English: A Stress-Timed Language - American Pronunciation

375,469 views ใƒป 2012-05-08

Rachel's English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
In this American English pronunciation video, we're going to go over why some words sound
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง ใฏใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใ€ใ€Œferใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธ€้ƒจใจใ—ใฆ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจ
00:06
different when they're said on their own than they do when they're said as part of a sentence,
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ใ€ๅ˜็‹ฌใง่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจใง็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹็†็”ฑใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
00:11
like 'for', 'fer'.
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ใ€‚
00:18
A lot of people think, when they're studying a language and they're new to it, that they
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใฏใ€่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใใฎ่จ€่ชžใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใใ€ใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
00:25
need to pronounce each word fully and clearly in order to be well-understood. But in English
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ใซใฏใ€ๅ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใ‹ใคๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่‹ฑ่ชž
00:32
that's actually not the case. English is a stress-timed language. That means some syllables
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ใงใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€
00:38
will be longer, and some will be shorter. Many languages, however, are syllable-timed,
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ใฏ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฏ็Ÿญใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅคšใใฎ่จ€่ชžใฏ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใŒ่จญๅฎš
00:45
which means each syllable has the same length. Examples of syllable-timed languages: French,
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ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎ้•ทใ•ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐ่จ€่ชžใฎไพ‹๏ผšใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใ€
00:52
Spanish, Cantonese. So, when an American hears a sentence of English, with each syllable
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ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ€ๅบƒๆฑ่ชžใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบ ใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใจใใ€ๅ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€
00:59
having the same length, it takes just a little bit longer to get the meaning. This is because
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ใŒๅŒใ˜้•ทใ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
01:05
we are used to stressed syllables, syllables that will pop out of the line because they're
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ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏ
01:10
longer and they have more shape. Our ears, our brains, go straight to those words. Those
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้•ทใใ€ๅฝขใŒๅคงใใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰้ฃ›ใณๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎ่€ณใ€ ็งใŸใกใฎ่„ณใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซใพใฃใ™ใใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰
01:16
are the content words. When all syllables are the same length, then there's no way for
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ใฏๅ†…ๅฎน่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ ใŒๅŒใ˜้•ทใ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
01:22
the ear to know which words are the most important.
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ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่€ณใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:26
So this is why stress is so important in American English. It's a stress-timed language. When
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใ“ใฎใŸใ‚ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:32
you give us nice shape in your stressed syllables, you're giving us the meaning of the sentence.
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ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใง็งใŸใกใซ็ด ๆ•ตใชๅฝขใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใจใใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใŸใกใซๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:38
This means that other syllables need to be unstressed --- flatter, quicker --- so that
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไป–ใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ---ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้€Ÿใ
01:43
the stressed syllables are what the ear goes to. This is why it's so important to reduce
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---ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒ่€ณใซๅฑŠใ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑ
01:49
function words that can reduce in American English. When those function words are part
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใŒ
01:54
of a whole, part of a sentence, they are pronounced differently. Let's look at some examples.
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ๅ…จไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ€ๆ–‡ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็•ฐใชใฃใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:06
----. Do you know what I'm saying? A native speaker might not either. But, in the context
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----ใ€‚ ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆฏๅ›ฝ ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
02:11
of a sentence, "I'm going to the store," a native speaker would know exactly what I was
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ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใฏใ€ ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฏ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:17
saying. I'm going to the store. I'm going to the store. When 'to the' is pronounced
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ใ€‚ ็งใฏๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚ ็งใฏ ๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚ 'to'ใŒ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
02:27
---- (reduced and linked), 'going' and 'store' become the obvious words in that sentence.
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----๏ผˆ็ธฎๅฐใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏ๏ผ‰ใ€'going'ใŠใ‚ˆใณ'store' ใฏใใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆ˜Ž็™ฝใชๅ˜่ชžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:38
I'm going to the store.
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็งใฏๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚
02:40
What about ----? Can you understand what I'm saying? A native speaker might not either.
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----ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:50
But, in the sentence fragment "Because of my job," "Because of my job," a native speaker
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใงใฏใ€ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…
02:57
would know exactly what I was saying. Because of my job. Because of my job. 'Because' and
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ใฏ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€‚ ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€‚ ใ€Œใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใจ
03:06
'of' are so unstressed, so reduced and low in pitch, that the word 'job' is able to really
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ใ€Œใฎใ€ใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใชใ ใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใใ€ไฝŽใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒ–ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏๅฎŸ้š›
03:14
jump out of the sentence. Because of my job.
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ใซๆ–‡ใ‹ใ‚‰้ฃ›ใณๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€‚
03:18
This is really of primary importance in American English pronunciation. As you're working on
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:24
pronunciation, keep in mind this idea of a word being part of a whole.
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็™บ้Ÿณใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžใŒๅ…จไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:29
The word 'for': part of a word becomes fer, fer, fer you, fer me, fer dinner. Practice
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ใ€Œforใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชž๏ผšๅ˜่ชžใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏใ€ferใ€ ferใ€fer youใ€fer meใ€ferdinnerใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:43
it this way. Drill it over and over. Other words that can reduce: 'and' can become 'n'.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ใƒ‰ใƒชใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๅ˜่ชž๏ผš'ใจ'ใฏ'n'ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:53
'Them' can become 'thum' or 'em'. 'At' can become 'ut'. 'To' can become 'tuh' or 'duh'.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฏใ€Œthumใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œemใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œatใ€ใฏ ใ€Œutใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒToใ€ใฏใ€Œtuhใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œduhใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:10
'Can' can become 'kun', 'kun'. 'Are' can become 'er', 'er'. 'Was' can become 'wuz', 'wuz'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒณใ‚ซใƒณใ€ใฏใ€Œใใ‚“ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚“ใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒAreใ€ใฏ ใ€Œerใ€ใ€ใ€Œerใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใฏใ€Œwuzใ€ใ€ใ€Œwuzใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:25
'That' can become 'thut', 'thut'. 'Your' can become 'yer', 'yer'. 'At the' can become 'ut
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏใ€Œthutใ€ใ€ใ€Œthutใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ€ใฏ ใ€Œใƒคใƒผใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒคใƒผใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ 'ใง'ใฏ'
04:39
the', 'ut the'. And so on. So keep an eye out for this as you're studying pronunciation
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ut'ใ€'ut'ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ญ‰ใ€…ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
04:46
and listening to native speakers.
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ใ€‚
04:49
That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English.
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒฌใ‚คใƒใ‚งใƒซใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
04:53
I'm excited to announce that I'm running another online course, so do check out my website
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ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็™บ่กจใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€็งใฎWebใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆ
04:59
for details. You'll find on there all sorts of information about the course, who should
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซใฏ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’
05:04
take the course, and requirements. I really hope you'll check it out and consider signing
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ๅ—่ฌ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ฆไปถใŒ่จ˜่ผ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใœใฒ ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒณใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—
05:09
up. I've had a blast with my first online course, and I'm looking forward to getting
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใงๅคงใ„ใซ็››ใ‚ŠไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
05:14
to know you.
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ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:16
Don't stop there. Have fun with my real-life English videos. Or get more comfortable with
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ใใ“ใซๆญขใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
05:22
the IPA in this play list. Learn about the online courses I offer, or check out my latest
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใงIPAใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฟซ้ฉใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใŒๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใถใ‹ใ€็งใฎๆœ€ๆ–ฐใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
05:28
video.
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ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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