The future of companies - BBC Learning English

26,323 views ใƒป 2021-10-15

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:02
Multinational companies are getting bigger and bigger.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช.
00:06
This show will look at what the future might hold.
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ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
00:10
Will countries start to use that power for themselves?
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ื”ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžืŸ?
00:14
And could the law make companies a force for good?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘?
00:20
Huawei: the company that many fear is being
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Huawei: ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื
00:23
used by China - for spying.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืช ืกื™ืŸ - ืœืจื™ื’ื•ืœ.
00:26
And how could the immense power of corporations and their billionaires
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:31
be used to help people around the world?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
00:39
Of course, countries will still be powerful in 50 years' time.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ 50 ืฉื ื”.
00:43
Nations will go on competing with each other.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.
00:46
Businesses have been used as part of that in the past.
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ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:50
Is Chinese phone company, Huawei, already showing how
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ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, Huawei, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืื” ื›ืžื”
00:54
old rivalries might look in the future?
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ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
01:00
Huawei equipment has been used
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ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœ Huawei
01:02
in new mobile networks in many western countries โ€“
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ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช -
01:05
you might even own a Huawei phone.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ Huawei.
01:08
But western intelligence chiefs warn it could be used
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ
01:12
by China for spying or even sabotage.
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ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ืœืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืœื”.
01:16
They're worried the Chinese government controls the company.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:21
Lots of nations are banning its technology.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืกืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
01:23
It goes all the way back to them being founded by a former
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืกื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
01:26
officer of the Chinese military, to the fact that their organisational
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ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™, ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
01:30
structure isn't well known, and the fact that there are some
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ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ
01:35
pretty damning lawsuits out there regarding the theft of trade secrets.
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ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื .
01:40
Meng Wanzhou, daughter of the company's founder and also
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ืžื ื’ ื•ื•ืื ื–'ื•, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื’ื
01:43
Huawei's chief finance officer, has been charged with stealing
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ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ Huawei, ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช
01:48
trade secrets by China's main rival, the US.
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ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ืืจื”"ื‘.
01:52
So, what can the law do if competing countries
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช
01:56
and their companies become even closer?
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:00
Dr Russell Buchan from the University of Sheffield explained
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ื“"ืจ ืจืืกืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืงืืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
02:03
how hard it is to prove a country is hiding behind a company:
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ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”:
02:09
A state can be be responsible under international law for
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
02:12
the acts of non-state actors, actors, such as companies,
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ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื-ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
02:14
where the act of that non-state actor can be attributed to the state.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืœื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:19
Now, attribution is a very particular technical concept of
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ
02:22
international law, but in order for attribution be established,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข,
02:25
certain factors need to be present: for example,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื: ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:29
the state has to instruct or direct the acts of the non-state actor.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™.
02:34
The state will will also have to support the acts of the non-state actor:
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžืžืœื›ืชื™:
02:38
for example, through training, through the provision of finances,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ื
02:41
or other forms of technical support.
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ืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.
02:45
To prove countries are using companies, states have to be
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ
02:49
shown to be supporting a company and telling them what to do.
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:54
Why would a country hide behind a company?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืชื—ื‘ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”?
02:57
If a state acts through a company but the acts of that company
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ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”
03:01
cannot be attributed to the state under international law,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
03:04
then it follows that the state will not held responsible legally for any
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืชื™ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ
03:09
violations of international law that that company would otherwise commit.
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ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืื—ืจืช.
03:13
For example, by intervening in the internal affairs of
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ
03:16
other states or, for example, by interfering with the
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
03:19
human-rights protection of individuals located elsewhere in the world.
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ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:23
Hiding behind behind a company means countries can avoid certain
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ื”ืกืชืชืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข
03:28
responsibilities: that includes certain human-rights agreements.
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ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช: ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
03:32
Is this something international organisations are worrying about?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืžืžื ื•?
03:37
International organisations are very worried about states avoiding
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
03:41
their legal responsibilities by acting through non-state actors.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
03:45
And in recent years we've seen international organisations
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื™ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:48
push for different standards, lower standards,
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:51
for attributing the acts of non-state actors to states.
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ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื-ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:54
So, we're moving away from the question of whether states exercise
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:58
effective control over non-state actors and looking to more relaxed
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:02
and less stringent standards such as, for example, whether the state is
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ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:06
exercising overall control over the acts of non-state actors.
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื•ืช. ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื.
04:12
International organisations worry about states hiding from
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกืชืชืจื•ืช
04:15
the law behind companies. Some are trying to change the law to
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื—ืœืงื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ื™
04:20
make it it easier to link a company to a country. Will that happen soon?
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘?
04:26
Including non-state actors within the framework of international
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ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช
04:30
law has always been very difficult,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:31
so it's very unlikely that international law will regulate
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืกื“ื™ืจ
04:34
directly and specifically the acts of of non-state actors.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื.
04:39
However, international law is increasingly looking to establish
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:44
a closer relationship between non-state actors and the state
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ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:47
and, by doing so, they can ensure that states do not avoid
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, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืžื ืขื•
04:52
their legal responsibilities under international law.
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ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:55
It's very hard to use international law on companies, but lawyers are
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ
05:00
trying to make sure they follow rules by linking them more to countries.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
05:06
So, it's hard to prove that a country is hiding behind a company.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:11
But lawyers are working to make it easier.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ.
05:15
Looking to the future, will companies get more powerful than countries?
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“, ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช?
05:21
Tesla founder Elon Musk โ€“ at one point the richest person on the planet โ€“
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ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื˜ืกืœื” ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง - ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ -
05:26
is so powerful that when he added '#bitcoin' to his
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ '#bitcoin'
05:31
Twitter profile page, the online currency's market value rose by 50%.
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘-50%.
05:37
Could the opposite happen in future?
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ืคืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
05:40
Could a giant company ruin a nation by devaluing its currency?
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ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”?
05:45
Or could the opposite be true? A company trading in two countries
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ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืš? ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืกื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
05:50
works better if those countries get on well enough to allow easy trade.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืกื—ืจ ืงืœ.
05:56
How could companies use their power to promote peace?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืฉืœื•ื?
06:00
And what about how they behave? Could good working conditions
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื? ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
06:04
and fair pay be forced on big companies?
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ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช?
06:08
Would they spread good practices around the world?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
06:13
So, are companies and their owners getting too powerful for the law?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง?
06:19
Ranjan Agarwal, who's dealt with some huge companies, gave us his opinion:
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ืจื ื’'ืืŸ ืื’ืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืง, ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื•:
06:23
In many countries there are laws that make officers and directors liable
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืฉืจื” ื•ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื
06:32
for the acts of their companies. I believe that in recent years
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ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
06:36
we've seen more and more countries enforce those laws against officers
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืฉืจื”
06:42
and directors, in order to not only hold the companies,
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ื•ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
06:46
but also the leadership of those companies, accountable for
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ
06:50
violations of human-rights law, environmental law and labour laws.
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ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:56
Ranjan says there are lots of laws which limit powerful companies.
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ืจื ื’'ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
07:00
Importantly, many countries are increasingly using their laws against
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื’ื“
07:04
big companies and their owners. But how about the future?
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
07:09
I believe that the law is ever-changing.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
07:13
So, for example, in many countries one tool
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ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“
07:17
that is used to hold companies accountable is class actions,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
07:22
where a single individual can sue on behalf of an entire community
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืžื”
07:28
to hold a company accountable under the domestic law
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
07:32
and hopefully change the behaviour of that company
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”.
07:36
and other companies like it in the future.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
07:38
Laws such as class actions, where one person sues
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืชื•ื‘ืข
07:42
on behalf of many people,
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ื‘ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
07:44
could be used to make companies behave.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’.
07:47
But are companies trying to influence lawmakers?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื?
07:50
I believe that many companies see themselves as partners
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
07:55
in the process of establishing norms
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช
07:59
that can govern environmental and social governance.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
08:03
Though these companies in some places may have undue influence,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืžืช,
08:07
I believe that many states and many political leaders understand that
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
08:13
this is a project that has to be run and forwarded by nation states,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื, ืชื•ืš
08:19
using companies as partners, as opposed to influencers.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ื.
08:24
Companies often work with governments to help shape laws,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
08:29
but he believes lawmakers are trying to limit their influence.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื.
08:34
So, is the law good enough to contain big companies in future?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
08:39
I believe that the current system that we have developed
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•
08:42
in international law is fit for purpose.
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžื˜ืจื”.
08:45
I think that requiring nation states to invoke domestic laws
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
08:51
at home that mirror international treaties or international norms
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
08:56
is an effective and efficient way of dealing with the problem.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:00
I think the challenge for the international community
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
09:04
is establishing agreement or consensus
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื• ื”ืกื›ืžื”
09:07
on what those expectations or norms should be.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
09:10
Ranjan believes that international law is fit for purpose:
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ืจื ื’'ืืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื”:
09:15
he says the big challenge is to decide what type of society
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจื”
09:19
we want the law to protect.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื’ืŸ.
09:23
We've seen that countries can sometimes try to hide
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื
09:26
behind companies to get round certain international laws,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
09:30
and that the influence of multinational companies is getting ever bigger.
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ื•ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”.
09:35
But weโ€™ve also seen that international law can limit their power
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื
09:40
and help us decide what kind of world we want to live in.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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