English: A Stress-Timed Language - American Pronunciation

375,469 views ใƒป 2012-05-08

Rachel's English


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุชุชู… ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ุง ุขู„ูŠู‹ุง.

00:00
In this American English pronunciation video, we're going to go over why some words sound
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ููŠ ู…ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู†ุทู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุŒ ุณู†ุณุชุนุฑุถ ุณุจุจ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
00:06
different when they're said on their own than they do when they're said as part of a sentence,
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ุนู†ุฏ ู†ุทู‚ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุชู„ู‚ุงุก ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุนู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูู‚ุงู„ ูƒุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุŒ
00:11
like 'for', 'fer'.
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ู…ุซู„ "for" ูˆ "fer".
00:18
A lot of people think, when they're studying a language and they're new to it, that they
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ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑุณูˆู† ู„ุบุฉ ู…ุง ูˆู‡ู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ู…
00:25
need to pronounce each word fully and clearly in order to be well-understood. But in English
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ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุทู‚ ูƒู„ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุงู…ู„ ูˆูˆุงุถุญ ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชู… ูู‡ู…ู‡ู… ุฌูŠุฏู‹ุง. ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ
00:32
that's actually not the case. English is a stress-timed language. That means some syllables
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน. ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุช. ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุน
00:38
will be longer, and some will be shorter. Many languages, however, are syllable-timed,
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุทูˆู„ ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู‚ุตุฑ. ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ูŠุชู… ุชุญุฏูŠุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ู‚ุทุน ู„ูุธูŠ ุŒ
00:45
which means each syllable has the same length. Examples of syllable-timed languages: French,
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ู…ู‚ุทุน ู„ูุธูŠ ู„ู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทูˆู„. ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุช: ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ุŒ
00:52
Spanish, Cantonese. So, when an American hears a sentence of English, with each syllable
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ุงู„ุฅุณุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ูƒุงู†ุชูˆู†ูŠุฉ. ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุณู…ุน ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุŒ ู…ุน ูƒู„ ู…ู‚ุทุน
00:59
having the same length, it takes just a little bit longer to get the meaning. This is because
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ู„ู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ูˆู‚ุชู‹ุง ุฃุทูˆู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰. ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง
01:05
we are used to stressed syllables, syllables that will pop out of the line because they're
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ุงุนุชุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฏุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุทุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง
01:10
longer and they have more shape. Our ears, our brains, go straight to those words. Those
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ุฃุทูˆู„ ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ. ุขุฐุงู†ู†ุง ูˆุฃุฏู…ุบุชู†ุง ุชุฐู‡ุจ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช. ู‡ุฐู‡
01:16
are the content words. When all syllables are the same length, then there's no way for
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ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถู…ูˆู†. ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ุŒ ูู„ุง ุณุจูŠู„
01:22
the ear to know which words are the most important.
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ู„ู„ุฃุฐู† ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ.
01:26
So this is why stress is so important in American English. It's a stress-timed language. When
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุณุจุจ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆุชุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ. ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ุบุฉ ู…ูˆู‚ูˆุชุฉ. ุนู†ุฏู…ุง
01:32
you give us nice shape in your stressed syllables, you're giving us the meaning of the sentence.
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ุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ุดูƒู„ุงู‹ ู„ุทูŠูู‹ุง ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงุทุนูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฏุฉ ุŒ ูุฅู†ูƒ ุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ.
01:38
This means that other syllables need to be unstressed --- flatter, quicker --- so that
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุถุบูˆุทุฉ - ู…ุณุทุญุฉ ุŒ ุฃุณุฑุน - ุจุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู†
01:43
the stressed syllables are what the ear goes to. This is why it's so important to reduce
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฐู†. ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„
01:49
function words that can reduce in American English. When those function words are part
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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุธูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฎุชุตุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ. ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุธูŠููŠุฉ ุฌุฒุกู‹ุง
01:54
of a whole, part of a sentence, they are pronounced differently. Let's look at some examples.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุŒ ูŠุชู… ู†ุทู‚ู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ู. ู„ู†ู„ู‚ู ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ.
02:06
----. Do you know what I'm saying? A native speaker might not either. But, in the context
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----. ู‡ู„ ุชูู‡ู… ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุŸ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ. ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุณูŠุงู‚
02:11
of a sentence, "I'm going to the store," a native speaker would know exactly what I was
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ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุŒ "ุฃู†ุง ุฐุงู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฑ" ุŒ ูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ุง
02:17
saying. I'm going to the store. I'm going to the store. When 'to the' is pronounced
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ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡. ุงู†ุง ุฐุงู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฑ. ุงู†ุง ุฐุงู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฑ. ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ู†ุทู‚ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "to the"
02:27
---- (reduced and linked), 'going' and 'store' become the obvious words in that sentence.
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---- (ู…ุฎูุถุฉ ูˆู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ) ุŒ ุชุตุจุญ "go" ูˆ "store" ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ.
02:38
I'm going to the store.
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ุงู†ุง ุฐุงู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฑ.
02:40
What about ----? Can you understand what I'm saying? A native speaker might not either.
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ----ุŸ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูู‡ู… ู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุŸ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
02:50
But, in the sentence fragment "Because of my job," "Because of my job," a native speaker
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ "ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ" ุŒ "ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ" ุŒ ูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ
02:57
would know exactly what I was saying. Because of my job. Because of my job. 'Because' and
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ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡. ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ. ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ. "ู„ุฃู†" ูˆ "
03:06
'of' are so unstressed, so reduced and low in pitch, that the word 'job' is able to really
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ู…ู†" ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฌู‡ุฏูŠู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ุฎูุถูŠู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู†ุฎูุถูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุช ุŒ ุจุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ูˆุธูŠูุฉ" ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰
03:14
jump out of the sentence. Because of my job.
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ุงู„ู‚ูุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ. ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ.
03:18
This is really of primary importance in American English pronunciation. As you're working on
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ู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู‡ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ู†ุทู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ. ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุนู…ู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰
03:24
pronunciation, keep in mind this idea of a word being part of a whole.
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ุงู„ู†ุทู‚ ุŒ ุถุน ููŠ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑูƒ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„.
03:29
The word 'for': part of a word becomes fer, fer, fer you, fer me, fer dinner. Practice
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ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "for": ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ูŠุตุจุญ ferุŒ ferุŒ fer youุŒ fer meุŒ fer ุงู„ุนุดุงุก. ู…ุงุฑุณู‡ุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡
03:43
it this way. Drill it over and over. Other words that can reduce: 'and' can become 'n'.
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ. ุญูุฑู‡ุง ู…ุฑุงุฑุง ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑุง. ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู‚ู„ู„: "ูˆ" ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "n".
03:53
'Them' can become 'thum' or 'em'. 'At' can become 'ut'. 'To' can become 'tuh' or 'duh'.
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"ู‡ู…" ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ "ุซูˆู…" ุฃูˆ "ู…". ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "At" "ut". ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "To" "tuh" ุฃูˆ "duh".
04:10
'Can' can become 'kun', 'kun'. 'Are' can become 'er', 'er'. 'Was' can become 'wuz', 'wuz'.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "Can" "kun" ูˆ "kun". ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "Are" " er" ูˆ "er". ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "Was" "wuz" ุŒ "wuz".
04:25
'That' can become 'thut', 'thut'. 'Your' can become 'yer', 'yer'. 'At the' can become 'ut
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "That" "thut" ุŒ "thut". ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "Your" "yer" ุฃูˆ "yer". "ุนู†ุฏ" ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ "ut
04:39
the', 'ut the'. And so on. So keep an eye out for this as you're studying pronunciation
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the" ุŒ "ut the". ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง. ู„ุฐุง ุชุฑู‚ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู†ุทู‚
04:46
and listening to native speakers.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุงุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠูŠู†.
04:49
That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุŒ ูˆุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ุบุฉ ุฑุงุดูŠู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ.
04:53
I'm excited to announce that I'm running another online course, so do check out my website
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุญู…ุณ ู„ู„ุฅุนู„ุงู† ุนู† ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุดุบูŠู„ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุŒ ู„ุฐุง ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ูˆูŠุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูŠ
04:59
for details. You'll find on there all sorts of information about the course, who should
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„. ุณุชุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู†
05:04
take the course, and requirements. I really hope you'll check it out and consider signing
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ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุทู„ุจุงุช. ุขู…ู„ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุฃู† ุชุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุชููƒุฑ ููŠ
05:09
up. I've had a blast with my first online course, and I'm looking forward to getting
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ุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชู…ุชุนุช ุจุฃูˆู„ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุชุทู„ุน ุฅู„ู‰
05:14
to know you.
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ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ูŠูƒ.
05:16
Don't stop there. Have fun with my real-life English videos. Or get more comfortable with
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ู„ุง ุชุชูˆู‚ู ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏ. ุงุณุชู…ุชุน ุจู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูŠ. ุฃูˆ ูƒู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑุงุญุฉ ู…ุน
05:22
the IPA in this play list. Learn about the online courses I offer, or check out my latest
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IPA ููŠ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡. ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู‚ุฏู…ู‡ุง ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุดุงู‡ุฏ ู…ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูŠ
05:28
video.
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.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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