently
3636
11730880
5200
ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œใ™ใงใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€่ฟ‘่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจ
195:36
or that it finished recently.
3637
11736080
1840
ใ€ใพใŸใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
195:38
Now the verb is โ€˜wake upโ€™.
3638
11738479
1920
ไปŠใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็›ฎ่ฆšใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
195:40
We need the past participle of โ€˜wake upโ€™,
3639
11740960
3439
ใ€Œ็›ฎ่ฆšใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ€
195:44
and that is โ€˜woken upโ€™.
3640
11744399
3440
ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ็›ฎ่ฆšใ‚ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
195:49
So the answer is,
3641
11749840
2080
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ
195:51
โ€˜They have already woken up.โ€™
3642
11751920
2399
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ™ใงใซ็›ฎ่ฆšใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
195:55
The next sentence says,
3643
11755279
1601
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
195:56
โ€˜We have recently _blank_ work.โ€™
3644
11756880
2720
ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘_็ฉบ็™ฝใฎ_ไป•ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
196:00
And the verb is โ€˜finishโ€™.
3645
11760160
1840
ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็ต‚ไบ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
196:02
โ€˜We haveโ€™, that's correct.
3646
11762960
2160
ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
196:05
And we have the word 'recently' to show when the action finished.
3647
11765120
3920
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
196:09
And now we need to find the past participle of the verb โ€˜finishโ€™.
3648
11769040
4239
ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œfinishใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
196:13
The correct answer is.
3649
11773920
1760
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ ใงใ™ใ€‚
196:15
โ€˜We have recently finished, -ed, work.โ€™
3650
11775680
5920
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
196:22
Now try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
3651
11782560
3840
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
196:27
โ€˜Morty has eaten just.โ€™
3652
11787439
2400
ใ€Œใƒขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
196:30
This sounds a little strange, right?
3653
11790560
2000
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซๆ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
196:33
That's because โ€˜justโ€™ needs to come before the verb.
3654
11793279
4240
ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œjustใ€ใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
196:38
Therefore, the answer is โ€˜Morty has just eaten.โ€™
3655
11798800
3760
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใƒขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
196:43
The next sentence says, โ€˜Karen has recently be sick.โ€™
3656
11803760
4720
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒฌใƒณใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
196:49
Karen is a โ€˜sheโ€™.
3657
11809760
1280
ใ‚ซใƒฌใƒณใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
196:51
So โ€˜hasโ€™ is correct.
3658
11811760
1920
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
196:54
And there we have โ€˜recentlyโ€™.
3659
11814239
2000
ใใ—ใฆใใ“ใซใฏใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
196:56
Now we need the past participle of the verb.
3660
11816960
3279
ใ“ใ“ใงๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
197:01
โ€˜beโ€™ is our verb and the past participle of โ€˜beโ€™ is โ€˜beenโ€™.
3661
11821520
4561
ใ€Œbeใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œbeenใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
197:07
โ€˜Karen has recently been sick.โ€™
3662
11827200
2560
ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒฌใƒณใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
197:10
And finally, โ€˜I have gone already to the dentist.โ€™
3663
11830720
4240
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ๆญฏๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
197:15
This is similar to another question we looked at just before.
3664
11835600
3521
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็›ดๅ‰ใซ็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸๅˆฅใฎ่ณชๅ•ใจไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
197:20
โ€˜I have gone already to the dentist.โ€™
3665
11840000
2880
ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ๆญฏๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
197:23
The placement of โ€˜alreadyโ€™ is a little awkward.
3666
11843520
4480
ใ€Œใ™ใงใซใ€ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๅŽ„ไป‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
197:28
So we can say, โ€˜I have already gone.โ€™
3667
11848560
4320
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚‚ใ†่กŒใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
197:32
So we can put โ€˜alreadyโ€™ before the verb,
3668
11852880
3040
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œalreadyใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
197:35
โ€˜I have already gone to the dentistโ€™
3669
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ™ใงใซๆญฏๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
197:38
Or we can put this at the end,
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
197:42
โ€˜I have gone to the dentist already.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ™ใงใซๆญฏๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
197:45
Both of those are correct.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
197:48
Now, good job.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใŠ็–ฒใ‚Œๆง˜ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
197:49
That is the end of the checkup.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใงๆคœๆŸปใฏ็ต‚ไบ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
197:50
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
197:52
Excellent job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
197:54
You just learned about the present perfect tense.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
197:57
There was a lot to learn, but you did a wonderful job.
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ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
198:00
Keep studying English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
198:02
I know that It's hard, but you will get better with time, effort and practice.
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้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใจๅŠชๅŠ›ใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’็ฉใ‚ใฐๅฟ…ใšไธŠ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
198:07
I'll see you in the next video.
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ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
198:17
Hi, everyone.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚
198:18
Welcome to the video.
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
198:19
In this video, Iโ€™ll introduce the Present Perfect Continuous English Tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ
198:25
This tense can be used to talk about an action
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
198:28
that started in the past and continues in the present.
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่กŒ็‚บใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
198:32
It can also be used to talk about an action that hasn't happened recently.
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
198:38
And finally, it can also be used to talk about an action that recently stopped.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅœๆญขใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
198:43
There's a lot to learn, so keep watching.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅผ•ใ็ถšใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
198:49
You can use the present perfect continuous tense
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
198:52
to talk about an action that started in the past and continues in the present.
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
198:58
We want to emphasize duration
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ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใง
199:00
and you can do that by using โ€˜forโ€™ or โ€˜sinceโ€™ in your sentence.
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ใ€ๆ–‡ไธญใงใ€Œforใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
199:05
Let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
199:08
โ€˜Charles has been studying English for an hour.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใฏ1ๆ™‚้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
199:12
Take a look at the subject, โ€˜Charlesโ€™.
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้กŒๅใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
199:15
The subject pronoun for Charles is โ€˜heโ€™.
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Charles ใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
199:18
And that's why we say โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
199:21
After that, we add โ€˜beenโ€™ and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œbeenใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
199:25
In this case, โ€˜studying.โ€™
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
199:28
You'll also notice that at the end of the sentence we have for an hour.
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ใพใŸใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซ 1 ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
199:33
That shows how long thisย  action has been happening.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
199:37
When you use โ€˜forโ€™, you emphasize the duration. โ€˜for an hourโ€™.
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ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใŒๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ1ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใ€‚
199:42
โ€˜Charles has been studying English for an hour.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใฏ1ๆ™‚้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
199:47
Let's take a look at the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
199:50
โ€˜Lily has been playing the piano for 2 years.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒชใƒชใƒผใฏ2ๅนด้–“ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
199:54
In this case, Lily is a โ€˜sheโ€™ and that's why, again, we say โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใƒชใƒชใƒผใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:00
You'll notice again, we have โ€˜beenโ€™ and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆๆฐ—ใฅใใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œbeenใ€ใฎๅพŒใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใŒๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:04
In this case, โ€˜playingโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ้Šใถใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
200:07
At the end of this sentence, we also used โ€˜forโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
200:10
and then โ€˜two yearsโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ2ๅนดใ€ใ€‚
200:12
So again, we're showing how long this has been happening.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:17
The next sentence is a little different.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
200:20
โ€˜It has been growing since June.โ€™
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ใ€Œ6ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅข—ใˆ็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
200:23
So it can be something like a plant.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆค็‰ฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
200:26
The plant or it has been growing since June.
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ใใฎๆค็‰ฉใฏ6ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆ้•ทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:31
Here we use โ€˜sinceโ€™, not โ€˜forโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œforใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:35
What's the difference?
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้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
200:36
We use a specific point in time with since.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’sinceใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:40
We don't say โ€˜Since two hoursโ€™.
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ใ€Œ2ๆ™‚้–“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
200:43
No, we say โ€˜When the action started since June.โ€™
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œ6 ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ้–‹ๅง‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:47
And finally, โ€˜Dan and I have been working since 6 a.m.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใƒ€ใƒณใจ็งใฏๆœ 6 ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
200:53
The subject pronoun for โ€˜Dan and Iโ€™ is โ€˜Weโ€™.
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ใ€Œใƒ€ใƒณใจ็งใ€ใฎไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
200:57
Therefore we use โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
200:59
At the end of the sentence, we have โ€˜since 6 a.m.โ€™
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใฏใ€Œๅˆๅ‰ 6 ๆ™‚ไปฅๆฅใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
201:04
Remember that with โ€˜sinceโ€™, we talked about a specific point in time when the action
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ใ€Œไปฅๆฅใ€ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ้–‹ๅง‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
201:10
started.
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ใ€‚
201:11
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
201:12
The present perfect continuous can also be used without emphasizing duration.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏใ€็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ›ใšใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
201:18
In this case, we mean โ€˜latelyโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
201:21
This action has been happening โ€˜latelyโ€™,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
201:24
and so we can use the word โ€˜latelyโ€™ or โ€˜recentlyโ€™ to explain this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
201:30
Let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
201:32
โ€˜You have been missing many classes lately.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๆŽˆๆฅญใ‚’ใ‚ˆใไผ‘ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
201:36
You'll notice that at the end of the sentence I use the word โ€˜lately'
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใงใ€
201:40
to describe when this action has been happening.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
201:44
You can also use lately at the beginning of the sentence.
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฏๆ–‡้ ญใซใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
201:48
For example, โ€˜Lately, you have been missing many classes.โ€™
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๆŽˆๆฅญใ‚’ไผ‘ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
201:53
The next example says, โ€˜Recently, Toby has been running every day.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใƒˆใƒ“ใƒผใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
201:59
In this sentence, we used โ€˜recentlyโ€™ at the beginning
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€
202:02
to show when does action has been happening.
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ๅ†’้ ญใงใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
202:06
You can also use โ€˜recentlyโ€™ at the end of the sentence.
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ๆ–‡ๆœซใซใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
202:09
โ€˜Toby has been running everyday recently.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒˆใƒ“ใƒผใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
202:13
In this example, the subject is Toby and so we use โ€˜hasโ€™ after Toby.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใฏ Toby ใชใฎใงใ€Toby ใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
202:19
Because Toby is a โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใƒˆใƒ“ใƒผใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
202:22
The next example says, โ€˜Lately, Dana has been swimming a lot.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใƒŠใฏใ‚ˆใๆณณใ„ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
202:27
Again, we use โ€˜latelyโ€™ at the beginning of this sentence,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๅ†’้ ญใงใฏใ€Œlatelyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
202:31
but you can also use it at the end.
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ใŒใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
202:34
Dana is a โ€˜sheโ€™ and so we followed this subject with โ€˜hasโ€™.
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Dana ใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎไธป้กŒใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
202:39
And finally, โ€˜We've been practicing English together recently.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ไธ€็ท’ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
202:45
โ€˜Weโ€™ is the subject of this sentence and so we use โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒWeใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
202:49
Here, we use the contraction โ€˜Weโ€™veโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€ŒWe'veใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
202:53
โ€˜We haveโ€™ become โ€˜We'veโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใŒใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
202:56
โ€˜We've been practicing English together recently.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ไธ€็ท’ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
202:59
We can put โ€˜recentlyโ€™ at the end,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™
203:02
or we can say โ€˜Recently we've been practicing English together.โ€™
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ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
203:07
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
203:09
The present perfect continuous tense and also be used to talk about an action that recently
3758
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆ็พๅœจใฎ็ตๆžœใจใชใฃใŸ
203:15
stopped and has a present result.
3759
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
203:18
Let's take a look at the example.
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ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
203:21
โ€˜I'm tired because I have been running.โ€™
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ใ€Œใšใฃใจ่ตฐใฃใฆใŸใ‹ใ‚‰็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ใ€
203:24
The second part of the sentence, โ€˜I have been runningโ€™
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ๆ–‡ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ€Œ็งใฏ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใฏ
203:28
is using the present perfect continuous tense.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
203:31
This is the action that recently stopped.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅœๆญขใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
203:34
And as a result, โ€˜I'm tiredโ€™.
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€‚
203:37
This is the present result.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็พๅœจใฎ็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚
203:39
What's happening now, because of this.
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ไปŠไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใฎใ›ใ„ใงใ€‚
203:42
โ€˜I'm tired.โ€™.
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'็งใฏ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚'ใ€‚
203:44
The next example says, โ€˜The street is wet because it has been raining.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€้€šใ‚ŠใŒๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
203:49
This is very similar to the first sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใจใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
203:52
Here, we know that it has been raining.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
203:55
And this action recently stopped.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่กŒ็‚บใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๆญขใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
203:58
As a result, in the present, The street is wet.
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€็พๅœจใ€้“่ทฏใฏๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
204:02
The street is wet right now because of this action.
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ใ“ใฎ่กŒ็‚บใฎใ›ใ„ใงใ€็พๅœจ้“่ทฏใŒๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
204:07
The next example says, โ€˜You don't understand because you haven't been listening.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰็†่งฃใงใใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
204:13
You'll notice here that we use the negative.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅฆๅฎš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
204:16
Here's the contractions, โ€˜haven'tโ€™ or โ€˜have notโ€™
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎใ›ใ„ใงใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™
204:20
because of this action,ย  you haven't been listening,
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
204:24
now you don't understand.
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ไปŠใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
204:27
In the last example, we switch the order a little bit.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
204:31
โ€˜I've been studying all night.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏไธ€ๆ™ฉไธญๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
204:34
There is the present perfect continuous tense.
3782
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
204:37
This is the action that stopped recently.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅœๆญขใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
204:40
And here is the result.
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ใใ—ใฆ็ตๆžœใŒใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
204:42
โ€˜Now, I'm exhausted.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ€็–ฒใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
204:44
Great job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
204:46
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
204:47
Let's take a look at the negative form of the present perfect continuous tense.
3788
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
204:52
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
204:54
โ€˜I have not been feeling well these days.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ไฝ“่ชฟใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
204:58
At the end of the sentence we have โ€˜these daysโ€™ to show that this is an action that's
3791
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œthese daysใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
205:04
been happening recently.
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
205:06
In the negative form, we have to have โ€˜notโ€™.
3793
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ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
205:10
The โ€˜notโ€™ goes after have or has.
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ใ€Œnotใ€ใฏ have ใพใŸใฏ has ใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
205:13
In this case, the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, so I use โ€˜haveโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใชใฎใงใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
205:18
โ€˜I have not been feeling well these days.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ไฝ“่ชฟใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
205:22
We can also use a contraction โ€˜haven'tโ€™ or โ€˜have notโ€™.
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œhaven'tใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhave notใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
205:26
โ€˜I haven't been feeling well these days.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ไฝ“่ชฟใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
205:30
The next sentence says, โ€˜Sue has not been cooking lately.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œใ‚นใƒผใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
205:34
We have โ€˜latelyโ€™ at the end of this sentence,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใฏใ€Œlatelyใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
205:37
We can also put โ€˜latelyโ€™ at the beginning of the sentence.
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ๆ–‡ใฎ้ ญใซใ€Œlatelyใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
205:41
The important part of this sentence is to put โ€˜notโ€™ after โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้‡่ฆใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
205:46
Why did we use โ€˜hasโ€™?
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ใชใœใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
205:48
Because the subject is โ€˜Sueโ€™ which is a 'she'.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œใ‚นใƒผใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
205:51
For โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, we use โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
205:55
Again, we can use a contraction โ€˜hasn'tโ€™ for has not.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€has not ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข 'hasn't' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
205:59
โ€˜Sue hasn't been cooking lately.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒผใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
206:03
The next sentence says, โ€˜Jeff hasn't been eating healthy food recently.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ•ใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅฅๅบท็š„ใช้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
206:09
Again, the โ€˜recentlyโ€™ can be used at the beginning or end of this sentence.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œrecentlyใ€ใฏใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใพใŸใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
206:15
We have the contestant โ€˜hasn'tโ€™ here for you.
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ๅ‡บๅ ด่€…ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
206:19
โ€˜hasn'tโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜has notโ€™.
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ใ€Œhasn'tใ€ใฏใ€Œhas notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
206:22
We have โ€˜hasโ€™ because the subject is Jeff which is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ Jeff ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œhasใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
206:27
And finally, โ€˜They haven't been speaking for over a year.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ1ๅนดไปฅไธŠ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
206:33
In this case, โ€˜for over a yearโ€™ shows duration.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œ1 ๅนดไปฅไธŠใ€ใฏๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
206:37
Remember with โ€˜forโ€™, you show how long something has been happening.
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ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
206:42
In this case, we have a contraction โ€˜haven'tโ€™ or โ€˜have notโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
206:47
Great job, everybody.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
206:48
let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
206:49
Now, let's take a look at how to form the โ€˜haveโ€™ or โ€˜hasโ€™ question
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎ ใ€Œhaveใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œhasใ€็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
206:54
for the present perfect continuous tense.
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ใ€‚
206:57
The first sentence says, โ€˜He has been reading for an hour,โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ 1 ๆ™‚้–“ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
207:02
Now, to turn this into a question,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€
207:04
all we have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
207:09
So โ€˜He hasโ€™ becomes โ€˜Has heโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใฏใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
207:13
โ€˜Has he been reading for an hour?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
207:16
You'll notice that the second part of the sentence doesn't change.
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ๆ–‡ใฎๅพŒๅŠ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
207:20
โ€˜Has he been reading for an hour?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
207:23
To answer, you can simply say, โ€˜Yes, he has.โ€™ or โ€˜No, he hasn't.โ€™
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
207:29
The next sentence says, โ€˜They have been sleeping since 8 p.m.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅˆๅพŒ 8 ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
207:34
Again, the second part of the sentence stays the same,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๆ–‡ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅŒใ˜ใพใพใงใ€
207:38
and in the beginning, we just switch the first two words.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
207:41
โ€˜They haveโ€™ become โ€˜Have theyโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใŒใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
207:44
โ€˜Have they been sleeping since 8 p.m.?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅˆๅพŒ8ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
207:47
To answer, you can say, โ€˜Yes, they have.โ€™
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
207:51
or โ€˜No. they haven't.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
207:53
Great job, everybody.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
207:55
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
207:56
Now, let's take a look at how to form WH questions in the present perfect continuous tense.
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ใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใง WH ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
208:03
Here, we have some WH question words.
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ใ“ใ“ใงWHใฎ็–‘ๅ•่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
208:06
โ€˜whatโ€™, โ€˜whereโ€™, โ€˜whyโ€™ and โ€˜howโ€™.
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€‚
208:10
Let's take a look at the first question.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
208:12
โ€˜What have you been doing lately?โ€™
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ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ไฝ•ใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
208:15
I can answer by saying, โ€˜I have been working.โ€™
3843
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ใ€Œ็งใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
208:18
or โ€˜I have been studying.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
208:20
I can also use the contraction โ€˜I'veโ€™.
3845
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€ŒI'veใ€ใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
208:23
โ€˜I've been working.โ€™
3846
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'็งใฏๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚'
208:25
โ€˜I've been studying.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
208:27
The next question says, โ€˜Where have you been traveling?โ€™
3848
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ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
208:31
โ€˜I have been traveling in Europe.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใ‚’ๆ—…่กŒใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
208:33
or โ€˜I've been traveling in Europe.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใ‚’ๆ—…่กŒใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
208:37
โ€˜Why has he been feeling sad?โ€™
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ใ€Œใชใœๅฝผใฏๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ๆ€ใ„ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
208:40
You can answer by saying, โ€˜He's been feeling sad.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
208:43
That's the contraction โ€˜he hasโ€™, he's been feeling sad because his pet died.
3853
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ€ใƒšใƒƒใƒˆใŒๆญปใ‚“ใงๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
208:50
or โ€˜He has been feeling sad because he broke up with his girlfriend.โ€™
3854
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ฌใƒผใƒซใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใจๅˆฅใ‚Œใฆใšใฃใจๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
208:55
Something like that.
3855
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880
ใใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€‚
208:56
And โ€˜How has she been doing?โ€™
3856
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2240
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
208:59
โ€˜How has she been doing?โ€™
3857
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1760
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๆง˜ๅญใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
209:01
I can say, โ€˜She's been doing well.โ€™
3858
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚
209:04
โ€˜She'sโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜she hasโ€™.
3859
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ใ€ŒShe'sใ€ใฏใ€Œshe hasใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
209:07
Great job, everyone.
3860
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1280
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
209:09
Let's move on.
3861
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800
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
209:10
In this checkup, we will talk about the present perfect continuous tense.
3862
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ไปŠๅ›žใฎ่จบๆ–ญใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
209:15
This tense can be used to describe an event
3863
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3120
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
209:18
that started in the past and continues in the present.
3864
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ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
209:22
Let's take a look.
3865
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
209:24
The first sentence says,
3866
12564479
1601
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
209:26
โ€˜He has _blank_ all week,โ€™
3867
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2560
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไธ€้€ฑ้–“ใšใฃใจ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใงใ™ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ„
209:28
And the verb is โ€˜sleepโ€™.
3868
12568640
1360
ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅฏใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
209:30
For this tense, what we do is we first look at the subject, โ€˜heโ€™.
3869
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ใพใšไธป่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
209:35
For โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™ and โ€˜itโ€™, we put โ€˜hasโ€™.
3870
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
209:40
Then, we add โ€˜beenโ€™. โ€˜has beenโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œbeenใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
209:45
Finally we add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end.
3872
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ๆœซๅฐพใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
209:49
โ€˜He has been sleeping all week.โ€™
3873
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏไปŠ้€ฑใšใฃใจๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
209:54
The next sentence says, โ€˜You haven't _blank_ for a year.โ€™
3874
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œ1 ๅนด้–“็ฉบ็™ฝใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
209:59
and the verb is โ€˜travelโ€™.
3875
12599359
2561
ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๆ—…่กŒใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
210:01
Now, this is the negative form.
3876
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
210:04
So you see the contraction - โ€˜haven'tโ€™.
3877
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2400
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
210:06
โ€˜You have notโ€™ or โ€˜You haven'tโ€™.
3878
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ใ€Œใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ‹ใ€Œใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
210:10
Again, what we do after that is add โ€˜beenโ€™.
3879
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซ่กŒใ†ใฎใฏใ€Œbeenใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
210:15
Then, do you remember what to do?
3880
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
210:18
Add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the verb.
3881
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
210:25
โ€˜You haven't been traveling for a year.โ€™
3882
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2720
ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†1ๅนดใ‚‚ๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใฃใฆใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
210:29
Next, it says โ€˜They _blank_ working all day.โ€™
3883
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
210:34
So the verb โ€˜-ingโ€™ has already been provided for you.
3884
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใฏใ™ใงใซๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
210:38
Now, take a look at the subject.
3885
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœฌ้กŒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
210:41
The subject is โ€˜theyโ€™.
3886
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
210:44
Should we use โ€˜haveโ€™? or should we use โ€˜hasโ€™?
3887
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ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
210:47
The correct answer is โ€˜haveโ€™.
3888
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2080
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
210:51
Then what do you put?
3889
12651359
960
ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
210:53
Remember, we put โ€˜beenโ€™.
3890
12653200
1920
ใ€Œbeenใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
210:57
โ€˜They have been working all day.โ€™
3891
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2239
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
211:00
Now if you want to make this negative, you can say,
3892
12660000
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
211:03
โ€˜They haven't been working all day.โ€™
3893
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2319
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
211:06
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
3894
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2721
ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
211:09
โ€˜My friends have been watch TV.โ€™
3895
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6720
ใ€Œ็งใฎๅ‹้”ใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
211:16
โ€˜My friends have been watch TV.โ€™
3896
12676479
641
ใ€Œ็งใฎๅ‹้”ใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
211:17
What's the mistake?
3897
12677120
960
ไฝ•ใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
211:19
Remember, we need to add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of the verb.
3898
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5199
ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
211:24
So we should say,
3899
12684800
2640
ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹้”ใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
211:27
โ€˜My friends have been watching TV.โ€™
3900
12687439
2561
ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ ใ€‚
211:31
Next, โ€˜Sal did talking for 10 minutes.โ€™
3901
12691600
3840
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒซใฏ10ๅˆ†้–“่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
211:36
Hmm..
3902
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1000
ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€
211:37
Sal is a โ€˜he'.
3903
12697200
1199
ใ‚ตใƒซใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
211:39
And โ€˜talkingโ€™ is already there for you.
3904
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2801
ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ่ฉฑใ™ใ€ใ“ใจใฏใ™ใงใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
211:42
So what's in the middle of those two words is the mistake.
3905
12702080
3120
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
211:47
For โ€˜heโ€™, we use โ€˜hasโ€™.
3906
12707680
1840
ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
211:50
So we say โ€˜has beenโ€™.
3907
12710160
3920
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
211:54
โ€˜Sal has been talking for 10 minutes.โ€™
3908
12714080
2479
ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒซใฏ10ๅˆ†้–“่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
211:57
And finally,
3909
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1200
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
211:58
โ€˜He has been to eat for an hour.โ€™
3910
12718800
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ1ๆ™‚้–“้ฃŸไบ‹ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
212:02
Hmm..
3911
12722680
1000
ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€
212:03
โ€˜He has beenโ€™ That's correct.
3912
12723680
3040
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ ใฃใŸใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
212:06
However, in this sentence, the base form of the verb โ€˜eatโ€™ was used.
3913
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5520
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œeatใ€ใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
212:12
Instead, remember we need โ€˜-ingโ€™.
3914
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œ-ingใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
212:19
This is the correct answer.
3915
12739840
2320
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚
212:22
โ€˜He has been eating for an hour.โ€™
3916
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2479
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ1ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
212:25
All right, good job. and let's move on to the next practice.
3917
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€้ ‘ๅผตใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
212:29
In this practice, we'll take a look at the present perfect continuous tense,
3918
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ใ“ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€
212:34
And see how it expresses an action that has been happening recently or lately.
3919
12754399
5360
ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€่ฟ‘ใพใŸใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
212:39
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
3920
12759760
1920
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
212:42
โ€˜She has _blank_ bad lately.โ€™
3921
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3521
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘_blank_ๆ‚ชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
212:46
And the verb is โ€˜feelโ€™.
3922
12766080
1600
ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
212:48
Remember for โ€˜sheโ€™, we use โ€˜hasโ€™.
3923
12768479
3200
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
212:52
Then don't forget we need to have โ€˜beenโ€™.
3924
12772560
3760
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
212:56
โ€˜She has beenโ€™
3925
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960
ใ€ŒShe has beenใ€
212:58
After that, we add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the verb.
3926
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5040
ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
213:05
The correct sentence is,
3927
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1920
ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใฏ
213:07
โ€˜She has been feeling bad lately.โ€™
3928
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2480
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘่ชฟๅญใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
213:11
The next sentence says,
3929
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1680
ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
213:12
โ€˜We haven't _blank_ much recently.โ€™
3930
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3360
ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
213:16
And the verb is โ€˜cookโ€™.
3931
12796080
1760
ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๆ–™็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
213:18
This is a negative sentence.
3932
12798479
2000
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
213:20
So we say, โ€˜We have notโ€™ or the contraction - โ€˜haven'tโ€™.
3933
12800479
4160
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
213:25
โ€˜We haven'tโ€™ Don't forget โ€˜beenโ€™, and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
3934
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6640
ใ€ŒWe Haven'tใ€ ใ€Œbeenใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
213:32
โ€˜We haven't been cooking much recently.โ€™
3935
12812479
4480
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
213:38
Finally, we move on, let's try to find the mistake.
3936
12818000
3600
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
213:43
โ€˜We has been riding bikes to school recently.โ€™
3937
12823120
3199
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใงๅญฆๆ กใซ้€šใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
213:47
What's the mistake in this sentence?
3938
12827040
2000
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
213:50
The subject here is โ€˜Weโ€™.
3939
12830399
1521
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
213:52
For โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ and โ€˜theyโ€™, we have to say โ€˜have beenโ€™, not โ€˜has
3940
12832720
6160
ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
213:58
beenโ€™.
3941
12838880
960
ใ€‚
214:02
โ€˜We have been riding bikes to school recently.โ€™
3942
12842960
3040
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใงๅญฆๆ กใซ้€šใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
214:06
And for the last one,
3943
12846960
1439
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€
214:09
โ€˜Jenny lately hasn't been helping me.โ€™
3944
12849040
2800
ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘็งใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
214:13
The lately is placed wrong in this sentence.
3945
12853120
3119
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
214:16
We have to say,
3946
12856800
1040
ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใฏ็งใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
214:20
โ€˜Lately, Jenny hasn't been helping me.โ€™
3947
12860080
3120
ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€
214:23
or we can also say,
3948
12863760
4240
ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒผใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘็งใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
214:28
โ€˜Jenny hasn't been helping me lately.โ€™
3949
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2640
ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
214:31
Let's move on to the next checkup.
3950
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2320
ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
214:33
In this checkup, we'll talk about the present perfect continuous tense
3951
12873840
4640
ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใจใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅœๆญขใ—ใŸ
214:38
and how it expresses an action that stopped recently
3952
12878479
3601
ใŒ็พๅœจใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ไผดใ† ๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹
214:42
but has a present result.
3953
12882080
1760
ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
214:44
The first sentence says,
3954
12884720
1360
ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
214:46
โ€˜I _blank_ . That's why I'm so sweaty.โ€™
3955
12886080
3279
ใ€Œ็งใฏ _blank_ ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ”ใๆฑ—ใ ใใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
214:50
The verb here is โ€˜exerciseโ€™.
3956
12890399
2240
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ้‹ๅ‹•ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
214:52
And the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™.
3957
12892640
1521
ใใ—ใฆไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
214:54
Do we use โ€˜hasโ€™ or โ€˜haveโ€™ for the subject โ€˜Iโ€™?
3958
12894960
3279
ไธป่ชžใ€ŒIใ€ใซใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใจใ€Œhaveใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
214:58
The correct answer is โ€˜haveโ€™.
3959
12898880
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
215:03
Then, we put โ€˜beenโ€™ and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
3960
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6480
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œbeenใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
215:14
Okay, so the correct answer is,
3961
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2800
ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
215:16
โ€˜I have been exercising.
3962
12916880
2240
ใ€Œ้‹ๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
215:19
That's why I'm so sweaty.โ€™
3963
12919120
2000
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฑ—ใ ใใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
215:21
That's the result.
3964
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚
215:22
The next sentence says,
3965
12922960
1520
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
215:24
โ€˜I'm covered in flour because I _blank_.โ€™
3966
12924479
3521
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฐ้บฆ็ฒ‰ใซใพใฟใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใชใœใชใ‚‰็งใฏ_blank_ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
215:28
And the verb is โ€˜bakeโ€™.
3967
12928000
1439
ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ็„ผใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
215:30
Take a look.
3968
12930640
561
่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
215:31
I have โ€˜I'm covered in flour becauseโ€™
3969
12931840
3760
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฐ้บฆ็ฒ‰ใง่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใง
215:35
So this first part is the result.
3970
12935600
2720
ใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒ็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚
215:38
I need to show the action that stopped recently in the present perfect continuous tense.
3971
12938319
5681
ๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅœๆญขใ—ใŸๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใง็คบใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
215:44
Again, the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™.
3972
12944640
2240
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
215:46
So we use โ€˜have beenโ€™.
3973
12946880
1920
ใใ“ใงใ€Œhave beenใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
215:51
Then, all we do is add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of baking.
3974
12951120
4319
ใ‚ใจใฏใ€ใƒ™ใ‚คใ‚ฏๅ‡ฆ็†ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
215:59
โ€˜I have been baking.โ€™
3975
12959120
1520
ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’็„ผใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
216:00
So again,
3976
12960640
880
ใใ‚ŒใงใพใŸใ€
216:02
โ€˜I'm covered in flour because I have been baking.โ€™
3977
12962080
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ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’็„ผใ„ใŸใฎใงๅฐ้บฆ็ฒ‰ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
216:06
And we can use the contraction and say,
3978
12966000
2720
ใใ—ใฆ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
216:08
โ€˜I've been baking.โ€™
3979
12968720
1520
ใ€Œ็งใฏ็„ผใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
216:11
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
3980
12971439
2721
ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
216:16
โ€˜She has think a lot, so she has a headache.โ€™
3981
12976560
3680
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ˆใ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€้ ญใŒ็—›ใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
216:21
Take a look.
3982
12981200
640
่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
216:23
The result is that โ€˜she has a headache.โ€™
3983
12983279
2960
ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้ ญใŒ็—›ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
216:26
So we need to use the present perfect continuous for the first part.
3984
12986239
4320
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
216:31
โ€˜She hasโ€™ is correct.
3985
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1681
ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
216:33
What's missing?
3986
12993760
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ไฝ•ใŒ่ถณใ‚Šใชใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
216:35
Don't forget the โ€˜beenโ€™.
3987
12995359
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ใ€Œbeenใ€ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
216:38
Also don't forget that we need to add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the verb.
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
216:46
โ€˜She has been thinking a lot, so she has a headache.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ˆใ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€้ ญใŒ็—›ใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
216:50
Look at the next sentence and find the mistake.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
216:54
โ€˜I'm so hungry because I have been diet.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚จใƒƒใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
216:59
The only mistake here is that someone forgot to put the โ€˜-ingโ€™ at the end of the verb, โ€˜dietโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œdietใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
217:08
The correct answer is,
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
217:10
โ€˜I'm so hungry because I have been dieting.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚จใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
217:15
Great job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
217:16
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
217:18
Thank you so much for watching thisย  grammar course on the present tense.ย 
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็พๅœจๅฝขใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ—ใฆ่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
217:22
Now, I want you to watch the nextย  grammar course on the past tense.ย 
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฌ›ๅบงใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
217:26
Iโ€™ll see you there.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใฏใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
217:36
Hi, everyone.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚
217:37
In this video, I will introduce the past simple English tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
217:42
This grammar tense can help you explain a past general state, action, or habit.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็Šถๆ…‹ใ€่กŒๅ‹•ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
217:49
There's a lot to learn and it's a very important tense, so keep watching.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใชใฎใงใ€ๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
217:57
In this video, I will talk about the 'be' verb
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎ
218:00
in the past simple tense.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
218:02
The 'be' verb in the past simple tense can be used to describe a past general state.
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ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
218:09
We use the 'be' verbs, โ€˜wasโ€™ and โ€˜wereโ€™ in this tense.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ€Œwasใ€ใ€ใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
218:14
Take a look at the examples.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
218:16
โ€˜I was scared.โ€™
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'็งใฏๆ€–ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚'
218:18
โ€˜James', or he 'was a teacher.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใ€ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅฝผใฏใ€Œๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
218:22
โ€˜She was sad.โ€™
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'ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚'
218:25
โ€˜My dog was hungry.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ็ŠฌใฏใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
218:27
โ€˜My dogโ€™ can be โ€˜itโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ็Šฌใ€ใŒใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
218:29
So for โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, โ€˜itโ€™, we use the past tense 'be' verb, โ€˜wasโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
218:37
However, for โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ and โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜wereโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
218:42
โ€˜You were a good student.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‰ฏใ„็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
218:45
โ€˜Your parents, or they were at the park.โ€™ and โ€˜We were at home for two hours.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธก่ฆชใ‹ใ€ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ2ๆ™‚้–“ๅฎถใซใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
218:54
In this last sentence, you see that the duration is emphasized.
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ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
218:58
Great job.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
218:59
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
219:01
Now I will talk about regular verbs in the past simple tense.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
219:06
Take a look at these examples.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
219:08
โ€˜Liam played a game.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒชใ‚ขใƒ ใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
219:11
Liam is a โ€˜heโ€™,
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ใƒชใ‚ขใƒ ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™
219:13
but really it doesn't matter for regular verbs in the past simple tense.
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ใŒใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
219:18
Because no matter what the subject is, all we have to do is add โ€˜dโ€™ or โ€˜edโ€™
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ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซ ใ€Œdใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œedใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงๆธˆใ‚€ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
219:24
to the end of the verb.
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ใ€‚
219:26
Here the verb is โ€˜playโ€™, so I added โ€˜-edโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ€Œplayใ€ใชใฎใงใ€Œ-edใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
219:30
โ€˜Liam played a game.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒชใ‚ขใƒ ใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
219:33
โ€˜The car, or it needed gas.โ€™
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ใ€Œ่ปŠใ‹ใ€ใ‚ฌใ‚ฝใƒชใƒณใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
219:37
The verb here is โ€˜needโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œneedใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
219:39
For the past simple tense, I added โ€˜-edโ€™.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใฏใ€Œ-edใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
219:44
โ€˜We watched a movie.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
219:46
Again, an โ€˜edโ€™ at the of โ€˜watchโ€™.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œwatchใ€ใฎใ€Œedใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
219:50
โ€˜You exercised for an hour.โ€™
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ใ€Œ1ๆ™‚้–“้‹ๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚ใ€
219:53
In this case, the verb is โ€˜exerciseโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ้‹ๅ‹•ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
219:56
I only need to add a โ€˜dโ€™ to make it the past tense.
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้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€Œdใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
220:00
And finally, โ€˜They usually worked after school.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ๆ”พ่ชฒๅพŒใซๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
220:04
The verb is โ€˜workโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅƒใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
220:06
And I added an โ€˜edโ€™ to make it in the past tense.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œedใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
220:10
The word โ€˜usuallyโ€™ shows that this was a habit.
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
220:14
Remember, the past simple tense can be used to show past habits.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
220:20
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
220:21
Now, I'll talk about irregular verbs in the past simple tense.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
220:26
Remember, for regular verbs, we only add โ€˜dโ€™ or โ€˜edโ€™ to make a verb into the past tense.
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้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œdใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œedใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
220:33
However, for irregular verbs, we have to change the verb in a different way.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
220:39
Let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
220:42
โ€˜I ate with my friend.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅ‹้”ใจ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
220:44
The verb here is โ€˜ateโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
220:47
โ€˜ateโ€™ is the past simple tense of โ€˜eatโ€™.
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ใ€Œateใ€ใฏใ€Œ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
220:51
The next example says, โ€˜Nara wrote a story.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฅˆ่‰ฏใŒ็‰ฉ่ชžใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
220:55
The verb is โ€˜writeโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๆ›ธใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
220:57
And because it's irregular to change it into the past tense, we change the verb to โ€˜wroteโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ€Œๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ€ใซๅค‰ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
221:05
โ€˜You often came home late.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ˆใๅธฐใ‚ŠใŒ้…ใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚ใ€
221:08
The verb here is โ€˜comeโ€™ and it's been changed to โ€˜cameโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œcomeใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œcomeใ€ใซๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
221:13
You'll notice that we had the word โ€˜oftenโ€™ to show a habit.
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็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œ้ ป็นใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
221:19
โ€˜We bought a camera.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
221:21
The verb here is โ€˜buyโ€™ and it's been changed to โ€˜boughtโ€™ to show the past simple tense.
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ใ“ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ฒทใ†ใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œ่ฒทใฃใŸใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
221:28
And finally, โ€˜My parents sent me money for a year.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใŒ็งใซ1ๅนด้–“ใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’้€ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
221:33
Here the verb โ€˜sentโ€™ is the past tense of โ€˜sendโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œsentใ€ใฏใ€Œsendใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
221:38
Here we also see โ€˜for a yearโ€™, this shows duration.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œfor a yearใ€ใ‚‚่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
221:44
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
221:45
Now I will talk about the negative form for the 'be' verb in the past simple tense.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎ be ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
221:51
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
221:53
The first one says, โ€˜I was not hungry.โ€™
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ไธ€ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ŒใŠ่…นใฏ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
221:57
For the past simple tense, the negative 'be' verb
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้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ€ๅฆๅฎšใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
222:01
I f the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™ or โ€˜itโ€™, we say โ€˜was notโ€™.
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ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
222:07
For example, โ€˜I was notโ€™ or โ€˜she was notโ€™ or the contraction โ€˜wasn'tโ€™.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
222:14
โ€˜I wasn'tโ€™.
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ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
222:16
โ€˜She wasn'tโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
222:17
So let's look again, โ€˜I was not hungry.โ€™
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ใใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ€ŒใŠ่…นใฏ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
222:22
โ€˜She wasn't home today.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปŠๆ—ฅๅฎถใซใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
222:25
Now, if the subject is โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ or โ€˜theyโ€™,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
222:29
We say โ€˜were notโ€™ or the contraction โ€˜weren'tโ€™.
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We ใฏใ€Œwere notใ€ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œweren'tใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
222:33
โ€˜The children, or they were not quiet.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้™ใ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
222:38
โ€˜The children were not quiet.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏ้™ใ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
222:42
And then, โ€˜The dog', or it was not, or 'wasn't playful.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ้ŠใณๅฟƒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
222:49
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
222:50
Now, let's talk about how to form the negative in the past simple tense for non-'be' verbs,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใพใŸใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹้žใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
222:56
regular or irregular.
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ใ€‚
222:59
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
223:01
โ€˜I did not like him.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
223:04
What we do for non-'be' verbs is simply put โ€˜did notโ€™ after the subject.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใซไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œdid notใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
223:10
And you'll notice that for the verb, we don't make any changes.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
223:15
We keep the base verb.
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ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใใฎใพใพใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
223:18
โ€˜He didn't catch the ball.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใƒœใƒผใƒซใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
223:21
Again, it's โ€˜he did notโ€™, but here we used a contraction,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใƒœใƒผใƒซใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
223:26
โ€˜He didn't catch the ball.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใƒœใƒผใƒซใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
223:29
โ€˜They didn't dance.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ธŠใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
223:31
Again, here's the contraction for โ€˜did notโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œdid notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
223:35
And you'll notice that for the verb, we didn't change it at all.
4091
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใพใฃใŸใๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
223:39
Here's an irregular verb, and here's a regular verb, we keep them in the base form.
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ใ“ใ“ใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ“ใ“ใฏ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใฎใพใพใงใ™ใ€‚
223:46
And finally, โ€˜We didn't think about that.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
223:49
Again, we simply say โ€˜did notโ€™ or โ€˜didn'tโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€Œใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
223:54
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
223:55
Now I will introduce two ways to form questions for the past simple tense.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
224:00
Take a look at the first example.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
224:03
โ€˜He was angry.โ€™
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'ๅฝผใฏๆ€’ใฃใŸใ€‚'
224:05
In this first sentence, we see the 'be' verb โ€˜wasโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwasใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
224:09
It's quite easy.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
224:11
All you have to do to turn this into a question is switch the order the first two words.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
224:17
โ€˜Was he angry?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
224:19
You can answer by saying โ€˜Yes, he was.โ€™ or โ€˜No, he wasn't.โ€™
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
224:25
The next sentence also has a 'be' verb.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใ‚‚beๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
224:28
โ€˜They were comfortable.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฟซ้ฉใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
224:30
So again, switch the first two words.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
224:34
โ€˜Were they comfortable?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฟซ้ฉใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
224:36
The answers can be, โ€˜Yes, they were.โ€™
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
224:39
or โ€˜No, they weren't.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
224:41
However, look at the third sentence.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
224:44
โ€˜Sam lived here.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒ ใฏใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
224:46
There is no 'be' verb in this sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
224:49
Instead, we see the action verb โ€˜livedโ€™.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๅ‹•ไฝœๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œlivedใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
224:52
So what we do is no matter what the subject,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ไธป้กŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
224:56
we start the question with โ€˜didโ€™.
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ€Œdidใ€ใงๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
224:59
โ€˜Did Sam live here?โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒ ใฏใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
225:01
You'll notice that the verb no longer is in the past tense.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใฏใชใใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
225:06
We use the base form of the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
225:09
โ€˜Did Sam live here?โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒ ใฏใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
225:11
You can say โ€˜Yes, he did.โ€™
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
225:14
or โ€˜No, he didn't.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
225:16
The last sentence is similar.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
225:18
โ€˜They won the contest last year.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜จๅนดใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงๅ„ชๅ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
225:21
The verb here is โ€˜wonโ€™, that's not a 'be' verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwonใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
225:26
So again, we start the question with โ€˜didโ€™ .
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ 'did' ใงๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
225:29
And then the subject โ€˜theyโ€™, we use the base form of the verb and that's โ€˜winโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆไธป่ชžใฎใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œๅ‹ใคใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
225:36
โ€˜Did they win the contest last year?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅŽปๅนดใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงๅ„ชๅ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
225:39
You can say, โ€˜Yes, they did.โ€™
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
225:42
or โ€˜No, they didn't.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
225:44
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
225:45
Now I'll introduce how to create an answer WH questions in the past simple tense.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎWH่ณชๅ•ใฎ่งฃ็ญ”ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
225:52
Take a look at the board.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
225:54
We have some WH words here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏWHใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
225:57
โ€˜Whatโ€™ โ€˜Whenโ€™
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใค
225:59
โ€˜Whereโ€™ and โ€˜Whyโ€™
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ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใชใœใ€
226:00
You'll notice that after each WH word comes the word โ€˜didโ€™.
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ๅ„ WH ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œdidใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
226:05
โ€˜What didโ€™ โ€˜When didโ€™
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€
226:08
โ€˜Where didโ€™ and โ€˜Why didโ€™.
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ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€Œใชใœใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€‚
226:11
What comes after that the subject and then the base form of the verb.
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ใใฎๆฌกใซๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใฏไธป่ชžใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
226:16
So, let's take a look.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
226:19
โ€˜What did you do last night?โ€™
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'ๆ˜จๅคœใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ'
226:22
โ€˜What did you do last night?โ€™
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'ๆ˜จๅคœใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ'
226:24
I can answer by saying something like, โ€˜I watched a movie.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใชใฉใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
226:28
Or โ€˜I read a book.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
226:31
You'll notice that the answer is in the past simple tense.
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็ญ”ใˆใŒๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
226:36
โ€˜When did you get home last night?โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๅคœไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
226:38
โ€˜I got home at 10 p.m.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅˆๅพŒ10ๆ™‚ใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€
226:42
โ€˜Where did they eat lunch?โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใฏใฉใ“ใง้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
226:44
โ€˜They ate lunch at home.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใงๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
226:46
Again, โ€˜ateโ€™ is the past tense of โ€˜eatโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œateใ€ใฏใ€Œeatใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
226:50
Answer in the past simple tense.
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ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใง็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
226:52
And finally, โ€˜Why did the company hire him?โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใชใœไผš็คพใฏๅฝผใ‚’้›‡ใฃใŸใฎใ‹๏ผŸใ€
226:56
โ€˜The company hired him because he's a hard worker.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‹คๅ‹‰ใชใฎใงใ€ไผš็คพใฏๅฝผใ‚’้›‡ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
227:01
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
227:02
In this first checkup, we'll take a look at
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€
227:05
practice questions using the 'be' verb in the past simple tense.
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้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸ็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
227:10
Remember the 'be' verbs in the past simple tense are โ€˜wasโ€™ or โ€˜wereโ€™.
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ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwasใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œwereใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
227:15
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
227:18
โ€˜He __ at work earlier.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ…ˆใปใฉ๏ผฟไป•ไบ‹ไธญใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
227:21
The subject here is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
227:23
So do we use โ€˜wasโ€™ or โ€˜wereโ€™?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
227:26
The correct answer is โ€˜wasโ€™.
4162
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2320
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
227:29
โ€˜He was at work earlier.โ€™
4163
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ…ˆใปใฉไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
227:32
The next sentence says,
4164
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
227:34
โ€˜We _____ very happy yesterday.โ€™
4165
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏ_____ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅนธใ›ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
227:38
If the subject is โ€˜weโ€™, remember the be verb is โ€˜wereโ€™.
4166
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œweใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€be ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwereใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
227:44
โ€˜We were very happy yesterday.โ€™
4167
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅนธใ›ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
227:48
Next, โ€˜My parents or they __ worried about me.โ€™
4168
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใพใŸใฏไธก่ฆชใŒ็งใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
227:54
If it's 'they', remember we have to say โ€˜wereโ€™.
4169
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
227:59
โ€˜My parents were worried about me.โ€™
4170
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ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใฏ็งใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
228:02
If I want to use the negative, I can also say โ€˜My parents weren't worried about me.โ€™
4171
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5521
ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใฏ็งใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
228:07
And that's possible.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
228:09
Now I want you to find the mistake in the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
228:14
โ€˜We wasn't good students.โ€™
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2000
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ่‰ฏใ„็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
228:17
We wasn't good students.
4175
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็งใŸใกใฏ่‰ฏใ„็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
228:20
Can you figure out what's wrong?
4176
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ไฝ•ใŒๅ•้กŒใชใฎใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
228:22
The subject here is โ€˜weโ€™, so we don't say โ€˜was notโ€™.
4177
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
228:27
We need to say โ€˜were notโ€™ or the contraction โ€˜weren'tโ€™.
4178
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ใ€Œwere notใ€ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œweren'tใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
228:34
โ€˜We weren't good students,โ€™ is the correct answer.
4179
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4640
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ่‰ฏใ„็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚
228:39
The next one says, โ€˜Were she a teacher?โ€™
4180
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
228:42
Now, this is a question so the be verb comes at the beginning.
4181
13722960
4160
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ณชๅ•ใชใฎใงbeๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
228:47
That's correct, but the subject here is โ€˜sheโ€™.
4182
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
228:51
Therefore, we need to start with โ€˜wasโ€™.
4183
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
228:55
โ€˜Was she a teacher?โ€™
4184
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
228:57
And finally,
4185
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800
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
228:59
โ€˜They wasn't at school.โ€™
4186
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆๆ กใซๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
229:02
The subject is โ€˜theyโ€™, so the answer is
4187
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8000
ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใชใฎใงใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ
229:10
โ€˜They weren't at school.โ€™
4188
13750080
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆๆ กใซใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
229:12
You can use the contraction โ€˜weren'tโ€™ or โ€˜were notโ€™.
4189
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œweren'tใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œwere notใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
229:16
Let's move on to the next checkup.
4190
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ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
229:19
Now, let's practice regular verbs in the past simple tense.
4191
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใง่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
229:24
Take a look at the first sentence.
4192
13764720
1760
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
229:27
โ€˜He ____ at home.โ€™
4193
13767040
1680
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅฎถใซ____ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
229:29
The verb is โ€˜studyโ€™.
4194
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1681
ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
229:31
Remember, when changing a regular verb into
4195
13771840
2960
้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’
229:34
the past tense, we add โ€˜dโ€™ or โ€˜edโ€™ to the end of the
4196
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้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œdใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œedใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ ๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
229:39
verb.
4197
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319
229:39
However, there's a separate rule for words that end in โ€˜yโ€™.
4198
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4399
ใ€‚
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œyใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆฅใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
229:44
Such as, โ€˜studyโ€™.
4199
13784319
1280
ใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ€ใชใฉใ€‚
229:46
We drop the โ€˜yโ€™ and we add โ€˜iedโ€™.
4200
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ใ€Œyใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใ€ใ€Œiedใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
229:50
So the correct answer is,
4201
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
229:52
โ€˜He studied at home.โ€™
4202
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅฎถใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
229:57
The next sentence says, โ€˜We __ pencils.โ€™
4203
13797040
3359
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใ‚’ __ ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
230:01
We want to use negative because it says โ€˜not useโ€™.
4204
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ใ€Œไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
230:05
Remember for the negative, we always use โ€˜did notโ€™, no matter what the subject.
4205
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ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไธป้กŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ๅธธใซใ€Œใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
230:15
You can also use the contraction โ€˜didn'tโ€™.
4206
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œdidn'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
230:18
Now, what do we do to the verb?
4207
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2400
ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
230:20
We keep it as โ€˜isโ€™.
4208
13820720
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œ็พ็Šถใ€ใฎใพใพใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
230:22
We do not change it.
4209
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ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
230:25
โ€˜We didn'tโ€™ or โ€˜We did notโ€™ use pencils.
4210
13825120
3840
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ้‰›็ญ†ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
230:30
The next sentence says, โ€˜His friends or they walk to the gym.โ€™
4211
13830000
5600
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฎๅ‹้”ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ธใƒ ใพใงๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
230:36
What's the past tense of โ€˜walkโ€™?
4212
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ใ€Œๆญฉใใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
230:39
We simply have to add โ€˜edโ€™ because it's a regular verb.
4213
13839040
4319
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใชใฎใงใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€Œedใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
230:47
โ€˜His friends walked to the gym.โ€™
4214
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2160
ใ€Œๅฝผใฎๅ‹้”ใฏๆญฉใ„ใฆใ‚ธใƒ ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
230:50
Now, find a mistake in the next sentence.
4215
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
230:56
โ€˜She didn't likes math.โ€™
4216
13856239
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ•ฐๅญฆใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
230:59
โ€˜didn'tโ€™ is correct.
4217
13859520
1680
ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
231:01
However, remember we keep the verb as โ€˜isโ€™ in the base form.
4218
13861760
5280
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใฎใ€Œisใ€ใฎใพใพใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
231:07
So we don't say โ€˜likesโ€™.
4219
13867040
2239
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๅฅฝใใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
231:09
We say โ€˜likeโ€™.
4220
13869279
1440
็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฅฝใใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
231:11
โ€˜She didn't like math.โ€™
4221
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ•ฐๅญฆใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
231:13
The next sentence says, โ€˜Did it rained this morning?โ€™
4222
13873840
3439
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใจใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
231:17
Now this is a question.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
231:19
In a question, itโ€™s right to start the sentence with โ€˜Didโ€™.
4224
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่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ€ŒDidใ€ใงๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
231:24
โ€˜Did it rained?โ€™
4225
13884319
960
ใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
231:26
Do you notice the mistake?
4226
13886160
1279
้–“้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
231:28
Remember, we do not use the past tense form in the question.
4227
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่ณชๅ•ใงใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
231:34
We use the base form of the verb.
4228
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
231:36
โ€˜Did it rain this morning?โ€™
4229
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ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
231:39
And finally, โ€˜They not play the piano.โ€™
4230
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
231:43
The verb is an action verb.
4231
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅ‹•ไฝœๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
231:45
So we need a โ€˜didโ€™ in front of โ€˜notโ€™.
4232
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œnotใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œdidใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
231:50
โ€˜They did not play the piano.โ€™
4233
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
231:54
Let's move on to the next checkup.
4234
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ๆฌกใฎๆคœๆŸปใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
231:56
Now, I'll talk about irregular verbs in the past simple tense.
4235
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
232:01
Take a look at the first sentence.
4236
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
232:03
โ€˜He __ to school.โ€™
4237
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ๏ผฟๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
232:06
And the verb is โ€˜runโ€™.
4238
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
232:08
โ€˜runโ€™ is an irregular verb, so the past tense form is โ€˜ranโ€™.
4239
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ใ€Œrunใ€ใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใชใฎใงใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏใ€Œranใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
232:15
โ€˜He ran to school.โ€™
4240
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญฆๆ กใธ่ตฐใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
232:18
The next sentence says, โ€˜We __ flowers.โ€™
4241
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ__่Šฑใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
232:21
We want to use the negative because here it says โ€˜not growโ€™.
4242
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œๆˆ้•ทใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
232:26
Remember, no matter what the subject in the negative form,
4243
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4240
ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏ ใ€Œใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€
232:30
we say โ€˜did notโ€™
4244
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€
232:35
or โ€˜didn'tโ€™.
4245
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจ
232:37
Then we keep the verb in its base form.
4246
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ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใฎใพใพใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
232:44
โ€˜We did not growโ€™ or โ€˜We didn't grow flowers.โ€™
4247
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆˆ้•ทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ่Šฑใ‚’่‚ฒใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
232:49
The next sentence says, โ€˜Where __ you teach last year?โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๆ˜จๅนดใฉใ“ใง__ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
232:54
This is a question.
4249
13974319
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
232:56
Again, all we need to put is โ€˜didโ€™.
4250
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€Œdidใ€ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
233:01
โ€˜Where did you teach last year?โ€™
4251
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ใ€ŒๅŽปๅนดใฏใฉใ“ใงๆ•™ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
233:03
It doesn't matter what the subject is.
4252
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ไธป้กŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
233:06
We always go with โ€˜didโ€™.
4253
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็งใŸใกใฏๅธธใซใ€Œdidใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
233:09
Next, try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
4254
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
233:12
โ€˜He didn't sold newspapers.โ€™
4255
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’ๅฃฒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
233:16
Remember, in the negative, โ€˜didn'tโ€™ is correct for whatever subject there is.
4256
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธป้กŒใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œdidn'tใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
233:22
However, we need to keep the verb in its base form.
4257
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใฎใพใพใซใ—ใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
233:27
So the correct answer is, โ€˜He didn't sell newspapers.โ€™
4258
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4641
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’ๅฃฒใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
233:32
The next sentence says, โ€˜Did she sing a song?โ€™
4259
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญŒใ‚’ๆญŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
233:37
You'll notice it's a similar problem here.
4260
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใฎๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
233:40
โ€˜sangโ€™ is the irregular past tense form of โ€˜singโ€™.
4261
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ใ€Œsangใ€ใฏใ€Œsingใ€ใฎไธ่ฆๅ‰‡้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
233:44
But in a question, if it starts with โ€˜didโ€™,
4262
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€่ณชๅ•ใงใ€Œdidใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
233:48
we use the base form.
4263
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ๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขๅผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
233:50
โ€˜Did she sing a song?โ€™
4264
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญŒใ‚’ๆญŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
233:54
And finally, โ€˜We taked it home.โ€™
4265
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ŒใŠๆŒใกๅธฐใ‚Šใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
233:58
Does that sound right?
4266
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1200
ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
234:00
โ€˜takedโ€™ is not correct.
4267
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ใ€Œๅ–ใฃใŸใ€ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
234:03
The past tense of โ€˜takeโ€™ is โ€˜tookโ€™.
4268
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ใ€Œtakeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏใ€Œtookใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
234:08
โ€˜We took it home.โ€™
4269
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎถใซๆŒใกๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
234:10
Great job, everyone.
4270
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
234:12
Let's move on.
4271
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
234:13
Wow, we learned a lot in this video.
4272
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
234:16
Keep studying and reviewing the past simple tense.
4273
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ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใจๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
234:20
It's an essential tense that will help you talk about the past.
4274
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้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๅฟ…้ ˆๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
234:24
Keep studying English and I'll see you in the next video.
4275
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
234:28
Bye.ย 
4276
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
234:37
Hi, everybody.
4277
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
234:38
I'm Esther.
4278
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
234:40
In this video.
4279
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ€‚
234:41
I will introduce the past continuous tense.
4280
14081199
2801
้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
234:44
This tense can be used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past.
4281
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ้€ฒ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
234:50
It can also be used to describe two actions happening at the same time in the past.
4282
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้ŽๅŽปใซๅŒๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
234:56
There's a lot to learn so let's get started.
4283
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
235:02
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past continuous tense.
4284
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้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
235:07
This tense can be used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past.
4285
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5040
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ้€ฒ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
235:13
Let's take a look at these examples.
4286
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
235:15
โ€˜I was walking in the park in the evening.โ€™
4287
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅค•ๆ–นใซๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
235:19
So first we start with the subject, โ€˜Iโ€™.
4288
14119920
2720
ใใ“ใงใ€ใพใšใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
235:23
For I, he, she, and it, we follow with โ€˜wasโ€™.
4289
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4640
Iใ€ๅฝผใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
235:28
โ€˜I wasโ€™
4290
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800
ใ€ŒI wasใ€
235:30
And then we add an โ€˜INGโ€™ to the end of the verb.
4291
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3840
ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€ŒINGใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
235:34
โ€˜I was walkingโ€™
4292
14134960
1520
ใ€Œ็งใฏๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
235:37
Now take a look at the whole sentence.
4293
14137279
1920
ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
235:39
โ€˜I was walking in the park in the evening.โ€™
4294
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅค•ๆ–นใซๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
235:43
You can see that this was an ongoing action and it happened in the past.
4295
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5601
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
235:50
Let's look at the next example.
4296
14150080
1760
ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
235:52
โ€˜She was living here last year.โ€™
4297
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅŽปๅนดใ“ใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
235:56
Here, the subject is โ€˜sheโ€™.
4298
14156160
1920
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
235:58
So again we use โ€˜wasโ€™ and then โ€˜verb-ingโ€™.
4299
14158080
3760
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œwasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž-ingใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
236:02
Here we have another expression that shows that this action was happening in the past.
4300
14162800
7040
ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ๅˆฅใฎ่กจ็พใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
236:09
โ€˜The dog,โ€™ or โ€˜itโ€™, โ€˜was eating dinner five minutes ago.โ€™
4301
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5280
ใ€Œ็Šฌใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏใ€ใ€Œ5ๅˆ†ๅ‰ใซๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
236:16
The subject here is โ€˜the dogโ€™ which can be replaced by the pronoun โ€˜itโ€™.
4302
14176000
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็Šฌใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
236:21
And so we follow with โ€˜wasโ€™.
4303
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
236:24
And finally, โ€˜Andy and Jim,โ€™ we can replace this with โ€˜theyโ€™.
4304
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใจใ‚ธใƒ ใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
236:30
For โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜weโ€™ and โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜wereโ€™.
4305
14190800
4160
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
236:35
โ€˜They wereโ€™, or โ€˜Andy and Jim were working at 9:00 p.m.โ€™
4306
14195760
5120
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใจใ‚ธใƒ ใฏๅˆๅพŒ 9 ๆ™‚ใซๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
236:42
Let's move on.
4307
14202080
720
ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
236:43
The past continuous tense is also used to describe an ongoing
4308
14203359
4561
้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏใ€
236:47
action in the past that was interrupted by another action.
4309
14207920
3920
ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไธญๆ–ญใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้ŽๅŽปใฎ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
236:52
This interrupting action is used in the past simple tense with the word โ€˜whenโ€™.
4310
14212640
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ใ“ใฎไธญๆ–ญๅ‹•ไฝœใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
236:58
Let's take a look at this example.
4311
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
237:01
โ€˜I was playing cards when you called.โ€™
4312
14221120
2479
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ‹ใ‚‰้›ป่ฉฑใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใจใใ€็งใฏใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใƒ—ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
237:04
Again we start with the subject โ€˜wasโ€™ or โ€˜wereโ€™,
4313
14224479
4160
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใ€Œwasใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œwereใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€
237:08
and then โ€˜verb-ingโ€™,
4314
14228640
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
237:11
so this is the action that was ongoing in the past,
4315
14231199
4240
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซ้€ฒ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
237:15
โ€˜I was playing cardsโ€™
4316
14235439
1360
ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใƒ—ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€
237:17
The interrupting action in this sentence is โ€˜you calledโ€™.
4317
14237439
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธญๆ–ญใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ 'ใ€‚
237:22
You'll notice I use the word โ€˜whenโ€™ to show the interrupting actionโ€™
4318
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ไธญๆ–ญใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œwhenใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
237:27
And I used it in the past simple tense, โ€˜calledโ€™.
4319
14247040
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ˜็ด”ใช้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ€Œๅ‘ผใฐใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
237:32
Let's take a look at the next sentence.
4320
14252080
1760
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
237:34
โ€˜The cat' or 'it' was eating when Eric came home.โ€™
4321
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ใ‚จใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒๅธฐๅฎ…ใ—ใŸใจใใ€ใ€Ž็Œซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Žใใ‚Œใ€ใฏ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
237:39
Again the action in progress is โ€˜the cat was eatingโ€™.
4322
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€Œ็ŒซใŒ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
237:45
And โ€˜Eric came homeโ€™, you'll notice the past simple tense.
4323
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚จใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆใใŸใ€ใจๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
237:50
This is the interrupting action used with the word โ€˜whenโ€™.
4324
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใจใจใ‚‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไธญๆ–ญๅ‹•ไฝœใงใ™ใ€‚
237:55
โ€˜We were sleeping when Anne arrived.โ€™
4325
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
237:58
Again we have the ongoing action in the past.
4326
14278479
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚้ŽๅŽปใซ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
238:02
The subject here is โ€˜weโ€™.
4327
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
238:04
And so we used โ€˜wereโ€™ and then โ€˜verb-ingโ€™.
4328
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžingใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
238:09
โ€˜When Anne arrivedโ€™ is the interrupting action.
4329
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€ใฏไธญๆ–ญใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
238:13
And finally, โ€˜Alicia and Iโ€™, or โ€˜We' were walking when we saw Mark.โ€™
4330
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ‚ทใ‚ขใจ็งใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใŒใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใ€ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
238:21
โ€˜When we saw Markโ€™ is the interrupting action that interrupted the ongoing โ€˜Alicia
4331
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5681
ใ€Œใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใ€ใฏใ€้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ€Œใ‚ขใƒชใ‚ทใ‚ขใจ็งใŒๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ‚’ไธญๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ไธญๆ–ญใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™
238:27
and I were walkingโ€™.
4332
14307120
1439
ใ€‚
238:29
It's also important to note that we can also switch the order of the sentence around and
4333
14309359
5920
ใพใŸใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใฆใ€
238:35
say,
4334
14315279
561
238:35
โ€˜When you called, I was playing cards,โ€™
4335
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3120
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใŸใจใใ€็งใฏใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใƒ—ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚จใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒๅธฐๅฎ…ใ—ใŸใจใใ€็Œซใฏ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
238:38
or โ€˜When Eric came home, the cat was eating.โ€™
4336
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ใจ ่จ€ใ† ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
238:43
Let's move on.
4337
14323520
800
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
238:45
Another usage for the past continuous tense is to talk about two actions that were
4338
14325199
5521
้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใฏใ€
238:50
happening at the same time in the past.
4339
14330720
2479
้ŽๅŽปใซๅŒๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
238:53
We use the past continuous tense for both actions with the word โ€˜whileโ€™.
4340
14333920
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ใ€Œwhileใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ไธกๆ–นใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใฏ้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
238:59
Let's take a look at some examples.
4341
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
239:02
The first sentence says, โ€˜While I was playing soccer, she was watching
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใŒใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
239:07
me.โ€™
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็งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
239:08
You'll notice that both actions are in the past continuous tense.
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ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚‚้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
239:13
โ€˜I was playing soccerโ€™ and โ€˜She was watching meโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
239:17
The word โ€˜whileโ€™ at the beginning shows that these actions were happening at the sametime.
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ๅ†’้ ญใฎใ€Œwhileใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใŒๅŒๆ™‚ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
239:24
โ€˜While you were reading, I was preparing dinner.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€็งใฏๅค•้ฃŸใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
239:28
Again both actions are expressed in the past continuous tense.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ไธกๆ–นใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใฏ้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใง่กจ็พใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
239:34
The word โ€˜whileโ€™ shows that they were happening at the same time.
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ใ€ŒใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๅŒๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
239:39
โ€˜While Her husbandโ€™ or โ€˜heโ€™, โ€˜was driving
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅคซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใŒ้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€
239:43
she was taking pictures.โ€™
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
239:46
Both actions are in the past continuous tense.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚‚้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
239:50
And finally,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
239:51
โ€˜While we were eating, the music was playing.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใŒ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€้ŸณๆฅฝใŒๆตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
239:56
Both actions were happening at the same time.
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ไธกๆ–นใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅŒๆ™‚ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
239:59
Now, you'll notice that in my examples the word โ€˜whileโ€™ comes at the beginning,
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€Œwhileใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
240:06
however, it's important to note that you can move the word โ€˜whileโ€™ around in several
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œwhileใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง็งปๅ‹•ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™
240:11
ways.
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ใ€‚
240:12
For example, instead of saying this,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
240:15
โ€˜While I was playing soccer, she was watching me.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŒใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
240:18
I can move โ€˜whileโ€™ to the middle of the sentence.
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ใ€Œwhileใ€ใ‚’ๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใซ็งปๅ‹•ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
240:21
โ€˜I was playing soccer while she was watching me.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€็งใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
240:25
I can put the โ€˜whileโ€™ between the two actions.
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2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œwhileใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
240:29
Or I can also change the sentence around and say,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆ
240:32
โ€˜While she was watching me, I was playing soccer.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€็งใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
240:36
So it doesn't matter which action comes first with the โ€˜whileโ€™ if you put it in the
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œwhileใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซ็ฝฎใๅ ดๅˆใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
240:41
beginning.
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ใ€‚
240:42
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
240:44
Now let's talk about the negative form of the past continuous tense.
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ใ•ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
240:49
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
240:51
โ€˜She was not reading last night.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ˜จๅคœๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใพใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
240:54
The subject is โ€˜sheโ€™ and so we use โ€˜wasโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€Œwasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
240:58
However, before the โ€˜verb-ingโ€™, we add โ€˜notโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžingใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
241:03
โ€˜She was not reading last night.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ˜จๅคœๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใพใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
241:06
I can use a contraction and say,
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€
241:09
โ€˜She wasn't reading last night.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ˜จๅคœๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
241:12
โ€˜We were not listening to music this morning.โ€™
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ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่ดใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
241:27
In this case, the subject is โ€˜weโ€™ and so we use โ€˜wereโ€™.
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241:27
Again โ€˜notโ€™ comes before the โ€˜verb-ingโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œweใ€ใชใฎใงใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œnotใ€ใฏใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
241:28
โ€˜We were not listening to music this morning.โ€™
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241:28
Again I can use a contraction and say,
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ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่ดใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€
241:31
โ€˜We weren't listening to music this morning.โ€™
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ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่ดใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
241:34
And the next one says, โ€˜He wasn't watching TV when his dad came
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ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅธฐใฃใฆใใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
241:39
home.โ€™
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ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
241:40
In this example, the contraction is already there for you,
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€
241:44
โ€˜He wasn't watching TVโ€™.
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ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒใ™ใงใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
241:47
You'll notice the word โ€˜whenโ€™.
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
241:49
Remember โ€˜whenโ€™ + โ€˜a past simple tense verbโ€™ shows an interrupting action,
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ใ€Œwhenใ€+ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใฏไธญๆ–ญๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’็คบใ™
241:56
so, โ€˜When his dad came home he wasn't watching TV.โ€™
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ใฎใงใ€ใ€ŒใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆใใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
242:00
He was doing something else.
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ๅฝผใฏไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
242:03
And finally,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
242:04
โ€˜They weren't talking while the game was playing.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คไธญใซไผš่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
242:08
The word โ€˜whileโ€™ is in this sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ŒใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
242:10
Remember that shows 2 past ongoing actions happening at the same time,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅŒๆ™‚ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
242:17
so โ€˜While the game was playing they weren't talkingโ€™.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คไธญใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผš่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
242:21
They were doing something else.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
242:23
Let's move on now.
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ใ•ใ‚ใ€ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
242:25
Let's talk about how to form โ€˜beโ€™ verb questions for the past continuous tense.
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้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
242:30
Take a look at the first statement.
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2160
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
242:32
It says,
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1120
ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
242:34
โ€˜It was raining this morning.โ€™
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1600
ใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
242:36
In order to turn this into a question, it's quite easy,
4402
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3601
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ€
242:40
all we have to do is change the order of the first two words.
4403
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
242:44
Instead of โ€˜It wasโ€™, I now say โ€˜Was itโ€™ to make it a question.
4404
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ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ไปŠใงใฏใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
242:50
You'll notice that the rest of the words stay in the same place.
4405
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ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
242:54
โ€˜Was it raining this morning?โ€™
4406
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ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
242:57
You can answer by saying, โ€˜Yes, it was.โ€™ or โ€˜No, it wasn't.โ€™
4407
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
243:02
The next statement says,
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ๆฌกใฎๅฃฐๆ˜Žใซใฏใ€
243:04
โ€˜They were living there when the fire happened.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็ซ็ฝใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
243:07
To turn this into a big question, again we just switched the order of the first two words.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅคงใใช่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
243:14
Instead of โ€˜They wereโ€™, we say โ€˜Were theyโ€™.
4411
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
243:18
And again, the rest of the words can stay in the same place.
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ใพใŸใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ็•™ใพใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
243:22
โ€˜Were they living there when the fire happened?โ€™
4413
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ใ€Œ็ซไบ‹ใŒ่ตทใใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
243:26
And you can answer by saying,
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ใใ—ใฆ
243:27
โ€˜Yes, they wereโ€™ or โ€˜No, they weren't.โ€™
4415
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ใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
243:31
Let's continue on.
4416
14611040
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ใ€‚ ็ถšใ‘ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
243:33
Now I'll go into how to make WH questions for the past continuous tense.
4417
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ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏ้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎWH่ณชๅ•ใฎไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
243:39
You'll notice that the examples here all begin with some WH words.
4418
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไพ‹ใฏใ™ในใฆ WH ใฎๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
243:44
For example, โ€˜whatโ€™, โ€˜whereโ€™, โ€˜whyโ€™, and โ€˜whoโ€™.
4419
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
243:50
Let's take a look at the first question.
4420
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
243:52
โ€˜What were they doing last night?โ€
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜จๅคœไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
243:55
The subject of this sentence is โ€˜theyโ€™.
4422
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
243:59
So what you do is after the WH word you put the proper โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
4423
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€WH ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซ้ฉๅˆ‡ใช 'be' ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
244:04
In this case, โ€˜wereโ€™.
4424
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
244:06
โ€˜What were they doing last night?โ€™
4425
14646960
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜จๅคœไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
244:09
You'll notice that after the subject comes the โ€˜verb-ingโ€™.
4426
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ไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใŒๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
244:14
โ€˜What were they doing last night?โ€™
4427
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜จๅคœไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
244:16
I can answer by saying, โ€˜They were playing gamesโ€™ or
4428
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
244:20
โ€˜They were reading a bookโ€™.
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ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
244:23
The next question says,
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ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€
244:25
โ€˜Where was he working last week?โ€™
4431
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ…ˆ้€ฑใฉใ“ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ ใงใ™ใ€‚
244:45
In this case the subject is โ€˜heโ€™ and so the be verb to use is โ€˜wasโ€™.
4432
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹beๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwasใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
244:49
โ€˜Where was he working last week?โ€™
4433
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244:49
I can say, โ€˜He was working in Canada.โ€™
4434
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244:49
โ€˜Why was she crying when she finished the book?โ€™
4435
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244:49
In this case, the subject is โ€˜sheโ€™ and so I put โ€˜wasโ€™ after โ€˜whyโ€™.
4436
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ…ˆ้€ฑใฉใ“ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€Œใชใœๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟ็ต‚ใˆใŸใจใๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œwhyใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œwasใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
244:52
โ€˜Why was she crying when she finished the book?โ€™
4437
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ใ€Œใชใœๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟ็ต‚ใˆใŸใจใๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
244:55
I can say, โ€˜She was crying because the ending was sad.โ€™
4438
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ใ€Œ็ตๆœซใŒๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
245:01
And finally,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
245:02
โ€˜Who were the children staying with while their mom was working?โ€™
4440
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ใ€Œๆฏ่ฆชใŒไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏ่ชฐใจไธ€็ท’ใซ้Žใ”ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
245:07
In this case, โ€˜the childrenโ€™ is a โ€˜theyโ€™
4441
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œthe Childrenใ€ใฏใ€Œtheyใ€ใชใฎใง
245:11
so we follow 'who' with โ€˜wereโ€™.
4442
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ใ€ใ€Œwhoใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œwereใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
245:14
โ€˜Who were theyโ€™ or
4443
14714160
2239
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ชฐใ ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ
245:16
โ€˜Who were the children staying with while their mom was working?โ€™
4444
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ใ€Œๆฏ่ฆชใŒไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏ่ชฐใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€‚
245:21
To answer, I can say, โ€˜The childrenโ€™ or
4445
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใ€ใพใŸใฏ
245:24
โ€˜They were staying with their dad.โ€™
4446
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็ˆถ่ฆชใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใŸใ€ ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
245:27
Let's move on.
4447
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
245:29
In this section, let's do a checkup for the past continuous tense.
4448
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
245:34
Take a look at the first sentence.
4449
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
245:37
โ€˜Last night they were blank at school.โ€™
4450
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๅคœใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆๆ กใงใผใ‚“ใ‚„ใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
245:40
I want you to try to fill in the blank with the negative for the verb โ€˜stayโ€™.
4451
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstayใ€ใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’็ฉบ็™ฝใซๅŸ‹ใ‚ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
245:46
โ€˜not stayโ€™
4452
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ใ€Œ็•™ใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€
245:47
What do you think it is?
4453
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ใฃใฆไฝ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
245:50
Remember, for the negative of the past continuous,
4454
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้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
245:53
all you have to do is put โ€˜notโ€™ and then โ€˜verb-ingโ€™ after the 'be' verb.
4455
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be ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซ 'not' ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ 'verb-ing' ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ˆใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
246:00
โ€˜They were not staying at school last.โ€™
4456
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงๅญฆๆ กใซๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
246:09
โ€˜Last night, they were not staying at school.โ€™
4457
14769800
2680
ใ€Œๆ˜จๅคœใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆๆ กใซๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
246:13
The next sentence says,
4458
14773600
1200
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
246:15
โ€˜Two days ago you blank soccer.โ€™
4459
14775439
3200
ใ€Œ2 ๆ—ฅๅ‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ฉบใฎใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
246:19
Again try the negative for the verb โ€˜playโ€™.
4460
14779359
3200
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œplayใ€ใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
246:23
โ€˜Two days ago blank not play soccer.โ€™
4461
14783840
4000
ใ€Œ2ๆ—ฅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใใฆ็ฉบ็™ฝใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
246:28
In this case, the first thing that's missing is the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
4462
14788640
3840
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
246:33
If the subject is โ€˜youโ€™, can you think of which be verb needs to be put in there?
4463
14793120
5359
ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œyouใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใฉใฎ be ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹?
246:39
The correct answer is โ€˜wereโ€™.
4464
14799359
2160
ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
246:42
And then, we say โ€˜notโ€™.
4465
14802560
2240
ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
246:45
What happens after that?
4466
14805920
1279
ใใฎๅพŒใฏใฉใ†ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
246:48
Remember, โ€˜verb-ingโ€™.
4467
14808000
2079
ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
246:51
So โ€˜you were not playingโ€™
4468
14811040
3439
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€
246:55
โ€˜two days ago, you were not playing soccerโ€™
4469
14815359
3120
ใ€Œ2ๆ—ฅๅ‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€
246:59
You can also use a contraction and say,
4470
14819040
2319
ใพใŸใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
247:01
โ€˜You weren't playing soccer.โ€™
4471
14821359
1840
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
247:04
Now try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
4472
14824080
3920
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
247:08
โ€˜Yesterday, she were reading at home.โ€™
4473
14828000
2720
ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฎถใงๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
247:11
hmmm
4474
14831800
1000
ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€
247:12
The subject of this sentence is โ€˜sheโ€™ so the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to use is not โ€˜wereโ€™.
4475
14832800
7040
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwereใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
247:19
It's 'was'.
4476
14839840
2000
ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
247:22
โ€˜Yesterday, she was reading at home.โ€™
4477
14842399
2880
ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฎถใงๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
247:26
In the next sentence it says, โ€˜Tomorrow, they were seeing their friends.โ€™
4478
14846399
4880
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใซไผšใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
247:32
hmmm
4479
14852600
1000
ใ†ใƒผใ‚“
247:33
โ€˜Theyโ€™ and โ€˜wereโ€™
4480
14853600
1600
ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€
247:35
That's correct.
4481
14855199
641
ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
247:36
And we have the โ€˜verb-ingโ€™
4482
14856399
2160
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
247:39
So what's the mistake?
4483
14859279
1200
ใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
247:41
Remember the past continuous is for the past.
4484
14861279
3521
้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’่กจใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
247:45
โ€˜Tomorrowโ€™ is not the past.
4485
14865359
2800
ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
247:48
So instead, we need to put a word that shows the past.
4486
14868159
4641
ใใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€้ŽๅŽปใ‚’็คบใ™่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
247:52
For example, I can say, โ€˜yesterdayโ€™.
4487
14872800
3120
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
247:58
โ€˜Yesterday, they were seeing their friends.โ€™
4488
14878080
2479
ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใซไผšใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
248:01
Let's move on.
4489
14881520
800
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
248:02
Now, let's start a checkup of the โ€˜whenโ€™ usage
4490
14882960
3359
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎ
248:06
of the past continuous tense.
4491
14886319
1840
ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
248:08
Take a look at the first example.
4492
14888720
1760
ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
248:11
It says, โ€˜Andrea and Johnโ€™ blank when they bank hurt.โ€™
4493
14891120
5039
ใใ“ใซใฏใ€Žใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚ขใจใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€ใŒใƒใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’็—›ใ‚ใฆ็œŸใฃ็™ฝใซใชใฃใŸใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
248:17
Remember โ€˜whenโ€™ shows an interrupting action.
4494
14897040
4080
ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใŒไธญๆ–ญใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็คบใ™ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
248:21
It needs to be used with the past simple tense.
4495
14901120
3359
้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
248:24
So let's first look at the second blank.
4496
14904479
2880
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใพใš 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็ฉบ็™ฝใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
248:27
โ€˜When they blank hurtโ€™
4497
14907359
1761
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ็ฉบใ‚’ๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใŸใจใใ€
248:29
What's the past tense of the verb โ€˜getโ€™?
4498
14909840
2319
ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgetใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
248:32
The answer is โ€˜gotโ€™.
4499
14912800
2160
็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
248:36
Now let's take a look at the action that was in progress in the past.
4500
14916319
4721
ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
248:41
โ€˜Andrea and Johnโ€™ or โ€˜theyโ€™
4501
14921680
2320
ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚ขใจใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€
248:44
Well what comes after โ€˜theyโ€™?
4502
14924880
1600
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใฏไฝ•ใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
248:47
โ€˜wereโ€™.
4503
14927520
480
'ใ ใฃใŸ'ใ€‚
248:48
โ€˜Andrea and John wereโ€™
4504
14928960
1840
ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚ขใจใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏใ€
248:51
Then remember we need to add -ing to the verb.
4505
14931600
3360
ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซ -ing ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
248:56
โ€˜They were skiingโ€™ or โ€˜Andrea and John were skiing when they got hurtโ€™.
4506
14936239
6801
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚ขใจใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏๆ€ชๆˆ‘ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจใใ€ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
249:04
The next example says, โ€˜It blank not raining when the game blankโ€™.
4507
14944000
5199
ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใฎใจใใ€ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
249:09
And I want you to use the verb โ€˜startโ€™ for the second blank.
4508
14949760
3680
ใใ—ใฆใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็ฉบ็™ฝใซใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstartใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
249:14
Take a look โ€˜when the game blankโ€™ what's the past tense of โ€˜startโ€™?
4509
14954479
4720
ใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ็ฉบ็™ฝใฎใจใใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œ้–‹ๅง‹ใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
249:20
โ€˜startedโ€™
4510
14960960
640
ใ€Œ้–‹ๅง‹ใ€
249:22
Now let's look at the first part of the sentence.
4511
14962800
3439
ๆฌกใซใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
249:26
The subject is โ€˜itโ€™.
4512
14966239
1601
ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
249:28
So what โ€˜beโ€™ verb do we use for 'it'?
4513
14968960
2800
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ€Œitใ€ใซใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
249:33
โ€˜wasโ€™
4514
14973520
320
ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€
249:34
โ€˜It was not raining when the game started.โ€™
4515
14974640
2720
ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใŸใจใใฏ้›จใฏ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
249:38
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
4516
14978159
3681
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
249:44
โ€˜I wasn't study at the library yesterdayโ€™.
4517
14984000
4000
ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
249:48
The subject here is โ€˜Iโ€™ and so the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜wasโ€™ is correct.
4518
14988720
5120
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwasใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
249:54
Here there's a contraction, โ€˜I wasn'tโ€™ for โ€˜I was notโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใฎใ€Œ็งใฏใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†็ธฎ็ด„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
250:00
Now the problem is with the verb.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ•้กŒใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
250:02
Remember we need to put โ€˜โ€“ingโ€™ at the end of the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
250:08
โ€˜I wasn't studying at the library yesterday.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
250:12
And finally, โ€˜We did meet our friends last weekend.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅ…ˆ้€ฑๆœซใ€ๅ‹้”ใซไผšใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
250:18
That sounds right, but remember we're doing the past continuous tense.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
250:24
Take a look again.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
250:25
The subject is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
250:27
We need a โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
250:29
โ€˜wereโ€™
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'ใ ใฃใŸ'
250:32
Then what happens?
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ใใ‚Œใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
250:33
Remember, we need to add an โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the end of the verb,
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
250:39
so we take out โ€˜didโ€™ and say, โ€˜We were meeting our friends last weekend.โ€™
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ใ€Œdidใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ…ˆ้€ฑๆœซๅ‹้”ใจไผšใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
250:45
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
250:46
Now, for this checkup, we'll look at the โ€˜whileโ€™ usage of the past continuous tense.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใ€Œwhileใ€ใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
250:52
Take a look at the first example.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
250:54
โ€˜While I blank someone blank my bike.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŒ็ฉบใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใซใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็ฉบใซใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
250:58
When we use โ€˜whileโ€™ in the past continuous tense,
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้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใ€Œwhileใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
251:02
we're showing that two actions happened at the same time in the past
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2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ้ŽๅŽปใซๅŒๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
251:07
or they were happening at the same time in the past.
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ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซๅŒๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
251:10
So we need to use the past continuous for both actions.
4539
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธกๆ–นใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซ้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
251:16
โ€˜While I blankโ€™
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ใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใฎ้–“ใ€
251:18
I want you to use โ€˜shopโ€™ in the first blank.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็ฉบ็™ฝใซใฏใ€Œshopใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
251:22
Remember, the subject here is โ€˜Iโ€™ so I need to use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜wasโ€™.
4542
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
251:29
Then โ€˜verb-ingโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžๅŒ–ใ€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
251:35
โ€˜While I was shoppingโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŒ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€
251:38
Now โ€˜someoneโ€™ can be a โ€˜heโ€™ or โ€˜sheโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใ€ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
251:41
Therefore, again we need to use โ€˜wasโ€™
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ†ใณใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
251:46
and then the โ€˜verb-ingโ€™ of โ€˜stealโ€™.
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ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็›—ใ‚€ใ€ใฎใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
251:51
โ€˜While I was shopping, someone was stealing my bike.โ€™
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
251:55
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
251:57
โ€˜While he blankโ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒใผใ‚“ใ‚„ใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†
251:59
I want you to use the verb โ€˜cookโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œๆ–™็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
252:03
The subject is โ€˜heโ€™ and so I need to use โ€˜was cookingโ€™.
4552
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
252:10
โ€˜While he was cooking, his girlfriend was cleaning.โ€™
4553
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅฝผใฎใ‚ฌใƒผใƒซใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใฏๆŽƒ้™คใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
252:20
Did you get that?
4554
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ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
252:22
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
252:23
Try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
252:29
โ€˜Jane was looking for us while we get off the plane.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใŒ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ‹ใ‚‰้™ใ‚Šใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใŒ็งใŸใกใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
252:34
The first part of the sentence is correct.
4558
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
252:37
โ€˜Jane was lookingโ€™
4559
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใฏ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ€
252:40
Now the second part of the sentence.
4560
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงใ™ใ€‚
252:43
Notice it's not in the past continuous tense.
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้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
252:46
โ€˜While we get off the planeโ€™
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ‹ใ‚‰้™ใ‚Šใ‚‹้–“ใซใ€
252:49
So what we need to do is say, โ€˜were gettingโ€™.
4563
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ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใŒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใซไน—ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
252:56
โ€˜Jane was looking for us while we were getting off the plane.โ€™
4564
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใŒ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ‹ใ‚‰้™ใ‚Šใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใŒ็งใŸใกใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
253:02
The next sentence says, 'I was watching TV while my wife sleepโ€™
4565
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ŒๅฆปใŒๅฏใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€็งใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
253:08
Again this part of the sentence did not use the past continuous tense.
4566
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ใ€ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ‚‚้ŽๅŽป้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
253:14
My wife is a โ€˜sheโ€™ and so I need to say โ€˜was sleepingโ€™.
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็งใฎๅฆปใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๅฏใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
253:23
โ€˜I was watching TV while my wife was sleeping.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฆปใŒๅฏใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€็งใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
253:27
Great job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
253:28
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
253:30
Good job, everybody in learning the pastย ย 
4571
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€้ŽๅŽป
253:33
continuous tense.
4572
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้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅญฆ็ฟ’ใŠ็–ฒใ‚Œๆง˜ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
253:34
This tense can be a little difficult and a little tricky.
4573
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
253:39
Especially when it comes to the โ€˜whenโ€™ and โ€˜whileโ€™ usage.
4574
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็‰นใซใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ€Œใใฎ้–“ใ€ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
253:43
It'll take some practice to really master it, but I know you can do it.
4575
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใชใ‚‰ใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
253:47
Keep studying English and I'll see you in the next video.ย 
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
253:59
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
254:00
I'm Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
254:01
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
254:05
This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
254:12
This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใฎใงๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
254:16
There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
254:20
So keep watching.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ฆ‹็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
254:24
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.
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้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
254:29
This tense can be used to describe an action in the past
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ‰ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
254:32
that happened before another action in the past.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
254:36
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
254:38
โ€˜I have visited China before I moved there.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ™ๅ‰ใซไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
254:42
No matter what the subject you follow with โ€˜hadโ€™,
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธป่ชžใซใ€Œhadใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ€
254:45
So that's easy.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
254:47
โ€˜I hadโ€™ โ€˜Steve hadโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
254:49
โ€˜The plane hadโ€™ and โ€˜We hadโ€™.
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
254:52
Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
254:56
In this case, it's โ€˜visitedโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ่จชๅ•ๆธˆใฟใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
254:59
โ€˜I had visited China.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
255:01
Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
255:06
โ€˜I moved there.โ€™
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ใ€Œใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
255:07
And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใปใฉใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
255:11
โ€˜Steve had bought the book.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
255:13
Again, โ€˜subjectโ€™, โ€˜hadโ€™ and โ€˜past participleโ€™.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ใ€ใ€Œhadใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
255:18
In this case, the verb is โ€˜buyโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ฒทใ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
255:20
โ€˜Steve had bought the book before he read it.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ๅ‰ใซ่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
255:25
Again, we have the simple tense of โ€˜readโ€™ which is โ€˜readโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œreadใ€ใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€Œreadใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
255:29
And finally, โ€˜The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใŒ็ฉบๆธฏใซ็€ใใพใงใซ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
255:35
Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
255:40
โ€˜The plane had leftโ€™.
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
255:42
This is the past participle of โ€˜leaveโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œleaveใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
255:45
The second verb says, โ€˜I got to the airport.โ€™
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ฉบๆธฏใซ็€ใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
255:49
โ€˜gotโ€™ is the past tense of โ€˜getโ€™.
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ใ€Œgotใ€ใฏใ€Œgetใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
255:52
Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, โ€˜beforeโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๅ…ฑ้€šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
255:59
โ€˜beforeโ€™ or โ€˜by the timeโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅ‰ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ€ใ€‚
256:01
They all mean the same thing.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
256:04
The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.
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้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
256:09
The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.
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ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅพŒใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
256:13
So again, for the first example.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
256:16
โ€˜before I move thereโ€™ That happened later.
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ใ€Œใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ™ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใใ‚ŒใฏๅพŒใฎใ“ใจใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
256:20
Before that, โ€˜I had already visited China.โ€™
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œ็งใฏใ™ใงใซไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ€‚
256:24
Do you understand how that works?
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
256:26
Let's take a look at the last example.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
256:29
โ€˜When they arrived, we had already started the game.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซ่ฉฆๅˆใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
256:33
So maybe they were late or something had happened.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้…ๅˆปใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
256:36
But โ€˜When they arrivedโ€™, this is the past simple tense.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
256:40
So this happened second.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไบŒ็•ช็›ฎใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
256:43
โ€˜We had already started the game.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซ่ฉฆๅˆใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
256:46
This action had already started.
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ใ“ใฎๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใฏใ™ใงใซๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
256:49
It started before this action.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
256:52
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
256:54
Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action
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ๅ‰ใซใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ‰ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
256:59
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใจ่ฟฐในใพใ—ใŸ
257:04
We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.
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ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
257:08
How long that first action happened.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๆ™‚้–“ใ€‚
257:11
We do this by using four and a duration.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใ€4 ใจใƒ‡ใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
257:15
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
257:16
โ€˜I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใง 2 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
257:22
This is very similar to the first usage.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใจ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
257:25
โ€˜I hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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ใ€ŒI hadใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
257:30
This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.
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ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
257:34
The second part, โ€˜it brokeโ€™.
4638
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2000
็ฌฌไบŒ้ƒจใ€ŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€‚
257:37
The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past
4639
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4080
้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅพŒใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
257:41
that happened later than the first action.
4640
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™
257:44
However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, โ€˜for two monthsโ€™.
4641
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ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œ2 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆœŸ้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
257:50
โ€˜I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.โ€™
4642
15470800
3840
ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใง 2 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
257:55
All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.
4643
15475439
4960
ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
258:01
Let's take a look at the next example.
4644
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2079
ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
258:04
โ€˜Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.โ€™
4645
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒ ใฏๅญ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใ†ใพใงใ€้•ทใ„้–“ๅญค็‹ฌใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
258:09
Again, we have subject โ€˜hadโ€™, past participle.
4646
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œhadใ€ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
258:14
And then we have the past simple โ€˜he got a puppyโ€™.
4647
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ใชใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใŸใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
258:19
All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.
4648
15499760
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘้•ทใ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
258:25
He had been lonely for a long time.
4649
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2800
ๅฝผใฏ้•ทใ„้–“ๅญค็‹ฌใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
258:29
That is until the later action, โ€˜he got a puppy.โ€™
4650
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅพŒใฎใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กŒๅ‹•ใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚
258:34
And finally, โ€˜She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.โ€™
4651
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใจ็งใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็งใฎๅฆปใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‹ไบบใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
258:41
The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.
4652
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
258:44
It happened before she became my wife.
4653
15524960
3439
ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็งใฎๅฆปใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
258:49
But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.
4654
15529120
4880
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใฎ้–“ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
258:54
Let's move on.
4655
15534800
1200
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
258:56
Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.
4656
15536000
4800
ใงใฏใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
259:01
Take a look at the board.
4657
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1040
ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
259:03
The first sentence says, โ€˜I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.โ€™
4658
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6080
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่กŒใใพใงใใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
259:09
Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.
4659
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
259:16
This one is the action that happened earlier in the past
4660
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ—ฉใ„ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
259:20
And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.
4661
15560080
4640
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅพŒๅŠใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
259:25
However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between
4662
15565439
6160
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎš่กจ็พใชใฎใงใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ€Œhadใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ
259:31
the โ€˜hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
4663
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3440
้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
259:35
So I say, โ€˜I have not eatenโ€™.
4664
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ้ฃŸในใฆใชใ„ใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
259:39
Or I can use the contraction
4665
15579199
2080
ใพใŸใฏใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
259:41
and say, โ€˜I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.โ€™
4666
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5200
ใ€ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่กŒใใพใงใใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
259:47
The next sentence is very similar.โ€™
4667
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
259:49
โ€˜She had not been to the circus before she went last week.โ€™
4668
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…ˆ้€ฑ่กŒใใพใงใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ซใ‚นใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
259:54
Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,
4669
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ—ฉใ„ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€
259:58
and here's the action that happened later in the past.
4670
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใŒ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅพŒๅŠใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
260:02
However, again, because it's negative,
4671
15602560
3120
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šๅฆๅฎšใชใฎใงใ€
260:05
I put a 'not' between โ€˜hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
4672
15605680
5120
ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ€Œhadใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
260:11
Also, I can use the contraction and say, โ€˜She hadn't been to the circus.โ€™
4673
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5280
ใพใŸใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ซใ‚นใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
260:18
The next sentence says,
4674
15618159
1521
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
260:19
โ€˜The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.โ€™
4675
15619680
5120
ใ€Œ็Œซใฏใ€้ณฅใŒ้ฃ›ใณๅŽปใฃใฆใ—ใพใ†ใพใงใ€้•ทใ„้–“้ณฅใ‚’่ฟฝใ„ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆœŸ้–“ใ€
260:25
Remember, we can show duration,
4676
15625520
2480
ใคใพใ‚Šๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็œŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸๆœŸ้–“
260:28
or how long the first action was true.
4677
15628000
2960
ใ‚’่กจ็คบใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
260:30
by using 'for' and a duration.
4678
15630960
2479
ใ€‚ ใ€Œforใ€ใจๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€‚
260:34
Because this is the negative form,
4679
15634399
2240
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใชใฎใงใ€
260:36
again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb
4680
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒโ€‹โ€‹ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ 'had not' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
260:43
In this case, the contraction โ€˜hadn'tโ€™ is already there for you.
4681
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ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข 'hadn't' ใŒใ™ใงใซ็”จๆ„ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
260:49
โ€˜We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.โ€™
4682
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง3ใ‹ๆœˆใ‚‚ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
260:54
That's a pretty short time.
4683
15654399
1920
ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š็Ÿญใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
260:56
It shows the duration by saying โ€˜forโ€™, How long?
4684
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3761
ใ€Œforใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
261:00
โ€˜three monthsโ€™
4685
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800
ใ€Œ๏ผ“ใƒถๆœˆใ€
261:01
Let's move on.
4686
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800
ใ•ใ‚ใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
261:03
Now, let's take a look at questions using โ€˜hadโ€™ in the past perfect tense.
4687
15663120
5119
ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎใ€Œhadใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
261:08
Take a look at the first sentence.
4688
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2160
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
261:11
It says, โ€˜She had eaten lunch by noon.โ€™
4689
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3359
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
261:15
Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.
4690
15675199
3761
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
261:18
All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
4691
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
261:22
So instead of โ€˜she hadโ€™, we say โ€˜Had sheโ€™.
4692
15682960
3359
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
261:27
โ€˜Had she eaten lunch by noon?โ€™
4693
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2000
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
261:30
You can say, โ€˜Yes, she had.โ€™
4694
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2319
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
261:32
or โ€˜No, she hadn't.โ€™
4695
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1681
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
261:34
The next sentence says, โ€˜It had rained before they left.โ€™
4696
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3680
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
261:39
Again simply switched the order of the first two words.
4697
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
261:43
Instead of โ€˜It hadโ€™, say โ€˜Had itโ€™ to make a question.
4698
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
261:48
โ€˜Had it rained before they left?โ€™
4699
15708399
1920
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
261:51
To reply you can say, โ€˜Yes, it had.โ€™
4700
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3280
่ฟ”็ญ”ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
261:54
or โ€˜No, it hadn't.โ€™
4701
15714479
1920
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
261:57
Let's move on now.
4702
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2079
ใ•ใ‚ใ€ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
261:59
I'll go into how to form โ€˜WHโ€™ questions in the past perfect tense.
4703
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4641
้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใ€ŒWHใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
262:04
Let's take a look.
4704
15724399
800
่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
262:06
Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.
4705
15726239
4400
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅ„่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ†’้ ญใซใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
262:11
โ€˜whereโ€™, โ€˜whoโ€™, โ€˜whatโ€™, and โ€˜howโ€™.
4706
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3681
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€‚
262:16
Let's take a look at the first question.
4707
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2000
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
262:19
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
4708
15739359
2240
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
262:22
You'll notice that after each โ€˜WHโ€™ word, we have โ€˜hadโ€™.
4709
15742399
4400
ๅ„ใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œhadใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
262:27
And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.
4710
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4960
ๆฌกใซไธป่ชžใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
262:33
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
4711
15753439
2160
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
262:36
The next question says, โ€˜Who had she talked to before?โ€™
4712
15756880
3920
ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปฅๅ‰ใซ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
262:41
This is the same thing the โ€˜WHโ€™ word
4713
15761600
3200
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชž
262:45
โ€˜had sheโ€™ and then the past participle.
4714
15765359
2880
ใ€Œhad sheใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ
262:49
You'll notice here that we have the word โ€˜beforeโ€™, but we didn't write a specific point in time.
4715
15769040
6399
ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œไปฅๅ‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
262:56
If you see that it simply means before now.
4716
15776239
3601
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใซไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
263:00
The next question says, โ€˜What had he eaten before lunch?โ€™
4717
15780399
4400
ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
263:05
Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says โ€˜lunch for you'.
4718
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5520
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ๅ…ฌๅผใซๅพ“ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
263:12
The last one says,
4719
15792239
1440
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
263:13
โ€˜How long had she known him before she dated him?โ€™
4720
15793680
3920
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใจใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
263:18
Again how long โ€˜hadโ€™ + โ€˜subjectโ€™ and then the past participle.
4721
15798560
6080
ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ€Œhadใ€+ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ้•ทใ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
263:25
Let's take a look at howย  to answer these questions.
4722
15805439
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
263:29
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
4723
15809359
2000
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
263:32
โ€˜He had traveled to Europe.โ€™
4724
15812239
2160
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
263:34
is one possible answer.
4725
15814399
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่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
263:37
โ€˜Who had she talked to before?โ€™
4726
15817199
2080
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ‰ใซ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
263:40
Here I can say, โ€˜She had talked to her brother.โ€™
4727
15820159
3440
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…„ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
263:45
โ€˜What had he eaten before lunch?โ€™
4728
15825199
2400
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
263:48
โ€˜He had eaten sushi before lunch.โ€™
4729
15828479
2561
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซๅฏฟๅธใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
263:51
And finally, โ€˜How long had she known him before she dated him?โ€™
4730
15831760
4800
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใจไป˜ใๅˆใ†ๅ‰ใซใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
263:57
โ€˜She had known him for three years.โ€™
4731
15837279
2561
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’3ๅนดๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
263:59
That is one possible answer.
4732
15839840
1840
ใใ‚ŒใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
264:02
Let's move on.
4733
15842399
880
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
264:04
Now let's take a look at some practice exercises for the basic usage of the past perfect tense.
4734
15844239
6240
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
264:11
Take a look at the first sentence.
4735
15851040
1680
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
264:13
โ€˜I blank for six hours before I had a break.โ€™
4736
15853359
3920
ใ€Œไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ6ๆ™‚้–“ใƒœใƒผใƒƒใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
264:17
The verb here is โ€˜workโ€™.
4737
15857920
1680
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅƒใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
264:20
Remember, we need to say โ€˜I hadโ€™.
4738
15860399
3120
ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
264:23
No matter what the subject is, say โ€˜hadโ€™.
4739
15863520
2720
ไธป้กŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
264:28
And then, you take the past participle of the verb.
4740
15868720
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
264:32
In this case, we would say โ€˜workedโ€™.
4741
15872640
5440
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œใ†ใพใใ„ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
264:38
โ€˜I had worked for six hours before I had a break.โ€™
4742
15878080
3840
ใ€Œไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง6ๆ™‚้–“ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
264:42
For the next sentence, I want you to try the negative form.
4743
15882720
3360
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
264:47
โ€˜We blank TV before we listened to the radio.โ€™
4744
15887120
4720
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ชใ‚’่žใๅ‰ใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
264:53
Remember, for the negative form, we say โ€˜had notโ€™
4745
15893040
3840
ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œhad notใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†
264:56
or we use the contraction, โ€˜hadn'tโ€™.
4746
15896880
2319
ใ‹ใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎใ€Œhadn'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
265:01
โ€˜We hadnโ€™tโ€™.
4747
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ใ€Œใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
265:03
And then, we need the past participle.
4748
15903199
2641
ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
265:08
โ€˜We hadn't watched TV before we listened to the radio.โ€™
4749
15908960
4640
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ชใ‚’่žใใพใงใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
265:14
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
4750
15914479
2641
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
265:19
โ€˜Reggie had it be to Mexico before he went to Peru.โ€™
4751
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4479
ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚ธใƒผใฏใƒšใƒซใƒผใซ่กŒใๅ‰ใซใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใ€
265:24
Well, we have the subject here and for the negative, โ€˜hadn'tโ€™ is correct.
4752
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆœฌ้กŒใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ€Œhadn'tใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
265:31
However, we need the past participle of the verb โ€˜beโ€™.
4753
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
265:36
So the correct answer is,
4754
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
265:38
โ€˜Reggie hadn't been to Mexico before he went to Peru.โ€™
4755
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ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚ธใƒผใฏใƒšใƒซใƒผใซ่กŒใใพใงใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
265:43
And finally, โ€˜Sally and Jan or they had do their job.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ ใ€‚ใ€
265:50
Hmm.
4757
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1000
ใตใƒผใ‚€ใ€‚
265:51
Remember, we need the past participle.
4758
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
265:54
We don't say do.
4759
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ใ‚„ใ‚Œใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
265:55
We say โ€˜doneโ€™.
4760
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒๅฎŒไบ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
265:57
โ€˜Sally and Jan had done their job before they watched TV.โ€™
4761
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
266:03
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
266:04
In this checkup, we'll take a look at some practice exercises
4763
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ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€ ้•ทใ•ใ‚’่กจใ™้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎ
266:08
for the past perfect tense that describes how long.
4764
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็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
266:12
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
4765
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
266:15
โ€˜You blank at the park for three hours before you came home.โ€™
4766
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ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใง3ๆ™‚้–“ใƒœใƒผใƒƒใจใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅธฐๅฎ…ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
266:20
Remember, we start with the subject and then โ€˜hadโ€™.
4767
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ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
266:24
So I'm going to add that here,
4768
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
266:27
then we need the past participle of the verb โ€˜beโ€™.
4769
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
266:31
And that is โ€˜beenโ€™.
4770
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
266:34
โ€˜You had been at the park for three hours before you came home.โ€™
4771
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅธฐๅฎ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง3ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
266:39
The next sentence says,
4772
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1200
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ“ใ†ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
266:41
โ€˜They blank for six hours before they took a break.โ€™
4773
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3920
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ6ๆ™‚้–“ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ›ใšใซ้Žใ”ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
266:46
Again, no matter what the subject, we have โ€˜hadโ€™ and then the past participle.
4774
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œhadใ€ใฎๅพŒใซ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
266:52
So the answer is,
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2159
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ
266:54
โ€˜They had studied for six hours before they took a break.โ€™
4776
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5841
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ 6 ๆ™‚้–“ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
267:00
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
4777
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
267:04
It's a little bit longer so it might take you a while.
4778
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ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ทใ„ใฎใงๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
267:08
โ€˜They had been known each other for ten years before they had their first fight.โ€™
4779
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ10ๅนด้–“ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
267:14
Can you find the mistake?
4780
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1279
้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
267:17
Well, we have the subject and โ€˜hadโ€™, but check this out.
4781
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธป้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
267:21
There are two past participles here.
4782
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ๏ผ’ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
267:24
We need to get rid of one of them.
4783
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ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ1ใคใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
267:27
We can take out this verb and say, โ€˜They had known each other for ten years
4784
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ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
267:33
before they had their first fight.โ€™
4785
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10 ๅนด้–“ใŠไบ’ใ„ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
267:36
The next sentence says, โ€˜I have played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.โ€™
4786
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ดใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
267:44
This sentence doesn't look wrong at first.
4787
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏไธ€่ฆ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
267:47
But remember, in the past perfect tense, we need to say โ€˜hadโ€™.
4788
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
267:52
โ€˜I had played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.โ€™
4789
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ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ดใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€็งใฏไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
268:00
Good job, everybody.
4790
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
268:01
Let's move on.
4791
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
268:02
Great job, everyone.
4792
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
268:04
Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.
4793
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃใŒๆทฑใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
268:08
I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,
4794
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ๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใ€
268:11
and keep practicing, and you will get better.
4795
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅฟ…ใšไธŠ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
268:14
I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,
4796
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใจๅŠชๅŠ›ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
268:18
I know you'll master it.
4797
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ๅฟ…ใšใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
268:20
Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.
4798
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ใ”่ฆ–่ดใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
268:31
Hi, everybody.
4799
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
268:32
I'm Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
268:34
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect continuous tense.
4801
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
268:39
It's a great tense that helps you express an ongoing action
4802
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅˆฅใฎๆ™‚็‚นใพใง็ถšใ้ŽๅŽปใฎ
268:42
in the past continuing up to another point in the past.
4803
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้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ ใ€‚
268:46
There's a lot to learn, so keep watching.
4804
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅผ•ใ็ถšใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
268:52
One usage of the past perfect continuous tense is to talk about an ongoing action in the
4805
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้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใค ใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅˆฅใฎๆ™‚็‚นใพใง็ถšใ„ใŸ้ŽๅŽป
268:58
past that continued up to another point in the
4806
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ใฎ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎ่กŒ็‚บใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™
269:01
past.
4807
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ใ€‚
269:02
You can use โ€˜forโ€™ and a duration to talk about
4808
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ใ€Œforใ€ใจๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
269:06
how long that action was in progress.
4809
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ใใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆ™‚้–“้€ฒ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
269:09
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
269:11
โ€˜I had been waiting for the bus for two hours before it arrived.โ€™
4811
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง๏ผ’ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
269:16
You'll notice that at the beginning.
4812
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1840
ๅ†’้ ญใงๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
269:18
It doesn't matter what the subject is, we follow with โ€˜had beenโ€™.
4813
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ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œhad beingใ€ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
269:23
For example, โ€˜I had beenโ€™, โ€˜Chuck had beenโ€™,
4814
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใ€
269:27
And โ€˜Tom and Kim had been.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒˆใƒ ใจใ‚ญใƒ ใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
269:30
And then we follow with the verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
4816
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
269:33
โ€˜waitingโ€™.
4817
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'ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹'ใ€‚
269:35
โ€˜I had been waiting.โ€™
4818
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ใ€Œๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
269:36
Now this is the ongoing action that happened first.
4819
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
269:41
Again, four and two hours shows the duration.
4820
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€4 ๆ™‚้–“ใจ 2 ๆ™‚้–“ใฏๆ‰€่ฆๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
269:45
The second part says, โ€˜it arrivedโ€™.
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2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€Œๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
269:48
This verb is in the past simple tense.
4822
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ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
269:51
Therefore, that is the second action.
4823
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
269:54
It's the action that this first action happened until this action happened,
4824
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใชใฎใงใ€
270:00
so again, โ€˜I had been waiting for the bus,โ€™ happened
4825
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ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šใ€Œใƒใ‚นใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใŒ
270:04
first.
4826
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
270:05
And then, it happened until the bus arrived.
4827
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใƒใ‚นใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
270:10
โ€˜Chuck had been cooking,โ€™ Again, that part's easy.
4828
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ใ€Œใƒใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
270:14
No matter whatโ€™s the subject, we say โ€˜had beenโ€™ and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œhad beenใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
270:20
Again, I can show how long Chuck had been cooking by saying โ€˜for an hourโ€™, showing
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ1 ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒ่ชฟ็†ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€
270:26
the duration.
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ใใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
270:28
And then, I finished by saying, โ€˜before he finishedโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
270:32
He had been cooking up to this point in the past.
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ๅฝผใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซใ“ใฎๆ™‚็‚นใพใงๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
270:36
Finally, โ€˜Tom and Kim had been walking,โ€™ This part should be familiar to you by now,
4834
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใƒˆใƒ ใจใ‚ญใƒ ใฏๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใŠ้ฆดๆŸ“ใฟใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
270:43
โ€˜for an hourโ€™ Again, that shows duration.
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ใ€Œไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้•ทใ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
270:47
โ€˜before they rested.โ€™
4836
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไผ‘ใ‚€ๅ‰ใซใ€‚ใ€
270:49
So they had been walking for an hour before they took a break.
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ใใ‚Œใงๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ๆญฉใ็ถšใ‘ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
270:55
Before they rested.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไผ‘ใ‚€ๅ‰ใซใ€‚
270:56
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
270:58
The past perfect continuous tense is also used to express cause and effect in the
4840
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้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
271:04
past.
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ใ€‚
271:05
The verb that's in the past perfect continuous tense shows the cause,
4842
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้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅŽŸๅ› ใ€
271:10
why something happened.
4843
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ใคใพใ‚Šไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
271:12
We can use โ€˜becauseโ€™ or โ€˜soโ€™ to show the cause and effect.
4844
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ใ€Œ because ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ so ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
271:17
Here, I'll explain.
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
271:19
โ€˜Jason was tired because he had been jogging.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒณใฏใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ฎใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใง็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
271:24
The first part of the sentence is in the past tense.
4847
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
271:28
โ€˜Jason was tired,โ€™ However, we see โ€˜why?โ€™
4848
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒณใฏ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใชใœ๏ผŸใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
271:33
Well, because, โ€˜he had been joggingโ€™.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ฎใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
271:36
The second part of this sentence is in the past perfect continuous tense.
4850
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
271:41
โ€˜he had beenโ€™, remember no matter what the subject,
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
271:45
we follow with โ€˜had beenโ€™ and jogging โ€“ โ€˜verb -ingโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ฎใƒณใ‚ฐ - ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž -ingใ€ใŒ็ถšใใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
271:50
โ€˜he had been joggingโ€™ This shows why Jason was tired.
4853
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ฎใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒณใŒ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
271:56
The next sentence says, โ€˜The pavementโ€™ or it โ€˜was wet because
4854
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ˆ—่ฃ…่ทฏใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ
272:01
it had been raining.โ€™
4855
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้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
272:03
Similar to the first sentence, โ€˜it had been rainingโ€™ shows the cause.
4856
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใฏๅŽŸๅ› ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
272:09
Why was the pavement wet?
4857
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ใชใœ่ˆ—่ฃ…ใŒๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
272:11
โ€˜The pavement was wet because it had been raining.โ€™
4858
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ใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงๆญฉ้“ใŒๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
272:16
In this sentence, we see a little difference.
4859
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ„ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
272:19
โ€˜The children had been playingโ€™ Again, this is the past perfect continuous
4860
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ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒ
272:25
tense.
4861
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ๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
272:26
โ€˜had been playingโ€™ The second part says, โ€˜the room was a messโ€™.
4862
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ใ€Œ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€ ๅพŒๅŠใซใฏใ€Œ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฏใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใใกใ‚ƒใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
272:31
So here, instead of โ€˜becauseโ€™ like the first two sentences,
4863
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
272:35
I used โ€˜soโ€™.
4864
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ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
272:37
So the order has been changed but the meaning is the same.
4865
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้ †ๅบใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
272:41
This, โ€˜the children had been playingโ€™ is why the room was a mess.
4866
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใŒ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€ใ›ใ„ใง้ƒจๅฑ‹ใŒๆ•ฃใ‚‰ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
272:47
This is the cause and this is the effect.
4867
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚
272:52
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
272:54
Now let's go into the negative form of the past perfect continuous tense.
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ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
272:59
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
273:01
โ€˜I had not been working for a day before I quit.โ€™
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ใ€Œ่พžใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงไธ€ๆ—ฅใ‚‚ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
273:06
So no matter what the subject โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™, or โ€˜itโ€™,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€
273:11
just like in the affirmative, we say โ€˜hadโ€™, but after the โ€˜hadโ€™, in the negative form,
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่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใฎๅพŒใซๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใง
273:18
we add โ€˜notโ€™. โ€˜had notโ€™
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ใ€Œใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใ„'ใ€‚ 'had not'
273:20
โ€˜had notโ€™ or you can use the contraction โ€˜hadn'tโ€™.
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'had not' ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข 'hadn't ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
273:25
Which is a combination of โ€˜hadโ€™ and โ€˜notโ€™ together.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
273:29
โ€˜I had not been workingโ€™ The rest of the sentence is the same.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ ๆ–‡ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
273:34
โ€˜been + verb -ingโ€™ โ€˜I had not been working for a day before
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ใ€Œbeen + ๅ‹•่ฉž -ingใ€ ใ€Œ
273:40
I quit.โ€™
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่พžใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ 1 ๆ—ฅใ‚‚ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
273:41
The next sentence says, โ€˜You had not been cutting onions for long
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ๆณฃใๅ‡บใ™ใพใงใ€
273:46
before you cried.โ€™
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้•ทใ„้–“็Ž‰ใญใŽใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
273:48
Again, the โ€˜notโ€™ goes between โ€˜hadโ€™ and โ€˜beenโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œnotใ€ใฏใ€Œhadใ€ใจใ€Œbeenใ€ใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
273:53
โ€˜She hadn't been studying for long when she fell asleep.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้•ทใ„้–“ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ†ใกใซ็œ ใ‚Šใซ่ฝใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
273:57
Here, we have the contraction.
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ใ“ใ“ใซๅŽ็ธฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
274:00
And finally, โ€˜It hadn't been snowing for long when it
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ้›ชใŒๆญขใ‚“ใ ใจใใ€้›ชใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้•ทใใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
274:04
stopped.โ€™
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ใ€‚ใ€
274:05
Again, we have the contraction for โ€˜had notโ€™ here.
4887
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€Œhad notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
274:09
You'll notice that in the first two sentences, I used โ€˜beforeโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€Œbeforeใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
274:13
And in the last two, I used โ€˜whenโ€™.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwhenใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
274:16
Either one can be used to show when the first action stopped.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใคๅœๆญขใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
274:21
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
274:22
Now let's go into how to form basic questions in the past perfect continuous tense.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
274:29
Here is the first example.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
274:31
โ€˜He had been driving all day before he arrived.โ€™
4894
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญ้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
274:35
Now, to turn this into a question, all we have to do is change the order of the first
4895
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชž ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
274:41
two words.
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ใ€‚
274:42
Instead of โ€˜He hadโ€™, now I can say, โ€˜Had heโ€™, in order to form a question.
4897
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
274:49
โ€˜Had he been driving all day before he arrived?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญ้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
274:53
The next sentence says, โ€˜The dog had been barking because it was
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏ
274:58
scared.โ€™
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ๆ€–ใŒใฃใฆๅ ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€
274:59
In this case, the subject is โ€˜The dogโ€™.
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ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็Šฌใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
275:03
And then we follow with โ€˜hadโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œhadใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
275:05
To turn this into a question, again, we switch the order.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
275:10
โ€˜Had the dog been barking because it was scared?โ€™
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใฏๆ€–ใŒใฃใฆๅ ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
275:14
You'll notice that in the question, the rest of the words stay in the same place.
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่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
275:20
Now, in the first question, we're asking how long an action happened,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๆœŸ้–“ใ€
275:26
or how long it was ongoing in the past.
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ใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“็ถ™็ถšใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
275:29
And in this question, we ask about cause and effect.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ€‚
275:33
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
275:35
Now, I'll introduce how to form WH questions in the past perfect continuous tense.
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ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงWH็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
275:42
Take a look at these examples.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
275:44
You'll notice that they all start with a WH word.
4912
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ WH ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
275:48
Why, where, what, and who.
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ใชใœใ€ใฉใ“ใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€่ชฐใŒใ€‚
275:52
You might also have noticed that after we have โ€˜hadโ€™.
4914
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ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ๅพŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
275:56
โ€˜Why hadโ€™ โ€˜Where hadโ€™
4915
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ใ€ŒใชใœๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ“ใซๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€
275:58
โ€˜What hadโ€™ and โ€˜Who hadโ€™
4916
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€
276:01
In the first question, after that comes the subject.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซไธป่ชžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
276:06
โ€˜Why had youโ€™ And then โ€˜been + verb -ingโ€™
4918
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ใ€ŒWhy had youใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œbeen + ๅ‹•่ฉž -ingใ€
276:11
And that's the same pattern we follow for all of these sentences.
4919
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใงๅพ“ใ†ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
276:15
So โ€˜Why had you been studying so much?โ€™
4920
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€Œใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใใ‚“ใชใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œ
276:19
I can answer by saying, โ€˜I had been studying so much because I have
4921
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
276:24
a test.โ€™
4922
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ใ€‚
276:26
โ€˜Where had you been traveling before you came here?โ€™
4923
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ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฏใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
276:30
I can say, โ€˜I had been traveling through Asia.โ€™
4924
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ขใ‚ธใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ—…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
276:35
โ€˜What had they been playing before they played soccer?โ€™
4925
16595279
3760
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
276:39
I can answer, โ€˜They had been playing baseball.โ€™
4926
16599760
3119
็งใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้‡Ž็ƒใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
276:43
And finally, โ€˜Who had she been talking to before she
4927
16603600
4721
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
276:48
left home?โ€™
4928
16608320
719
ๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
276:49
I can answer, โ€˜She had been talking to her boyfriend.โ€™
4929
16609680
3520
็งใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
276:54
Let's move on.
4930
16614000
799
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
276:55
Let's start a checkup for the past perfect continuous tense.
4931
16615600
4320
้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
276:59
Take a look at the first sentence.
4932
16619920
2160
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
277:02
It says, โ€˜They __ for a long time before they went home.โ€™
4933
16622080
4959
ใใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใพใง้•ทใ„้–“๏ผฟ๏ผฟใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
277:07
Try to fill in the blank with the verb โ€˜workโ€™ in this tense.
4934
16627920
3840
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œworkใ€ใง็ฉบ็™ฝใ‚’ๅŸ‹ใ‚ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
277:13
Remember, no matter what the subject, we follow the subject with โ€˜had beenโ€™.
4935
16633520
5279
ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒโ€‹โ€‹ใซใ€Œhad beenใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
277:19
So we say, โ€˜They had beenโ€™.
4936
16639840
2879
ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
277:23
What happens to the verb?
4937
16643840
1359
ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
277:25
Remember, we add โ€˜-ingโ€™.
4938
16645760
2080
ใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
277:30
So the sentence is, โ€˜They had been working for a long time before they went home.โ€™
4939
16650400
6398
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใพใง้•ทใ„้–“ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
277:37
Now, take a look at the second sentence.
4940
16657840
2561
ใงใฏใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
277:40
I want you to use the negative.
4941
16660959
2000
ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚นใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
277:43
โ€˜I __ TV for a year before I started again.โ€™
4942
16663760
4801
ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ๅ†ใณๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใง 1 ๅนด้–“ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’๏ผฟ๏ผฟ่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
277:49
Remember, the negative form for this tense starts with the subject
4943
16669680
4641
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใฏไธป่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Š
277:54
and then โ€˜had not beenโ€™.
4944
16674320
2000
ใ€ใใฎๅพŒใ€Œhad not beingใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
277:59
Or I can use the contraction โ€˜hadn'tโ€™.
4945
16679039
2400
ใพใŸใฏใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œhadn'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
278:02
โ€˜I hadn't beenโ€™ And then again, verb โ€˜-ingโ€™.
4946
16682080
5760
ใ€Œ็งใฏใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ ใใ—ใฆใพใŸๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ€‚
278:09
โ€˜I hadn't been watching TV for a year before I started again.โ€™
4947
16689039
5121
ใ€Œๅ†ใณใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€1ๅนด้–“ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
278:15
Now, try to find the mistake in this next sentence.
4948
16695119
3520
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
278:21
โ€˜Gina and I hadn't been do any work before we started.โ€™
4949
16701279
5121
ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒผใƒŠใจ็งใฏใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงไฝ•ใ‚‚ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
278:27
What's the error?
4950
16707359
881
ใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
278:29
You'll notice that the verb does not have an โ€˜-ingโ€™.
4951
16709279
3840
ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
278:36
To make the sentence correct, we must say, โ€˜Gina and I hadn't been doing
4952
16716719
5682
ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒผใƒŠโ€‹โ€‹ใจ็งใฏใ€
278:42
any work before we started.โ€™
4953
16722400
2080
ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
278:45
Now, find the mistake here.
4954
16725439
1760
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
278:48
โ€˜He had be watching YouTube because he had some free time.โ€™
4955
16728320
4959
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆš‡ใ ใฃใŸใฎใง YouTube ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
278:55
โ€˜He hadโ€™, that's correct, but we need to change โ€˜beโ€™ to beenโ€™.
4956
16735279
6240
ใ€ŒHe hadใ€ใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใ‚’ใ€Œbeedใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
279:02
And โ€˜watchingโ€™ is correct.
4957
16742400
1600
ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚
279:04
So, โ€˜He had been watching YouTube because he had some free time.โ€™
4958
16744000
5279
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆš‡ใ ใฃใŸใฎใง YouTube ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
279:10
Let's move on.
4959
16750000
799
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
279:11
Now, let's move on to another checkup of the past perfect continuous tense.
4960
16751600
4961
ใ•ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅˆฅใฎ็ขบ่ชใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
279:17
Take a look at the first example.
4961
16757119
1840
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
279:19
It says, โ€˜The company __ employees because they worked hard.โ€™
4962
16759600
4641
ใ€Œไผš็คพใฏ็คพๅ“กใ‚’โ—‹โ—‹ไบบใซใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
279:25
Use the verb โ€˜promoteโ€™ in the past perfect continuous tense.
4963
16765039
4240
ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œpromoteใ€ใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
279:30
Remember, no matter what the subject, we follow with โ€˜had beenโ€™.
4964
16770480
4479
ไธป้กŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅพŒใซ็ถšใใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
279:35
So we say, โ€˜The company had beenโ€™ and then verb โ€˜-ingโ€™, so โ€˜promotingโ€™.
4965
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7840
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไผš็คพใฏใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€ใใฎๅพŒๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€Œๆ˜‡้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
279:46
โ€˜The company had been promoting employees because they worked hard.โ€™
4966
16786959
4561
ใ€Œไผš็คพใฏๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใŒไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงๆ˜‡้€ฒใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
279:52
The next example says, โ€˜I __ your emails for a while because they went to the spam
4967
16792320
6318
ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€ŒใƒกใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒ  ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใŸใ‚ใ€ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใใฎ้–“ใ€__ ้€ไฟกใ—ใพใ™
279:58
folder.โ€™
4968
16798639
480
ใ€‚ใ€
279:59
Here, try to use the negative form with the verb โ€˜getโ€™.
4969
16799840
3600
ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgetใ€ใงๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
280:05
Remember, in the negative form, we say โ€˜had not been gettingโ€™
4970
16805199
4881
ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€
280:10
Or the contraction โ€˜hadn't been gettingโ€™.
4971
16810959
4881
ใพใŸใฏๅŽ็ธฎใŒใ€Œๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
280:17
โ€˜I hadn't been getting your emails for a while because they went to the spam folder.โ€™
4972
16817520
5840
ใ€Œ่ฟทๆƒ‘ใƒกใƒผใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒซใƒ€ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใŸใ‚ใ€ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใใƒกใƒผใƒซใŒๅฑŠใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
280:24
Now look for the mistake in the next sentence.
4973
16824240
2879
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
280:29
โ€˜I had been work a lot because I needed the money.โ€™
4974
16829840
4000
ใ€ŒใŠ้‡‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
280:34
What's the mistake?
4975
16834480
1039
ไฝ•ใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
280:36
Remember, we need to add โ€˜-ingโ€™ to the verb.
4976
16836240
5199
ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
280:42
โ€˜I had been working a lot because I needed the money.โ€™
4977
16842400
3760
ใ€ŒใŠ้‡‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
280:47
The last sentence says, โ€˜He has been smoking because he was stressed.โ€™
4978
16847039
5521
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใงๅ–ซ็…™ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
280:53
Can you find the mistake?
4979
16853439
1199
้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
280:55
Remember, we're practicing the past perfect continuous.
4980
16855920
3520
้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
281:00
In this case, we need โ€˜hadโ€™ after the subject, not โ€˜hasโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒโ€‹โ€‹ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€Œhasใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€Œhadใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
281:06
Great job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
281:07
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
281:08
Thank you so much for watching thisย  grammar course on the past tense.ย 
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้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฌ›ๅบงใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ—ใฆ่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็พๅœจๅฝข
281:12
Now, if you havenโ€™t had a chance to checkย  out my grammar course on the present tenseย ย 
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ใพใŸใฏๆœชๆฅๅฝข ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏ
281:17
or the future tense, make sure you do that now. Thank you again for watching and I will see youย ย 
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ใ€ไปŠใ™ใใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸ
281:22
next time. Bye.ย 
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ๆฌกๅ›ž ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
281:32
Hi, everyone.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚
281:33
I'm Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
281:34
In this video, I will introduce the future simple tense
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ 'will' ใจ 'be going to' ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ
281:37
using 'will' and 'be going to'.
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ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
281:40
This is a very important tense that will help you express future actions and plans.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚„่จˆ็”ปใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
281:46
There's a lot to learn, so let's get started.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
281:51
The future simple tense can be used to express a future action.
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ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
281:56
Let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
281:58
โ€˜I'm cold.โ€™
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881
'ๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚'
282:00
Well that's right now.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไปŠใงใ™ใ€‚
282:02
โ€˜I will close the window.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
282:04
We start with the subject โ€˜willโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใฎใ€Œwillใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
282:07
And then, the base verb.
5000
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
282:09
โ€˜I will close the window.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
282:11
In this example, I'm making a sudden decision because how I feel right now.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ไปŠใฎๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆ็ช็„ถใฎๆฑบๆ–ญใ‚’ไธ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
282:17
I will close the window because I'm cold right now.
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ไปŠๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใง็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
282:22
โ€˜I will be at the library tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
282:25
Again, you start with the subject and then โ€˜willโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
282:29
After that, you have the base verb.
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
282:32
You can use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to talk about a confirmed plan.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ่จˆ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
282:36
โ€˜I will be at the library tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
282:40
The economy will get better next year.
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ๆฅๅนดใฏๆ™ฏๆฐ—ใŒ่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
282:43
In this case, the subject is โ€˜the economyโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็ตŒๆธˆใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
282:47
Again, we follow with โ€˜willโ€™ and the base verb โ€˜getโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใจๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgetใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
282:51
โ€˜The economy will get better next year.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆฅๅนดใฏๆ™ฏๆฐ—ใŒ่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
282:54
I'm making a prediction here about something that will happen in the future.
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฏๅฐ†ๆฅ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆไบˆๆธฌใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
282:59
And finally, โ€˜I will help you with your homework.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
283:03
I'm making a future plan to help you.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
283:06
โ€˜I will help you with your homework.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
283:09
It doesn't say when but I am talking about the future.
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ใ„ใคใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
283:13
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
283:15
You can also use โ€˜be going toโ€™ to express a future action.
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ใ€Œbe going toใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
283:20
It's almost the same as โ€˜willโ€™.
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ใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใจใปใผๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
283:22
Here are some examples.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
283:24
โ€˜There's no milk.
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ใ€Œ็‰›ไนณใŒใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
283:26
I'm going to buy some.โ€™
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ไฝ•ใ‹่ฒทใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
283:29
So what you see here is the subject and then the โ€˜beโ€™ verb - โ€˜amโ€™.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏไธป่ชžใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œamใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
283:34
โ€˜I amโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€
283:35
And then here we used a contraction โ€˜I'mโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
283:39
โ€˜I'm going to buy some.โ€™
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ใ€Œใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ่ฒทใฃใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
283:42
I made a decision to buy some because there's no milk.
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็‰›ไนณใŒใชใ„ใฎใง่ฒทใ†ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
283:46
The next sentence says, โ€˜It looks like it's going to snow tomorrow.โ€™
5029
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ้›ชใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
283:51
Here the subject is โ€˜itโ€™ and so I use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œitใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
283:56
โ€˜it isโ€™
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€
283:57
โ€˜It'sโ€™ is the contraction.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
284:01
โ€˜It's going toโ€™ And then we use the base verb โ€˜snowโ€™.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ๏ฝžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œsnowใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
284:06
The word โ€˜tomorrowโ€™ shows that this is a future action.
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
284:12
โ€˜He's going to take a trip in the summer.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅคใซๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
284:15
Because the subject is โ€˜heโ€™, we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ is.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œheใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž โ€“ is ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
284:20
And we can use the contraction โ€˜he'sโ€™. โ€˜he isโ€™ or โ€˜he'sโ€™ going to
5037
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ใใ—ใฆ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œhe'sใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ€ใซ่กŒใ
284:26
And then the base verb โ€˜takeโ€™
5038
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œๅ–ใ‚‹ใ€
284:29
โ€˜take a trip in the summerโ€™
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ใ€Œๅคใซๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใ€
284:31
Again an action happening in the future.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใพใŸใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
284:34
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
284:36
Now, let's take a look at the negative form of
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ใงใฏใ€ ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถ
284:39
the future simple tense.
5043
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ใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
284:41
The first example says, โ€˜Stan will not like his English score.โ€™
5044
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ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆˆ็ธพใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
284:46
No matter what the subject is, we follow with โ€˜will notโ€™ and then the
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ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œwill notใ€ใฎๅพŒใซ
284:51
base form of the verb.
5046
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
284:53
โ€˜Stan will not like his English score.โ€™
5047
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ใ€Œใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใฏๅฝผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆˆ็ธพใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
284:58
โ€˜We won't give you money anymore.โ€™
5048
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใŠ้‡‘ใฏๅ‡บใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
285:01
In this case, the subject is โ€˜weโ€™.
5049
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
285:03
And we follow with the contraction โ€˜won'tโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œwon'tใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
285:07
It sounds really different and it's different from other contractions,
5051
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใฃใฆ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ—ใ€ไป–ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใจใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
285:10
but โ€˜won'tโ€™ is the contraction for โ€˜will notโ€™
5052
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œwon'tใ€ใฏใ€Œwill notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใชใฎใงใ€
285:14
so you can say โ€˜we will notโ€™ or โ€˜we won'tโ€™.
5053
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ใ€Œๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
285:18
They're the same.
5054
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ ใ€‚
285:20
โ€˜We won't give you money anymore.โ€™
5055
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใŠ้‡‘ใฏๅ‡บใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
285:23
Again, you notice the base verb โ€˜giveโ€™ after โ€˜notโ€™.
5056
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgiveใ€ใŒใ€Œnotใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™ใ€‚
285:28
โ€˜He is not going to fly until next week.โ€™
5057
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆฅ้€ฑใพใง้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใซไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ„ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
285:32
This sentence uses โ€˜be going toโ€™.
5058
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€Œbe going toใ€ใŒไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
285:35
The subject is โ€˜heโ€™.
5059
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
285:38
And therefore the โ€˜beโ€™ verb we use is โ€“ โ€˜isโ€™
5060
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ โ€“ ใ€Œisใ€ใงใ™
285:42
However we put a โ€˜notโ€™ after the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
5061
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
285:46
โ€˜He is not going to โ€ฆโ€™ And then the base verb.
5062
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏโ€ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚
285:51
โ€˜He is not going to fly until next week.โ€™
5063
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆฅ้€ฑใพใง้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใซไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ„ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
285:56
The last sentence says, โ€˜You are not going to go to the party tonight.โ€™
5064
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏไปŠๅคœใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
286:02
The subject is โ€˜youโ€™ and so we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜areโ€™.
5065
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
286:07
โ€˜You are not going to go โ€ฆโ€™ That's the base verb.
5066
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†โ€ฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
286:11
โ€˜โ€ฆ to the party tonight.โ€™
5067
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ใ€Œโ€ฆไปŠๅคœใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใธใ€‚ใ€
286:13
Let's move on.
5068
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
286:14
Now let's take a look at how to form basic questions in the future simple tense.
5069
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใงใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่ณชๅ•ใฎไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
286:21
The first sentence says, โ€˜He will play with us.โ€™
5070
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใ‚“ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
286:24
To turn this into a question, all we have to do is change the order of the
5071
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
286:29
first two words.
5072
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ใ€‚
286:31
So โ€˜He will becomes โ€˜Will heโ€™.
5073
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒHe willใ€ใฏใ€ŒWill heใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
286:34
โ€˜Will he play with us?โ€™
5074
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใ‚“ใงใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
286:36
โ€˜The next sentence says, โ€˜He is going to play with us.โ€™
5075
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ใ€Œๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Žๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใถใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
286:41
This one uses โ€˜be going toโ€™.
5076
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œbe going toใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
286:43
The subject is โ€˜heโ€™.
5077
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
286:45
And so the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to use is โ€“ โ€˜isโ€™.
5078
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ โ€“ ใ€Œisใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
286:49
Then we have โ€˜going toโ€™ and then the base verb.
5079
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
286:53
โ€˜He is going to play with us.โ€™
5080
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใถใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
286:55
When I make a question, I simply again change the order of the first two words.
5081
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
287:01
โ€˜Is he going to play with us?โ€™
5082
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใถใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
287:04
Now if the subject were to be โ€˜youโ€™ or โ€˜weโ€™ or โ€˜theyโ€™,
5083
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
287:09
we would say โ€˜they areโ€™.
5084
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
287:11
And so the question would say, โ€˜Are they'.
5085
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
287:14
'Are they going to play with them?โ€™
5086
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€็ท’ใซ้Šใถใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
287:16
for example.
5087
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€‚
287:18
So again, remember, for โ€˜willโ€™ in the future simple tense,
5088
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใ€Œwillใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€
287:23
just say โ€˜willโ€™ subject and then the base form of the verb.
5089
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ไธป่ชžใ‚’ใ€Œwillใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
287:28
However for โ€˜be going toโ€™ questions, make sure that you pay attention to the proper
5090
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œbe going toใ€ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ†’้ ญใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
287:34
'be' verb to use at the beginning of the question.
5091
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้ฉๅˆ‡ใชใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
287:37
To answer the first question, โ€˜Will he play with us?โ€™
5092
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ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใ‚“ใงใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
287:41
You can say โ€˜Yes, he willโ€™ or โ€˜No, he won'tโ€™.
5093
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
287:46
โ€˜Is he going to play with us?โ€™
5094
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใจ้Šใถใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
287:48
You can say, โ€˜Yes, he's going toโ€™ or โ€˜No, he isn't going toโ€™.
5095
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
287:54
Let's move on.
5096
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
287:55
Let's look at how to form โ€˜WHโ€™ questions in the future simple tense.
5097
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ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใงใ€ŒWHใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
288:01
If you notice each question begins with a โ€˜WHโ€™ word.
5098
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ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใ‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ„่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
288:05
Who
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Who
288:06
When
5100
17286799
320
When
288:07
Where
5101
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Where
288:08
And What
5102
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And What
288:10
The first two sentences use โ€˜willโ€™ for the future simple tense.
5103
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใจใ—ใฆ 'will' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
288:15
โ€˜Who will win the game?โ€™
5104
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใซๅ‹ใคใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
288:17
To answer I can say, โ€˜My team will win the game.โ€™
5105
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใฏ่ฉฆๅˆใซๅ‹ใคใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
288:21
โ€˜When will they arrive?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใคๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
288:24
โ€˜They will arrive in two hours.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ2ๆ™‚้–“ไปฅๅ†…ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
288:27
Now these two sentences have โ€˜be going toโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œbe going toใ€ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
288:32
โ€˜Where is he going to study?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใฉใ“ใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
288:35
In this case, I have the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜isโ€™ because the subject is โ€˜heโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œheใ€ใชใฎใงใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
288:40
โ€˜Where is he going to study?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใฉใ“ใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
288:43
I can say, โ€˜He is going to study at the library.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
288:47
And finally, โ€˜What are you going to do?โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
288:51
In this case, I use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜areโ€™ because the subject is โ€˜youโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œyouใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
288:56
โ€˜What are you going to do?โ€™
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'ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹๏ผŸ'
288:58
โ€˜I am going to take a shower.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒฃใƒฏใƒผใ‚’ๆตดใณใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
289:01
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
289:02
For this checkup let's take a look at the will usage for the future simple tense.
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ใ“ใฎๆคœๆŸปใงใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ will ใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
289:08
The first example says, โ€˜Jen and Paul [blank] home soonโ€™
5119
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€
289:13
with the verb โ€˜goโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใจใƒใƒผใƒซ [็ฉบ็™ฝ] ใ™ใใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
289:15
Remember, when using โ€˜willโ€™ for the future simple tense,
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ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใซใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
289:19
it doesn't matter what the subject is.
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ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
289:22
We say โ€˜willโ€™ and then the base verb.
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ใ€Œwillใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
289:25
So here we can say, โ€˜Jen and Paulโ€™ or โ€˜They will go home soonโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใจใƒใƒผใƒซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ™ใใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
289:33
โ€˜I [blank] a scientist after I graduate.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅ’ๆฅญๅพŒใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
289:37
Try filling in the blank with โ€˜beโ€™.
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็ฉบ็™ฝใ‚’ใ€Œbeใ€ใงๅŸ‹ใ‚ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
289:40
Again, we simply say โ€˜will beโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€Œใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
289:44
โ€˜I will be a scientist after I graduate.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใŸใ‚‰็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
289:49
Now try this one, โ€˜We [blank] that because it smells bad.โ€™
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ไปŠๅบฆใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œ่‡ญใ„ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€[็ฉบ็™ฝ]ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
289:55
I want you to use the negative form with the verb โ€˜eatโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€ใซใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
290:00
Here we say, โ€˜will not eatโ€™ or remember we can use the contraction โ€˜won'tโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
290:10
โ€˜We will not eat thatโ€™ or โ€˜We won't eat that because it smells badโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใ€ใ€Œ่‡ญใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰้ฃŸในใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
290:17
Now look for the mistake in this sentence.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
290:22
โ€˜I will eat a pizza for lunch.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใซใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
290:26
Remember, we need the base form of the verb.
5135
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
290:30
โ€˜I will eat a pizza for lunch.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใซใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
290:34
โ€˜Angie and I will playing a game.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใจ็งใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
290:38
Again we need the base form of the verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
290:42
Angie and I will play a game.โ€™
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ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใจ็งใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
290:46
And finally, โ€˜Will she be cook dinner?โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
290:50
This is a question.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
290:52
However we need to say, โ€˜Will she cook dinner.โ€™
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
290:58
We do not need a โ€˜beโ€™ verb here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
291:01
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
291:03
Let's practice the โ€˜be going toโ€™ usage of the future simple tense.
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ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใฎใ€Œbe going toใ€ใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
291:08
โ€˜We [blank] going to _blank_ soccer.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ[็ฉบ็™ฝ]ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใซ่กŒใใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
291:12
I want you to use the verb โ€˜watchโ€™.
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ใ€Œwatchใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
291:15
Remember, for โ€˜be going toโ€™ in the future simple tense,
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ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใฎใ€Œbe going toใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
291:19
we start with the subject and then the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
291:23
The subject here is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
291:25
So we need the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œareใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
291:28
โ€˜We are going toโ€™ and then the base verb โ€˜watchโ€™.
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ใ€ŒWe are going toใ€ใจๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwatchใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
291:35
โ€˜We are going to watch soccer.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
291:38
โ€˜I [blank] going to [blank].โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ[็ฉบ็™ฝ]ใง[็ฉบ็™ฝ]ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
291:41
The verb is โ€˜talkโ€™.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ฉฑใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
291:43
And I want you to use the negative form.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
291:47
In this case, the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™.
5157
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
291:49
And so I use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜amโ€™.
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ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œamใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
291:52
โ€˜I amโ€™ and then we need โ€˜notโ€™.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€Œใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
291:56
โ€˜I am not going toโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€
292:00
Then the base verb โ€˜talkโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ่ฉฑใ™ใ€ใ€‚
292:04
โ€˜Why [blank] you going to [blank]?โ€™
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ใ€Œใชใœ[็ฉบ็™ฝ]ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
292:07
The verb here is โ€˜goโ€™.
5163
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่กŒใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
292:09
In a question, especially a โ€˜WHโ€™ question, we start with the โ€˜WHโ€™ word,
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่ณชๅ•ใ€็‰นใซใ€ŒWHใ€ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€
292:15
and then the โ€˜beโ€™ verb.
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
292:17
โ€˜areโ€™ is the correct โ€˜beโ€™ verb because the subject is โ€˜youโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œyouใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
292:21
Then we have โ€˜going toโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
292:24
And again, the base form of the verb.
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ใใ—ใฆใพใŸๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
292:27
โ€˜Why are you going to go?โ€™
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ใ€Œใชใœ่กŒใใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
292:30
Now try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
292:35
โ€˜You are going to studying at home.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฎถใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
292:38
Can you find the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
292:41
โ€˜You are going toโ€™ that's correct.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
292:44
But we need the base form of the verb.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
292:48
โ€˜You are going to study at home.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฎถใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
292:52
โ€˜You will be going to learn English.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
292:56
โ€˜You will be goingโ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่กŒใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
292:59
That sounds a little strange.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
293:01
Remember, we don't need the โ€˜willโ€™ here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
293:04
We're using โ€˜be going toโ€™ and we need to change the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to match the subject.
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ใ€Œbe going toใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ไธป่ชžใซๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
293:12
โ€˜You are going to learn Englishโ€™.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
293:15
Or remember, you can also say, โ€˜You will learn English.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใ€Œ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
293:20
and finally โ€˜Is he going to do play soccer.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
293:25
uh-oh We have two verbs here.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
293:28
โ€˜Is he going toโ€™ - that's correct.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ - ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
293:30
But we have โ€˜doโ€™ and โ€˜playโ€™.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œ้Šใถใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
293:33
We don't need both, so we say, โ€˜Is he going to play soccer?โ€™
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็งใŸใกใฏไธกๆ–นๅฟ…่ฆใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
293:39
Great job everybody.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
293:40
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
293:42
Great job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
293:43
You now have a better understanding of the future simple tense.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๅ˜็ด”ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃใŒๆทฑใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
293:47
There's still a lot of practice you need to do because this tense is so important.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ€ใพใ ใพใ ็ทด็ฟ’ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
293:52
Keep studying and I'll see you in the next video.ย 
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ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
294:03
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
294:04
I'm Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
294:06
In this video, I will introduce the future continuous English grammar tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅใฎ็ถ™็ถš็š„ใช่‹ฑๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
294:11
This tense can be used to express an ongoing action in the future.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
294:16
I'll go over the basics of this lesson.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๅŸบๆœฌใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
294:19
And by the end you'll have a better idea of when to use this tense.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
294:23
There's a lot to learn, so let's get started.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
294:29
One usage of the future continuous tense
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ๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€
294:32
is to talk about an ongoing action that will happen in the future.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
294:37
We include when this action will be happening.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
294:40
We can use โ€˜will beโ€™ or โ€˜be going to beโ€™.
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ใ€Œwill beใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œbe going to beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
294:44
To do this, let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
294:48
โ€˜I will be taking the test soon.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
294:52
So you can see here we have the subject and then โ€˜will beโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œwill beใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
294:57
After that, we include verb +ing.
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ใใฎๅพŒใซๅ‹•่ฉž+ingใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
295:00
The word โ€˜soonโ€™ at the end of this sentence indicates when this action will be happening.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œsoonใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
295:07
โ€˜I am going to be taking the test soon.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
295:11
This sentence means the same thing as the first sentence,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™
295:15
but instead of โ€˜will beโ€™, we used โ€˜be going to beโ€™.
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œwill beใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œbe going to beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
295:20
Here the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
295:22
And therefore we have the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜amโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œamใ€ใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
295:25
โ€˜I am going to beโ€™ And then verb +ing.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใชใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’+ingใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
295:30
โ€˜I am going to be taking the test soon.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
295:33
I can also use the contraction and say.
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
295:36
โ€˜I'm going to be taking the test soon.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
295:40
The next sentence says, โ€˜He will be sleeping by 10 p.m.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅˆๅพŒ 10 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซๅฏใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
295:45
And the last sentence says, โ€˜They are going to be โ€ฆโ€™
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใซใชใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
295:49
Here, because the subject is โ€˜theyโ€™, we use โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œtheyใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
295:52
โ€˜They are going to be studying โ€ฆโ€™ There's the verb +ing
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž+ingใซ
295:56
โ€˜โ€ฆ next October.โ€™
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ใ€Œโ€ฆๆฅๅนดใฎ10ๆœˆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
295:59
โ€˜by 10 pmโ€™ and โ€˜next Octoberโ€™ show when these actions will be happening.
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ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 10 ๆ™‚ใพใงใ€ใจใ€Œๆฅๅนด 10 ๆœˆใ€ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
296:06
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
296:07
The future continuous tense is also used to show
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ๆœชๆฅ้€ฃ็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€
296:11
that a short action in the future is happening
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ้•ทใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใพใŸใฏ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใซใ€
296:15
during or while a longer action is in progress in the future,.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็Ÿญใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
296:20
We can use the word โ€˜whenโ€™ to show when the shorter action occurs.
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็Ÿญใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ„ใค็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
296:25
Take a look at the first example,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ€
296:28
โ€˜I will be sleeping when they arrive.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใ‚‰็งใฏๅฏใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
296:31
Here we see two actions,
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
296:33
โ€˜I will be sleepingโ€™ and โ€˜they arriveโ€™.
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ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฏใพใ™ใ€ใจใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€
296:38
The part of the sentence that's in the future continuous tense is the longer action
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ใจใ„ใ† 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงๆœชๆฅ้€ฃ็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€
296:43
that's in progress in the future.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
296:46
โ€˜I will be sleeping.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฏใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
296:48
Remember, โ€˜I will beโ€™ and then verb +ing.
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ใ€ŒI will beใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉž + ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
296:53
This is the action that is ongoing in the future.
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ไปŠๅพŒใ‚‚็ถ™็ถš็š„ใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚
296:57
Then we see โ€˜when they arriveโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
297:00
This is in the present tense.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็พๅœจๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
297:02
โ€˜they arriveโ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
297:04
This is the shorter action that happens while this action is ongoing.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹็Ÿญใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
297:11
โ€˜We will be having dinner when the movie starts.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
297:15
This is very similar to the first sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใจใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
297:18
โ€˜We will be having dinner โ€ฆโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™โ€ฆใ€
297:20
That's the ongoing action that will happen in the future.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฐ†ๆฅ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ™ใ€‚
297:24
And while this is happening, the movie will start.
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ใใ†ใ“ใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ†ใกใซๆ˜ ็”ปใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
297:28
But again, we use the present tense here.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
297:31
โ€˜the movie startsโ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€
297:33
So we will be having dinner when the movie starts.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚
297:38
โ€˜Tina is going to be working when you leave.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅธฐใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒŠใฏๅƒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
297:41
Remember, we can use โ€˜be going to beโ€™ in this tense so,
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€Œbe going to beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
297:47
โ€˜She is going to be working when you leave.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅŽปใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅƒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€
297:50
This shorter action will happen while this ongoing action is in progress.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็Ÿญใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
297:56
And finally, โ€˜It will be raining when you go shoppingโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใจ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
298:01
Again, this is the ongoing action.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
298:04
And this is the shorter action.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็Ÿญใ„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
298:07
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
298:08
Now, I'll talk about the negative form of the future continuous tense.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
298:13
Here are some examples:
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ไปฅไธ‹ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
298:15
โ€˜He will not be reading before bed.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใพใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
298:19
For the negative form, after the subject and โ€˜willโ€™, we say โ€˜not beโ€™.
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ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธป่ชžใจใ€Œwillใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œnot beใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
298:24
And then verb +ing.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใซ+ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
298:27
โ€˜He will not be reading before bed.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใพใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
298:30
He'll be doing something else.
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ๅฝผใฏไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
298:33
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ
298:34
โ€˜My dad won't be cheering when the game ends.โ€™
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ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅฟœๆดใ—ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
298:38
So this is very similar to the first sentence.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใจ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
298:41
We have the subject, โ€˜my dad,โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ็ˆถใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
298:44
and instead of โ€˜will notโ€™ we use the contraction โ€˜won'tโ€™.
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ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
298:48
Remember, โ€˜won'tโ€™ is a contraction for โ€˜will notโ€™.
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ใ€Œwon'tใ€ใฏใ€Œwill notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
298:52
โ€˜My dad won't โ€ฆโ€™ and then we have โ€˜beโ€™ verb +ing.
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ็ˆถใฏโ€ฆใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž +ing ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
298:58
โ€˜My dad won't be cheering when the game ends.โ€™
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ใ€ŒใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใฏ่ฉฆๅˆใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ๅฟœๆดใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
299:02
The next sentence says, โ€˜He is not going to be working tomorrow.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
299:07
Here we have the โ€˜be going to beโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใชใ‚‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ“ใจใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
299:10
So โ€˜heโ€™ is the subject and so we use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€˜isโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œheใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
299:15
After the โ€˜beโ€™ verb, we say โ€˜notโ€™.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œnotใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
299:23
He is not going to โ€˜beโ€™ verb +ing.
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ๅฝผใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ€Œbeใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
299:24
โ€˜He is not going to be working tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
299:27
Remember, we can also use a contraction here and say,
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ใ“ใ“ใง็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
299:31
โ€˜He isn't going to be working tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
299:34
That's okay as well.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
299:36
โ€˜We aren't going to be shopping on Sunday.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซใฏ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
299:40
Here the subject is โ€˜weโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
299:42
And so the โ€˜beโ€™ verb to use is โ€˜areโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œareใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
299:46
I use the contraction here โ€˜aren'tโ€™ for โ€˜are notโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œare notใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ€Œare notใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
299:50
โ€˜We are not โ€ฆโ€™ or โ€˜We aren't going to be shopping on Sunday.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซใฏ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
299:56
Great job.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
299:57
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
299:58
Now let's talk about how to form basic questions in the future continuous tense.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใฎไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
300:04
Take a look at this first sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
300:07
It says, โ€˜He will be traveling next month.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆฅๆœˆๆ—…่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
300:10
Now, to turn this into a question,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€
300:13
all you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
300:18
So โ€˜He willโ€™ becomes โ€˜Will heโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒHe willใ€ใฏใ€ŒWill heใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
300:21
โ€˜Will he be traveling next month?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆฅๆœˆๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
300:24
You'll notice that the rest of the words don't change.
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ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
300:28
Only the first two words.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ๅ˜่ชžใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
300:30
So, โ€˜Will he be traveling next month?โ€™
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆฅๆœˆๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
300:34
To answer you can say, โ€˜Yes, he will.โ€™
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
300:37
or โ€˜No, he won't.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
300:39
The next sentence says, โ€˜They are going to be living there.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ“ใซไฝใ‚€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
300:44
Again to turn this into a question, simply switch the order of the first two words.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
300:51
โ€˜They areโ€™ becomes โ€˜Are theyโ€™.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
300:53
โ€˜Are they going to be living there?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ“ใซไฝใ‚€ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
300:56
To reply you can say, โ€˜Yes, they are.โ€™
5306
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
301:00
or โ€˜No, they aren't.โ€™
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
301:02
Now, you'll notice in these two sentences,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
301:05
there is no exact point in time that shows when this action will be happening in the
5309
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅฐ†ๆฅใ„ใค็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ๆญฃ็ขบใชๆ™‚็‚นใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒ
301:11
future.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
301:12
There is no โ€˜next monthโ€™ or anything like that.
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ใ€Œๆฅๆœˆใ€ใชใฉใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
301:16
In that case, it simply means sometime in the future.
5312
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใซๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
301:20
So, they are going to be living there sometime in the future.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใใ“ใซไฝใ‚€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
301:25
That's what that means.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
301:26
Great job, everyone.
5315
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
301:28
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
301:29
Now, I'll go into how to form โ€˜WHโ€™ questions in the future continuous tense.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใ€ŒWHใ€็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
301:35
Take a look at the board.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
301:37
First, you'll notice that all of these questions begin with the โ€˜Whโ€™ words -
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ใพใšใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใฃใŸ
301:42
โ€˜Where,โ€™ โ€˜What,โ€™ โ€˜Who,โ€™ and โ€˜Whenโ€™.
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ใ€ŒWhใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
301:46
Let's take a look at the first question.
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ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
301:49
โ€˜Where will he be working?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใฉใ“ใงๅƒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
301:52
When we use โ€˜will beโ€™, we start with โ€˜Whereโ€™ and then โ€˜willโ€™.
5323
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ใ€Œwill beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€ŒWhereใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
301:57
After that, we have the subject + be and then verb +ing.
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ไธป่ชž + beใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž +ing ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
302:03
โ€˜Where will he be working?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใฉใ“ใงๅƒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
302:05
I can answer by saying,
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็งใฏ
302:07
โ€˜He willโ€™ or โ€˜He'll be working at the factory.โ€™
5327
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ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅทฅๅ ดใงๅƒใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
302:12
The next question says, โ€˜What will she be watching?โ€™
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ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
302:16
This is very similar to the first question.
5329
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใจใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
302:19
The only difference is that the subject is now โ€˜sheโ€™ and the verb is different.
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ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œsheใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
302:25
โ€˜What will she be watching?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่ฆณใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸใ€
302:27
I can say, โ€˜She'll be watchingโ€™ or โ€˜She will be watching her favorite tv showโ€™.
5332
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“็•ช็ต„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
302:34
โ€˜Who will they be talking to?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
302:37
Again, very similar.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€
302:39
To answer,I can say,
5335
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใจ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ
302:41
โ€˜They will be talking to their mom.โ€™
5336
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่จ€ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
302:45
The last question has โ€˜be going to beโ€™.
5337
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใฏใ€Œbe going to beใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
302:48
โ€˜When are we โ€ฆโ€™ here the subject is โ€™weโ€™.
5338
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ใ€Œใ„ใค็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
302:52
So we start with the โ€˜be verbโ€™ โ€“ โ€˜areโ€™.
5339
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œbeๅ‹•่ฉžใ€-ใ€Œareใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
302:54
โ€˜When are we going to be meeting Casey?โ€™
5340
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ใ€Œใ‚ฑใ‚คใ‚ทใƒผใซใฏใ„ใคไผšใˆใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
302:58
I can say,
5341
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ใ€ŒไปŠๅคœ้…ใใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใซไผšใ†ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€
302:59
โ€˜We are going to be meeting Casey later tonight.โ€™
5342
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
303:03
Good job, everybody.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
303:04
Letโ€™s move on.
5344
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
303:06
Let's start a checkup for the future continuous tense.
5345
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ๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
303:09
Take a look at the first sentence.
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2240
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
303:12
It says, โ€˜They _blank_ at school tomorrow.โ€™
5347
18192080
3199
ใใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๅญฆๆ กใงใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
303:15
I want you to use โ€˜will' and then the verb โ€˜studyโ€™, for this tense.
5348
18195840
4320
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใฏใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstudyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
303:21
Remember, in the future continuous tense,
5349
18201840
2799
ๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใงใฏใ€
303:24
no matter what the subject, we say โ€˜will beโ€™ and then verb +ing.
5350
18204639
5041
ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œwill beใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ + ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
303:30
So the correct answer for this sentence is โ€˜they will be studyingโ€™
5351
18210320
5520
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
303:37
โ€˜They will be studying at school tomorrow.โ€™
5352
18217439
2801
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๅญฆๆ กใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
303:41
The next sentence says.
5353
18221039
1441
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
303:42
โ€˜Jesse _blank_ a TV show later.โ€™
5354
18222480
2959
ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ทใƒผใ€ๅพŒใงใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“็•ช็ต„ใ‚’_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใ€‚ใ€
303:46
Here, instead of โ€˜willโ€™ try to use โ€˜be going to beโ€™.
5355
18226320
4160
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œbe going to beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
303:52
โ€˜Jesse _blank_ watch a TV show later.โ€™
5356
18232561
3920
ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ทใƒผ_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ๅพŒใงใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“็•ช็ต„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
303:56
I want you to use the verb โ€˜watchโ€™.
5357
18236480
1840
ใ€Œwatchใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
303:59
So, Jessie is a โ€˜heโ€™ or it can be a โ€˜sheโ€™.
5358
18239199
4160
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ทใƒผใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
304:03
Sometimes the name is used for a boy or a girl.
5359
18243359
2721
ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใใฎๅๅ‰ใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใพใŸใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
304:06
Either way I need to use the โ€˜beโ€™ verb โ€“ โ€˜isโ€™.
5360
18246719
2400
ใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
304:09
โ€˜Jesse is going to beโ€™
5361
18249840
4320
ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ทใƒผใฏ๏ฝžใซใชใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€
304:15
and then we need verb +ing.
5362
18255920
2240
ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ‹•่ฉž +ing ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
304:19
โ€˜Jesse is going to be watching a TV show later.โ€™
5363
18259600
4641
ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ทใƒผใฏๅพŒใงใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“็•ช็ต„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
304:25
The next sentence, I want you to find the mistake.
5364
18265359
3041
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
304:31
โ€˜We willnโ€™t be studying at the library today.โ€™
5365
18271039
3361
ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
304:36
โ€˜We will not โ€ฆโ€™
5366
18276480
2238
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
304:38
What's the contraction for โ€˜will notโ€™?
5367
18278719
2480
ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
304:41
Well it definitely isn't โ€˜willnโ€™tโ€™.
5368
18281840
2641
ใพใ‚ใ€็ขบใ‹ใซใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
304:45
The contraction is โ€˜won'tโ€™.
5369
18285680
2400
็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€Œwon'tใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
304:48
โ€˜We won't be studying at the library today.โ€™
5370
18288879
3201
ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
304:52
And finally, โ€˜Sally and I will be meet our friends soon.โ€™
5371
18292959
4641
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจ็งใฏใ™ใใซๅ‹้”ใซไผšใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
304:58
Remember, we need โ€˜will beโ€™ and then verb +ing.
5372
18298799
4000
'will be' ใซ็ถšใ„ใฆๅ‹•่ฉž +ing ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
305:03
So the correct answer is,
5373
18303520
1760
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
305:06
โ€˜Sally and I will be meeting our friends soon.โ€™
5374
18306959
3121
ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจ็งใฏใ™ใใซๅ‹้”ใซไผšใ†ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใงใ™ใ€‚
305:11
Good job, everyone.
5375
18311119
1121
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŠ็–ฒใ‚Œๆง˜ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
305:12
Let's move on.
5376
18312240
1760
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
305:14
Now, let's move on to the next checkup of the future continuous tense.
5377
18314000
5039
ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆœชๆฅ็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎ็ขบ่ชใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
305:19
Take a look at the first sentence.
5378
18319039
2160
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
305:21
It says, โ€˜He _blank_ at the door when the movie ends.โ€™
5379
18321199
4160
ใใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฝผใฏใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎๅ‰ใงใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
305:25
I want you to use โ€˜willโ€™ and the verb โ€˜waitโ€™.
5380
18325920
3199
ใ€Œwillใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œwaitใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
305:30
Remember, for this tense, we need โ€˜will beโ€™ and then verb +ing,
5381
18330561
5359
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwill beใ€ใซ็ถšใ„ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ + ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
305:36
so the correct answer is,
5382
18336639
2000
ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใฏ
305:38
โ€˜He will be waiting at the door when the movie ends.โ€™
5383
18338639
4320
ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏใƒ‰ใ‚ขใงๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
305:44
The next sentence says, โ€˜We are not โ€ฆโ€™ so this is a negative,
5384
18344160
4879
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏโ€ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ใงใ€
305:49
โ€˜_blank_ the play when he performsโ€™.
5385
18349039
2721
ใ€Œ_blank_ ๅฝผใŒๆผ”ใ˜ใ‚‹ใจใใฎๅŠ‡ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
305:52
Here, instead of โ€˜willโ€™, I want you to use โ€˜be going to beโ€™ and the verb โ€˜seeโ€™.
5386
18352400
5680
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œbe going to beใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œseeใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
306:00
We already have part of that phrase for you.
5387
18360160
2879
ใใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏใ™ใงใซ็”จๆ„ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
306:03
โ€˜We are โ€ฆโ€™, here's the โ€˜beโ€™ verb, โ€˜notโ€™
5388
18363680
3119
ใ€ŒWe are โ€ฆใ€ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ€Œnotใ€
306:06
so this is negative.
5389
18366799
1521
ใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
306:08
And then we say โ€˜going to beโ€™
5390
18368320
3760
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใชใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
306:13
and then verb +ing.
5391
18373279
1920
ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ +ing ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
306:17
โ€˜We are not going to be seeing the play when he performs.โ€™
5392
18377199
4240
ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๅ…ฌๆผ”ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใฎๅŠ‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
306:22
Now find the mistake in this sentence.
5393
18382400
2559
ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
306:25
โ€˜They won't be stay at home when the delivery man visits.โ€™
5394
18385680
4320
ใ€Œ้…้”ๅ“กใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใซใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
306:31
โ€˜They won't beโ€™
5395
18391359
881
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€
306:32
That's correct in the negative form.
5396
18392879
2160
ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
306:35
However, we need verb +ing.
5397
18395680
3359
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž +ing ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
306:39
โ€˜They won't be staying at home when the delivery man visits.โ€™
5398
18399840
3760
ใ€Œ้…้”ๅ“กใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใซใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
306:44
And finally, โ€˜Terry is going to working when the manager arrivesโ€™.
5399
18404561
4799
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใƒ†ใƒชใƒผใฏไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
306:50
โ€˜Terryโ€™ is a โ€˜heโ€™ or โ€˜sheโ€™ so โ€˜isโ€™ is the correct โ€˜beโ€™ verb to use.
5400
18410480
5600
ใ€ŒTerryใ€ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
306:56
โ€˜going toโ€™ that's also correct.
5401
18416879
2400
ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
306:59
What we're missing here is โ€˜beโ€™.
5402
18419920
1520
ใ“ใ“ใงๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€Œbeใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
307:03
โ€˜Terry is going to be working when the manager arrives.โ€™
5403
18423600
3760
ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒชใƒผใฏใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
307:08
Good job, everybody.
5404
18428400
1279
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
307:09
Let's move on.
5405
18429680
801
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
307:11
Now, you have a better understanding of the future continuous tense.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๆœชๆฅ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃใŒๆทฑใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
307:15
Please take some time to study and practice this tense as it is very important.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
307:21
I know English can be a struggle, but don't worry, I'm here for you.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
307:25
And I believe in you.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
307:26
I'll see you in the next video. Hi, everyone.
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ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ‚„ใ‚ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚
307:37
Iโ€™m Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
307:39
In this video, I will introduce the future perfect tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
307:43
This tense is used to express an action in the future
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๅˆปใพใงใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹
307:47
that will happen by a specific time in the future.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
307:50
This tense can be a little difficult to understand but don't worry I will guide you through it
5415
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ ใฎใงๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
307:56
so keep watching.
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ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ
308:01
The future perfect tense is used to express an action in the future
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ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๅˆปใพใงใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹
308:06
that will happen by a specific time in the future.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
308:09
Let's look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
308:12
The first sentence says,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
308:13
โ€˜The snow will have stopped by April.โ€™
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ใ€Œ้›ชใฏ4ๆœˆใพใงใซๆญขใ‚€ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
308:17
We start with the subject.
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ๆœฌ้กŒใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
308:19
In this case, โ€˜The snowโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ้›ชใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
308:22
Then, we follow with โ€˜will haveโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œwill haveใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
308:28
In this case, we used โ€˜stoppedโ€™ for the verb โ€˜stopโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstopใ€ใซใ€Œstoppedใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
308:33
At the end of the sentence, you'll notice โ€˜by Aprilโ€™.
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ4ๆœˆใพใงใซใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
308:37
โ€˜by Aprilโ€™ shows the specific time in the future when this action will have happened.
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ใ€Œ4 ๆœˆใพใงใซใ€ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๆ™‚ๆœŸใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
308:45
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
308:46
โ€˜By the time he graduates, he will have completed five years of study.โ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๅ’ๆฅญใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผใฏ5ๅนด้–“ใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
308:52
In this sentence,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
308:54
โ€˜By the time he graduatesโ€™ or the specific time in the future.
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๅ’ๆฅญใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๆ™‚ๆœŸใŒ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
308:58
comes at the beginning of the sentence
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ใฏๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใง
309:01
so โ€˜byโ€™ plus โ€˜a time in the futureโ€™
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ใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใจใ€Œๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใฏ
309:04
can come at the end or it can come at the beginning.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
309:09
โ€˜By the time he graduates, he will have completedโ€ฆโ€™
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๅ’ๆฅญใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผใฏๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†โ€ฆใ€
309:14
Again, you see โ€˜subject + will + haveโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชž + will + haveใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
309:19
In this case, โ€˜completedโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ŒๅฎŒไบ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
309:22
โ€˜By the time he graduates, he will have completed five years of study.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅ’ๆฅญใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผใฏ5ๅนด้–“ใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
309:28
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ
309:30
โ€˜Her arm will have fully healed by the summer.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎ่…•ใฏๅคใพใงใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆฒปใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
309:34
In this example, โ€˜by the summerโ€™, the future specific time, comes at the end.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๆ™‚ๆœŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œๅคใพใงใซใ€ใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
309:41
By this time in the future, her โ€˜armโ€™, that's the subject, will have โ€˜healedโ€™,
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎไปŠ้ ƒใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ€Œ่…•ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šไธป่ชžใฏ
309:48
the past participle.
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ€Œ็™’ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
309:50
Here I put โ€˜fullyโ€™ just to show how much it will have healed.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๆฒปใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใ€ใจๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
309:55
Iโ€™m just adding an extra description.
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ไฝ™่จˆใช่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
309:59
The last sentence says,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ
310:00
โ€˜By next month, โ€ฆโ€™ so here we see โ€˜byโ€™ and โ€˜the timeโ€™ at the beginning of the
5447
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ใ€Œๆฅๆœˆใพใงใซโ€ฆใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œbyใ€ใจใ€Œthe timeใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
310:05
sentence.
5448
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ใ€‚
310:06
โ€˜youโ€™, that's the subject.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไธป้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
310:09
โ€˜will have receivedโ€™, there's the past participle.
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ใ€Œๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใŸใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจใ„ใ†้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
310:12
โ€˜your promotion.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ˜‡้€ฒใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
310:14
Again, โ€˜By next month you will have received your promotion.โ€™
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๆฅๆœˆใพใงใซๆ˜‡้€ฒใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
310:19
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
310:21
Now, let's talk about the negative form of the future perfect tense.
5454
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
310:26
Here are some examples.
5455
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
310:28
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
310:30
The first sentence says,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
310:31
โ€˜I will not have graduated from university by July.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ7ๆœˆใพใงใซๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
310:36
First, I want to point out that at the end, I have the specific time in the future,
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ใพใšใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
310:43
โ€˜byJulyโ€™.
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ใ€Œ7 ๆœˆใพใงใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๆ™‚้–“ใŒๆŒ‡ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๆ‘˜ใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
310:44
Now for the negative form, what I do is say, โ€˜subjectโ€™ and โ€˜will not haveโ€™,
5461
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ใจใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ
310:52
then we put the past participle of the verb.
5462
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
310:55
โ€˜I will not have graduated from university by July.โ€™
5463
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ใ€Œ7ๆœˆใพใงใซๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใงใใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
311:02
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
311:03
โ€˜Ollie and Max will not have spoken ...โ€™
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ใ€ŒOllie ใจ Max will not have speech ...ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
311:07
There it is again, โ€˜will not haveโ€™ and then the past participle of speak ...
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใพใŸใ€Œwill not haveใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใซใ€speak ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉž ...
311:13
which is โ€˜spokenโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œspokenใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
311:14
โ€˜โ€ฆ before the plane leaves.โ€™
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ใ€Œโ€ฆ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใŒๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€‚ใ€
311:18
Here, instead of the word โ€˜byโ€™, we used โ€˜beforeโ€™ to show a specific time in the
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18678000
6080
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใพใงใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
311:24
future.
5470
18684080
879
311:24
That's okay as well.
5471
18684959
1201
ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
311:27
The next sentence says,
5472
18687279
1680
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
311:28
โ€˜You will not have eaten dinner by 6 p.m.โ€™
5473
18688959
3041
ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 6 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
311:32
Here, again, we've used โ€˜by 6 p.m.โ€™ to show a time in the future.
5474
18692879
5041
ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๆ™‚ๅˆปใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 6 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
311:38
And again, you see โ€˜you will not haveโ€™ and then the past participle of eat which
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6479
ใใ—ใฆใพใŸใ€ใ€Œyou will not haveใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใใฎๅพŒใ€Œeatใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
311:45
is โ€˜eatenโ€™.
5476
18705039
801
ใ€‚
311:46
The last sentence says, โ€˜By noon โ€ฆโ€™, there's the time again,
5477
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3840
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซโ€ฆใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ†ใณ
311:51
โ€˜I will not have taken off to Japan.โ€™
5478
18711439
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€
311:55
โ€˜takenโ€™ is the past participle of โ€˜takeโ€™.
5479
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ใจใ„ใ†ๆ™‚้–“ใŒๆฅใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œtakenใ€ใฏใ€Œtakeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
311:59
Let's move on.
5480
18719920
799
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
312:01
Now, let's move on to how to form questions in the future perfect tense.
5481
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4881
ใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใง็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
312:06
The first sentence here says,
5482
18726959
1602
ใ“ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
312:09
โ€˜You will have gone to work by 10 a.m.โ€™
5483
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅˆๅ‰ 10 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
312:12
To turn this into a question, all we have to
5484
18732959
2881
ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€
312:15
do is switch the order of the first two words.
5485
18735840
2959
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
312:19
โ€˜You willโ€™ becomes โ€˜Will youโ€™.
5486
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2320
ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
312:22
You'll notice that the rest of the question stays the same as the sentence.
5487
18742879
5441
่ณชๅ•ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๆ–‡ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
312:28
โ€˜Will you have gone to work by 10 a.m.?โ€™
5488
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2719
ใ€Œๅˆๅ‰10ๆ™‚ใพใงใซไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
312:31
You can answer by saying, โ€˜Yes, I will have.โ€™
5489
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3520
ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
312:35
or โ€˜No, I will have not.โ€™
5490
18755439
2240
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚“ใชใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
312:38
The next sentence says, โ€˜She will have woken up by noon.โ€™
5491
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4000
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซ็›ฎใ‚’่ฆšใพใ™ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
312:43
Again, to turn this into a question just switch the first two words.
5492
18763760
4721
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
312:49
โ€˜She willโ€™ becomes โ€˜Will sheโ€™.
5493
18769039
2400
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
312:52
โ€˜Will she have woken up by noon?โ€™
5494
18772320
2080
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซ่ตทใใŸใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
312:55
Again, the rest of the sentence stays the same.
5495
18775199
3361
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅŒใ˜ใพใพใงใ™ใ€‚
312:59
โ€˜Will she have woken up by noon?โ€™
5496
18779760
2080
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซ่ตทใใŸใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
313:02
To reply, you can say, โ€˜Yes, she will have.โ€™
5497
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่ฟ”็ญ”ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
313:06
or โ€˜No, she will have not.โ€™
5498
18786799
3201
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
313:10
Let's move on.
5499
18790000
799
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
313:11
Now, I'll talk about how to form โ€˜WHโ€™ questions in the future perfect tense.
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18791840
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใ€ŒWHใ€็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
313:17
If you notice on the board, each of these questions begins with the โ€˜WHโ€™ word.
5501
18797680
5359
ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ไธŠใงใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใ‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
313:23
โ€˜Whereโ€™, โ€˜whatโ€™, โ€˜whoโ€™, and โ€˜whenโ€™.
5502
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3279
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€‚
313:28
Then after each โ€˜WHโ€™ word comes the word โ€˜willโ€™.
5503
18808080
3680
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œwillใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
313:32
โ€˜Where willโ€™ โ€˜What willโ€™
5504
18812480
2080
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใŒใ€
313:34
โ€˜Who willโ€™ and โ€˜When willโ€™
5505
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1760
ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€
313:36
So let's take a look at the first question.
5506
18816959
2480
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
313:40
โ€˜Where willโ€™โ€ฆโ€™ then you add โ€˜the subjectโ€™.
5507
18820160
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ใ€ŒWhere will'โ€ฆใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
313:43
In this case, โ€˜youโ€™.
5508
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1279
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
313:46
And then, โ€˜haveโ€™ and after that the past participle of the verb.
5509
18826000
5520
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
313:51
In this case, it's โ€˜traveledโ€™.
5510
18831520
1760
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œๆ—…่กŒๆธˆใฟใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
313:54
โ€˜Where will you have traveled by December?โ€™
5511
18834000
3039
ใ€Œ12ๆœˆใพใงใซใฉใ“ใธๆ—…่กŒใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
313:57
I can answer by saying, โ€˜I will have traveled to Germany and Denmark.โ€™
5512
18837680
5039
ใ€Œใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใจใƒ‡ใƒณใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
314:02
There are many possible answers here and this is just an example.
5513
18842719
3121
่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใปใ‚“ใฎไธ€ไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
314:07
The next question says, โ€˜What will they have done โ€ฆโ€™
5514
18847119
4240
ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†โ€ฆใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œ
314:11
โ€˜doneโ€™ is the past participle of โ€˜doโ€™.
5515
18851359
2400
doneใ€ใฏใ€Œdoใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
314:13
โ€˜โ€ฆ by the end of the evening?โ€™
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2480
ใ€Œโ€ฆๅค•ๆ–นใพใงใซใฏ๏ผŸใ€
314:16
I can answer by saying, โ€˜They will have done their homework.โ€™
5517
18856959
3441
็งใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
314:21
The next question says, โ€˜Who will she have interviewed by 5 p.m.?โ€™
5518
18861680
4721
ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 5 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซ่ชฐใจ้ขๆŽฅใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
314:27
Again, โ€˜who willโ€™ + the subject โ€˜haveโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
5519
18867359
6881
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œwho willใ€+ไธป่ชžใ€Œhaveใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใฏใ€
314:34
I can answer this question by saying,
5520
18874240
2398
ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅˆๅพŒ 5 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซๆ•™ๅธซใจใฎ้ขๆŽฅใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
314:36
โ€˜She will have interviewed the teachers by 5 p.m.โ€™
5521
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ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
314:40
And finally, โ€˜When will they have started to learn?โ€™
5522
18880799
3121
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใคๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
314:44
One way to answer this question is to say,
5523
18884959
2801
ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ 1 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€
314:47
โ€˜They will have started to learn in January.โ€™
5524
18887760
2879
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ 1 ๆœˆใซๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
314:51
Let's move on.
5525
18891439
801
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
314:53
Let's start this checkup for the future perfect tense.
5526
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ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
314:56
Take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
314:59
It says, โ€˜We _blank_ that book by tomorrow.โ€™
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ใใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใพใงใซใใฎๆœฌใ‚’ใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
315:03
The verb to use is โ€˜readโ€™.
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
315:07
Remember, in the future perfect tense, we start with the subject,
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ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€
315:11
and we have that here, โ€˜weโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใจใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
315:14
Then say, โ€˜will haveโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œwill haveใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
315:19
So here we need to say โ€˜will haveโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œwill haveใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
315:23
What is the past participle of โ€˜readโ€™?
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ใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
315:27
The correct answer is โ€˜readโ€™.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
315:32
They're spelled the same, but they are pronounced differently.
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ใ‚นใƒšใƒซใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใŒใ€็™บ้ŸณใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
315:36
โ€˜We will have read that book by tomorrow.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใพใงใซใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
315:40
The next sentence says, โ€˜She _blank_ the video by bedtime.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฐฑๅฏๆ™‚้–“ใพใงใซใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’_็ฉบ็™ฝ_ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
315:46
Here we have โ€˜notโ€™ so I want you to try the negative form.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€Œnotใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
315:50
And the verb to try is โ€˜watchโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆ่ฉฆใ™ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwatchใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
315:55
In the negative form, we start with the subject.
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ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
315:58
And instead of โ€˜will haveโ€™, we say โ€˜will not haveโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใคใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€ŒๆŒใŸใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
316:03
โ€˜She will not have โ€ฆโ€™ Then we need the past participle of the verb.
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ใ€ŒShe will not have โ€ฆใ€ ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
316:11
In this case, it is โ€˜watchedโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ็›ฃ่ฆ–ใ€ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
316:14
โ€˜She will not have watched the video by bedtime.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฐฑๅฏๆ™‚้–“ใพใงใซใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
316:19
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
316:24
โ€˜Ryan will not have be to Cuba by summer.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใฏๅคใพใงใซใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใƒใซ่กŒใๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
316:29
This is the negative form because we have โ€˜will not haveโ€™.
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ใ€ŒๆŒใŸใชใ„ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
316:33
That's correct.
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ใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
316:34
But we need the past participle of โ€˜beโ€™.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
316:38
So we need to change it to โ€˜beenโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œbeenใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
316:42
โ€˜Ryan will not have been to Cuba by summer.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใฏๅคใพใงใซใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใƒใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
316:46
The last sentence says, โ€˜I will have go to school by 8 30 a.m.โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๅˆๅ‰ 8 ๆ™‚ 30 ๅˆ†ใพใงใซๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
316:53
Here, we have the affirmative, โ€˜will haveโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
316:56
But, uh oh, we forgot the past participle of โ€˜goโ€™ which is โ€˜goneโ€™.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œgoใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€Œgoneใ€ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
317:04
โ€˜I will have gone to school by 8 30 a.m.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅˆๅ‰8ๆ™‚30ๅˆ†ใพใงใซใฏๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€
317:08
Great job, everybody.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ˆใ้ ‘ๅผตใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
317:09
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
317:11
Good job, guys.
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ใ„ใ„ใžใ€‚
317:12
Now you have a better understanding of the future perfect tense.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃใŒๆทฑใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
317:16
I want you to keep studying and practicing this tense.
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ใ“ใฎ็ทŠๅผตๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—็ถšใ‘ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
317:20
I know studying English can be difficult, but I believe in you
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆ
317:24
and I will guide you through it.
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๅฐŽใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
317:26
I'll see you in the next video. Hi, everybody.
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ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
317:37
Iโ€™m Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
317:39
Welcome to the last tense.
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ๆœ€็ต‚ๆ™‚ๅˆถใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
317:41
If you haven't checked out my earlier videos on the tenses,
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ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใพใ ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
317:45
please go check them out now.
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ไปŠใ™ใใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
317:47
In this video, I will talk about the future perfect continuous tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
317:52
This tense can be used to describe an ongoing action
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๆŒ‡ๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆœŸ้–“ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ็ถšใ
317:56
or situation that will last for a specified period of time in the future.
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้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚„็Šถๆณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
318:02
There's a lot to learn, so keep watching.
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ใ€‚
318:08
The future perfect continuous tense is used to talk about an ongoing situation
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅผ•ใ็ถšใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ
318:14
that will be in progress for a period of time at a specific point in time in the future.
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ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงไธ€ๅฎšๆœŸ้–“้€ฒ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎ็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
318:21
Let's take a look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
318:23
The first sentence says,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
318:25
โ€˜She will have been living in Ireland for 10 years at that point.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงใ‚ขใ‚คใƒซใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใซ10ๅนด้–“ไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
318:30
So no matter what the subject, in this case we have โ€˜sheโ€™,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
318:35
we follow with โ€˜will have beenโ€™ and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
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ใใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œwill have beenใ€ใŒ็ถšใใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
318:40
So, โ€˜She will have been living in Ireland โ€ฆโ€™
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒซใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†โ€ฆใ€
318:44
Then this sentence has the duration.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ้•ทใ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
318:48
What period of time will this last? โ€˜for 10 yearsโ€™
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“็ถšใใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ10ๅนด้–“ใ€
318:53
And when?
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ใใ—ใฆใ„ใค๏ผŸ
318:54
Remember, we need a point in time in the future.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๆ™‚็‚นใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
318:58
In this case, we just use a general expression, โ€˜at that pointโ€™.
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4879
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
319:03
Here, it's not specific and that's okay.
5586
19143600
2480
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
319:06
We'll see some specific examples in the next sentence.
5587
19146639
3041
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
319:10
โ€˜By midnight, he will have been sleeping for four hours.โ€™
5588
19150719
4320
ใ€Œ็œŸๅคœไธญใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผใฏ4ๆ™‚้–“็œ ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
319:15
Here, the specific time in the future comes at the beginning of the sentence.
5589
19155840
4879
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใŒๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
319:21
โ€˜By midnightโ€™ And, again, we see โ€˜will have beenโ€™ +
5590
19161279
4721
ใ€Œ็œŸๅคœไธญใพใงใซใ€ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ†ใณใ€ใ€Œwill have beenใ€ +
319:26
verb 'ing'.
5591
19166000
879
ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œingใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
319:27
โ€˜By midnight, he will have been sleeping for four hours.โ€™.
5592
19167760
3680
ใ€Œ็œŸๅคœไธญใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผใฏ4ๆ™‚้–“็œ ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
319:31
Here we have โ€˜for four hoursโ€™.
5593
19171439
2000
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ4ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
319:34
This shows the duration or how long this action will be in progress.
5594
19174000
5199
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚้–“ใพใŸใฏ้€ฒ่กŒๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
319:40
So, again, โ€˜By midnight he will have been sleeping for four hours.โ€™
5595
19180000
4799
ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œ็œŸๅคœไธญใพใงใซใ€ๅฝผใฏ4ๆ™‚้–“็œ ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ€‚
319:45
The last sentence says, โ€˜In June โ€ฆโ€™
5596
19185680
2721
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ6ๆœˆใซโ€ฆใ€ใจใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
319:48
Here, again, we have the specific time in the future at the beginning of the sentence.
5597
19188400
5920
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ†’้ ญใซๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๆ™‚้–“ใŒ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
319:55
โ€˜In June, โ€˜weโ€™ that's the subject.
5598
19195119
3201
ใ€Œ6ๆœˆใซใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไธป้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
319:58
โ€˜we'll have been studying โ€ฆโ€™ There's the โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5599
19198320
3600
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™โ€ฆใ€ ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž+ingใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
320:01
โ€˜โ€ฆ at this university for four years.โ€™
5600
19201920
3039
ใ€Œโ€ฆใ“ใฎๅคงๅญฆใง4ๅนด้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
320:05
Here is the duration, โ€˜for four yearsโ€™.
5601
19205520
2801
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ4ๅนด้–“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
320:09
Good job.
5602
19209119
641
320:09
And let's move on.
5603
19209760
879
ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
320:11
Now, let's look at the negative form of the future perfect continuous tense.
5604
19211199
5121
ใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†็ถ™็ถšๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
320:17
In the affirmative form, we say โ€˜subjectโ€™ + โ€˜will have beenโ€™ and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5605
19217039
7041
่‚ฏๅฎšๅฝขๅผใงใฏใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ + ใ€Œwill have beใ€ใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
320:24
In the negative form, however, we say, โ€˜subjectโ€™ + โ€˜will not have beenโ€™
5606
19224080
5520
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใงใฏใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€+ใ€Œใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใ€
320:29
and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5607
19229600
1359
ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
320:31
Let's take a look at some examples.
5608
19231680
1840
ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
320:34
The first sentence here says,
5609
19234400
1520
ใ“ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
320:36
โ€˜At that point, I will not have been living in Spain for 10 years.โ€™
5610
19236480
4639
ใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงใ€็งใฏใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใซ10ๅนดไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
320:41
And so you see it.
5611
19241840
959
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
320:43
โ€˜Iโ€™ is the subject.
5612
19243520
1359
ใ€Œ็งใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
320:44
โ€˜โ€ฆ will not have beenโ€™ and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5613
19244879
4400
ใ€Œโ€ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž+ingใ€ใ€‚
320:49
In this case, โ€˜livingโ€™.
5614
19249840
2000
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใ€‚
320:52
The next sentence says,
5615
19252400
1119
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
320:54
โ€˜He will not have been sleeping for four hours by midnight.โ€™
5616
19254080
3840
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็œŸๅคœไธญใพใงใซ 4 ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚็œ ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
320:58
Again, we see the โ€˜subjectโ€™ + โ€˜will not have beenโ€™ and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™,
5617
19258559
5521
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ + ใ€Œใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใ€
321:04
โ€˜sleepingโ€™.
5618
19264719
1602
ใ€Œsleepใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
321:06
The last sentence says,
5619
19266320
1760
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
321:08
โ€˜By then, we will not have been studying at this university for three years.โ€™
5620
19268080
5279
ใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใฎๅคงๅญฆใง๏ผ“ๅนด้–“ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
321:14
Again, we see the โ€˜subjectโ€™ + โ€˜we will not have beenโ€™ and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™
5621
19274160
6398
ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ + ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€
321:20
here, โ€˜studyingโ€™.
5622
19280559
1201
ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
321:22
Let's move on.
5623
19282480
719
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
321:24
Now let's take a look at how to form questions in the future perfect continuous tense.
5624
19284000
5520
ใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใง็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
321:30
Here, the sentence says,
5625
19290320
1920
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
321:32
โ€˜Sean will have been playing soccer for a year by December.โ€™
5626
19292240
4000
ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใฏ12ๆœˆใพใงใซ1ๅนด้–“ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€
321:36
To turn this into a question, all we have to do is switch the order of the first two
5627
19296959
5201
ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใŒๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
321:42
words.
5628
19302160
879
ใ€‚
321:43
So instead of โ€˜Sean willโ€™, I can say โ€˜Will Seanโ€™.
5629
19303039
3920
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒซใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒซใƒปใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
321:47
โ€˜Will Sean have been playing soccer for a year by December?โ€™
5630
19307680
3760
ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใฏ12ๆœˆใพใงใซ1ๅนด้–“ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?ใ€
321:52
You'll notice that the rest of the sentence stays the same.
5631
19312080
3520
ๆ–‡ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅŒใ˜ใพใพใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
321:56
I can answer by saying, โ€˜Yes, he will have.โ€™
5632
19316480
3840
็งใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
322:00
or โ€˜No, he will have not.โ€™
5633
19320320
2479
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
322:03
The next sentence says,
5634
19323680
1600
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
322:05
โ€˜They will have been working there for three months by that time.โ€™
5635
19325279
3840
ใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚ใพใงใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ“ใง3ใ‹ๆœˆๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
322:10
Again, I changed the order of the first two words.
5636
19330000
3359
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
322:13
To turn this into a question โ€˜They willโ€™ becomes โ€˜Will theyโ€™.
5637
19333359
4561
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€ŒThey willใ€ใฏใ€ŒWill theyใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
322:18
โ€˜Will they have been working there for three months by that time?โ€™
5638
19338799
3682
ใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚ใพใงใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ“ใง3ใ‹ๆœˆๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
322:23
Again, the rest of the sentence stays the same.
5639
19343359
3121
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅŒใ˜ใพใพใงใ™ใ€‚
322:28
I can answer by saying, โ€˜Yes, they will have.โ€™
5640
19348240
3680
็งใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
322:31
or โ€˜No, they will have not.โ€™
5641
19351920
2480
ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
322:35
Let's move on.
5642
19355119
1281
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
322:36
Now let's take a look at how to form โ€˜WHโ€ questions in the future perfect continuous
5643
19356400
5760
ใงใฏใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒ
322:42
tense.
5644
19362160
320
ๅฝขใงใ€ŒWHใ€็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
322:43
Take a look at the board.
5645
19363119
1361
ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
322:45
All of these questions begin with a โ€˜WHโ€™ word.
5646
19365199
3281
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
322:49
โ€˜whereโ€™ โ€˜whatโ€™
5647
19369039
1520
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€
322:51
โ€˜whoโ€™ and โ€˜how longโ€™
5648
19371359
1760
ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“ใ€
322:54
Take a look at the first question.
5649
19374000
1760
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
322:56
โ€˜Where will you have been walking?โ€™
5650
19376719
2000
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
322:59
To form a โ€˜WHโ€™ question, we start with the โ€˜WHโ€™ word, then โ€˜willโ€™.
5651
19379680
5680
ใ€ŒWHใ€ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
323:06
After that, we add the subject, โ€˜youโ€™, โ€˜theyโ€™, โ€˜sheโ€™ and โ€˜youโ€™.
5652
19386879
4961
ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป่ชžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
323:12
After that, we add โ€˜have beenโ€™ + โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5653
19392400
4000
ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œhave beenใ€+ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž+ingใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
323:17
โ€˜Where will you have been walking?โ€™
5654
19397600
2160
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
323:21
โ€˜What will they have been playing?โ€™
5655
19401199
1920
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸใ€
323:24
โ€˜Who will she have been talking to?โ€™
5656
19404719
2320
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸใ€
323:27
and โ€˜How long will you have been working โ€ฆ?โ€™
5657
19407840
3840
ใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ๅƒใใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹โ€ฆ๏ผŸใ€
323:31
There's the โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5658
19411680
1279
ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
323:32
โ€˜ โ€ฆ there by the time you finish?โ€™
5659
19412959
2240
ใ€Œโ€ฆ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹๏ผŸใ€
323:36
So let's go through one more time and I'll show you how to answer these questions.
5660
19416240
4879
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
323:42
โ€˜Where will you have been walking?โ€™
5661
19422400
1920
ใ€Œใฉใ“ใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
323:44
I can answer by saying, โ€˜I will have been walking in the park.โ€™
5662
19424959
4160
ใ€Œ็งใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
323:50
โ€˜What will they have been playing?โ€™
5663
19430480
1760
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸใ€
323:53
โ€˜They will have been playing video games.โ€™
5664
19433359
2400
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
323:57
โ€˜Who will she have been talking to?โ€™
5665
19437279
2160
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸใ€
324:00
โ€˜She will have been talking to her cousin.โ€™
5666
19440480
2398
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใจใ“ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
324:03
And finally,
5667
19443840
1199
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
324:05
โ€˜How long will you have been working there by the time you finish?โ€™
5668
19445039
4000
ใ€Œ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใใ“ใงๅƒใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
324:10
โ€˜By the time I finish, I will have been working there for five years.โ€™
5669
19450000
4719
ใ€Œๅ’ๆฅญใ™ใ‚‹้ ƒใซใฏใ€ใใ“ใง5ๅนดๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
324:15
Let's move on.
5670
19455520
1279
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
324:16
Let's start a checkup for the future perfect continuous tense.
5671
19456799
3602
ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
324:20
Take a look at the board.
5672
19460959
1281
ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
324:22
The first sentence says,
5673
19462879
1521
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
324:24
โ€˜By 10 p.m., I _blank_ that game for three hours.โ€™
5674
19464400
4799
ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 10 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ€ใใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ 3 ๆ™‚้–“ใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
324:29
Iโ€™m looking to use the verb โ€˜playโ€™.
5675
19469760
2080
ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œplayใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
324:34
Remember, in this tense, we need to have โ€˜subjectโ€™ + โ€˜will have beenโ€™ and then โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5676
19474000
6879
ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใฏใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€+ใ€Œwill have beใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
324:41
So โ€˜By 10 p.m., I will have been playing โ€ฆโ€™
5677
19481600
6240
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒ 10 ๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ€็งใฏ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†โ€ฆใ€
324:47
Again, we need โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5678
19487840
2000
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
324:49
โ€˜โ€ฆ I will have been playing that game for three hours.
5679
19489840
3520
ใ€Œโ€ฆ็งโ€‹โ€‹ใฏใใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’3ๆ™‚้–“ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
324:54
The next sentence says,
5680
19494160
1760
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
324:55
โ€˜When she gets here, he _blank_ dinner for an hour.โ€™
5681
19495920
4080
ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒใ“ใ“ใซ็€ใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใฏ 1 ๆ™‚้–“ๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’ใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
325:00
Try to use the verb โ€˜cookโ€™.
5682
19500799
3441
ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcookใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
325:04
Again, no matter what the subject, it doesn't change.
5683
19504240
4000
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใฉใ‚“ใชใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
325:08
โ€˜When she gets here, he will have been cooking โ€ฆโ€™
5684
19508799
9521
ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒใ“ใ“ใซ็€ใใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†โ€ฆใ€
325:18
โ€˜When she gets here, he will have been cooking dinner for an hour.โ€™
5685
19518320
4398
ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒใ“ใ“ใซ็€ใใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏ1ๆ™‚้–“ๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
325:23
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
5686
19523600
2881
ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
325:29
โ€˜Steve and Jan will not have be waiting for a year when it arrives.โ€™
5687
19529359
5279
ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง1ๅนดใ‚‚ๅพ…ใคๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
325:35
Here, we have a negative form, โ€˜they will not haveโ€™.
5688
19535840
4160
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆŒใŸใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
325:40
Then we need โ€˜beenโ€™.
5689
19540959
2080
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œbeenใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
325:44
โ€˜They will not have been โ€ฆโ€™
5690
19544320
2799
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏโ€ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
325:47
And then the โ€˜verb +ingโ€™ is here so that's correct.
5691
19547119
3520
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž +ingใ€ใŒใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
325:51
โ€˜Steve and Jan will not have been waiting for a year when it arrives.โ€™
5692
19551439
4561
ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง1ๅนดใ‚‚ๅพ…ใŸใšใซๆธˆใ‚€ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
325:56
The last sentence says,
5693
19556959
1201
ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไธ€ๆ–‡ใฏ
325:58
โ€˜It will have been work for 10 years on January 15th.โ€™
5694
19558719
4400
ใ€Œ1ๆœˆ15ๆ—ฅใงๅ‹ค็ถš10ๅนดใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
326:03
So maybe here Iโ€™m talking about a computer or a TV.
5695
19563760
4080
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใพใŸใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
326:07
Maybe some kind of machine.
5696
19567840
1840
ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆฉŸๆขฐใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
326:09
โ€˜itโ€™ โ€˜It will have been โ€ฆโ€™
5697
19569680
3279
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใ ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
326:12
I see the mistake here.
5698
19572959
1281
ใ“ใ“ใง้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
326:14
We need โ€˜verb +ingโ€™.
5699
19574799
2000
ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž+ingใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
326:19
โ€˜It will have been working for 10 years on January 15th.
5700
19579039
4961
ใ€Œ1ๆœˆ15ๆ—ฅใง็จผๅƒ10ๅนดใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
326:24
Great job, everybody.
5701
19584879
1361
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
326:26
Let's move on.
5702
19586240
799
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
326:27
Thank you so much for watching thisย  course on the twelve English tenses.ย 
5703
19587600
4480
่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ 12 ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ€่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
326:32
Now, you have a better understandingย  of how to use these tenses.ย 
5704
19592080
4000
ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
326:36
I know studying English can be hard, butย  with time and practice, you will get better.ย 
5705
19596639
5521
่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐๅฟ…ใšไธŠ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
326:42
Please watch my other videos. And Iโ€™ll see you next time.ย 
5706
19602799
3201
็งใฎไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚‚ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
326:46
Bye.
5707
19606000
9840
ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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