The future of companies - BBC Learning English

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BBC Learning English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:02
Multinational companies are getting bigger and bigger.
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๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:06
This show will look at what the future might hold.
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์ด ์‡ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:10
Will countries start to use that power for themselves?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ ํž˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
00:14
And could the law make companies a force for good?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์„ ์˜์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:20
Huawei: the company that many fear is being
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ํ™”์›จ์ด: ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
00:23
used by China - for spying.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ํ™œ๋™์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
And how could the immense power of corporations and their billionaires
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž์˜ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„
00:31
be used to help people around the world?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š” ?
00:39
Of course, countries will still be powerful in 50 years' time.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” 50๋…„ ํ›„์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Nations will go on competing with each other.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Businesses have been used as part of that in the past.
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๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Is Chinese phone company, Huawei, already showing how
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „ํ™” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ Huawei๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ
00:54
old rivalries might look in the future?
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์˜ค๋žœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:00
Huawei equipment has been used
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Huawei ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜
01:02
in new mobile networks in many western countries โ€“
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
you might even own a Huawei phone.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด Huawei ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
But western intelligence chiefs warn it could be used
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ณด ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋“ค์€
01:12
by China for spying or even sabotage.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ํ–‰์œ„์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
They're worried the Chinese government controls the company.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Lots of nations are banning its technology.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
It goes all the way back to them being founded by a former
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์ „์ง ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:26
officer of the Chinese military, to the fact that their organisational
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์กฐ์ง
01:30
structure isn't well known, and the fact that there are some
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณผ
01:35
pretty damning lawsuits out there regarding the theft of trade secrets.
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์˜์—… ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. . ํ™”์›จ์ด
01:40
Meng Wanzhou, daughter of the company's founder and also
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์ฐฝ์—…์ฃผ์˜ ๋”ธ์ด์ž
01:43
Huawei's chief finance officer, has been charged with stealing
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์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„์ž(CFO)์ธ ๋ฉ์™„์ €์šฐ๊ฐ€
01:48
trade secrets by China's main rival, the US.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ํ›”์นœ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋๋‹ค.
01:52
So, what can the law do if competing countries
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€
01:56
and their companies become even closer?
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์™€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? Sheffield ๋Œ€ํ•™
02:00
Dr Russell Buchan from the University of Sheffield explained
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์˜ Russell Buchan ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
02:03
how hard it is to prove a country is hiding behind a company:
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ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
A state can be be responsible under international law for
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
02:12
the acts of non-state actors, actors, such as companies,
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๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
where the act of that non-state actor can be attributed to the state.
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๊ทธ ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ท€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
Now, attribution is a very particular technical concept of
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์ด์ œ ๊ท€์†์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ• ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ง€๋งŒ
02:22
international law, but in order for attribution be established,
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๊ท€์†์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
02:25
certain factors need to be present: for example,
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ํŠน์ • ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
02:29
the state has to instruct or direct the acts of the non-state actor.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
The state will will also have to support the acts of the non-state actor:
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
02:38
for example, through training, through the provision of finances,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ต์œก, ์žฌ์ • ์ œ๊ณต
02:41
or other forms of technical support.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง€์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
To prove countries are using companies, states have to be
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
02:49
shown to be supporting a company and telling them what to do.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์› ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Why would a country hide behind a company?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:57
If a state acts through a company but the acts of that company
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€
03:01
cannot be attributed to the state under international law,
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์— ๊ท€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
03:04
then it follows that the state will not held responsible legally for any
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:09
violations of international law that that company would otherwise commit.
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. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
03:13
For example, by intervening in the internal affairs of
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,
03:16
other states or, for example, by interfering with the
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚ด์ •์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
03:19
human-rights protection of individuals located elsewhere in the world.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:23
Hiding behind behind a company means countries can avoid certain
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:28
responsibilities: that includes certain human-rights agreements.
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. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ธ๊ถŒ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Is this something international organisations are worrying about?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:37
International organisations are very worried about states avoiding
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๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
03:41
their legal responsibilities by acting through non-state actors.
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๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
And in recent years we've seen international organisations
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ท€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:48
push for different standards, lower standards,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:51
for attributing the acts of non-state actors to states.
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.
03:54
So, we're moving away from the question of whether states exercise
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
03:58
effective control over non-state actors and looking to more relaxed
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๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์™„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
04:02
and less stringent standards such as, for example, whether the state is
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๋œ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
exercising overall control over the acts of non-state actors.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ.
04:12
International organisations worry about states hiding from
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๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ˆจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:15
the law behind companies. Some are trying to change the law to
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. ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:20
make it it easier to link a company to a country. Will that happen soon?
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. ๊ณง ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ‹€
04:26
Including non-state actors within the framework of international
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์•ˆ์— ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:30
law has always been very difficult,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ธฐ
04:31
so it's very unlikely that international law will regulate
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด
04:34
directly and specifically the acts of of non-state actors.
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๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ œํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
However, international law is increasingly looking to establish
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์€ ์ ์  ๋”
04:44
a closer relationship between non-state actors and the state
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๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:47
and, by doing so, they can ensure that states do not avoid
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, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:52
their legal responsibilities under international law.
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. ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—
04:55
It's very hard to use international law on companies, but lawyers are
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๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
05:00
trying to make sure they follow rules by linking them more to countries.
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
So, it's hard to prove that a country is hiding behind a company.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
But lawyers are working to make it easier.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Looking to the future, will companies get more powerful than countries?
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
05:21
Tesla founder Elon Musk โ€“ at one point the richest person on the planet โ€“
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ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ Tesla ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž Elon Musk๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€
05:26
is so powerful that when he added '#bitcoin' to his
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์— '#bitcoin'์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:31
Twitter profile page, the online currency's market value rose by 50%.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ 50% ์ƒ์Šนํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Could the opposite happen in future?
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:40
Could a giant company ruin a nation by devaluing its currency?
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ ˆํ•˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ง์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:45
Or could the opposite be true? A company trading in two countries
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‘
05:50
works better if those countries get on well enough to allow easy trade.
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๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:56
How could companies use their power to promote peace?
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๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํž˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:00
And what about how they behave? Could good working conditions
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ข‹์€ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์กฐ๊ฑด
06:04
and fair pay be forced on big companies?
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๊ณผ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์— ๊ฐ•์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:08
Would they spread good practices around the world?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ข‹์€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:13
So, are companies and their owners getting too powerful for the law?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:19
Ranjan Agarwal, who's dealt with some huge companies, gave us his opinion:
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•œ Ranjan Agarwal์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
In many countries there are laws that make officers and directors liable
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž„์›๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:32
for the acts of their companies. I believe that in recent years
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. ์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ ์ 
06:36
we've seen more and more countries enforce those laws against officers
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ž„์›๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”
06:42
and directors, in order to not only hold the companies,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:46
but also the leadership of those companies, accountable for
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:50
violations of human-rights law, environmental law and labour laws.
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์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋™๋ฒ•.
06:56
Ranjan says there are lots of laws which limit powerful companies.
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Ranjan์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:00
Importantly, many countries are increasingly using their laws against
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ ์  ๋”
07:04
big companies and their owners. But how about the future?
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:09
I believe that the law is ever-changing.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค.
07:13
So, for example, in many countries one tool
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š”
07:17
that is used to hold companies accountable is class actions,
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์ง‘๋‹จ ์†Œ์†ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
where a single individual can sue on behalf of an entire community
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ „์ฒด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:28
to hold a company accountable under the domestic law
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๊ณ 
07:32
and hopefully change the behaviour of that company
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
and other companies like it in the future.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
Laws such as class actions, where one person sues
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
07:42
on behalf of many people,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€
07:44
could be used to make companies behave.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
But are companies trying to influence lawmakers?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:50
I believe that many companies see themselves as partners
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด
07:55
in the process of establishing norms
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07:59
that can govern environmental and social governance.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Though these companies in some places may have undue influence,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:07
I believe that many states and many political leaders understand that
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด
08:13
this is a project that has to be run and forwarded by nation states,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:19
using companies as partners, as opposed to influencers.
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08:24
Companies often work with governments to help shape laws,
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๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:29
but he believes lawmakers are trying to limit their influence.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
So, is the law good enough to contain big companies in future?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
08:39
I believe that the current system that we have developed
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
08:42
in international law is fit for purpose.
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๋ชฉ์ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
I think that requiring nation states to invoke domestic laws
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์ €๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
08:51
at home that mirror international treaties or international norms
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๊ตญ์ œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”
08:56
is an effective and efficient way of dealing with the problem.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:00
I think the challenge for the international community
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๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:04
is establishing agreement or consensus
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ํ•ฉ์˜๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:07
on what those expectations or norms should be.
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09:10
Ranjan believes that international law is fit for purpose:
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Ranjan์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
he says the big challenge is to decide what type of society
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํฐ ๋„์ „์€
09:19
we want the law to protect.
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๋ฒ•์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
We've seen that countries can sometimes try to hide
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜
09:26
behind companies to get round certain international laws,
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09:30
and that the influence of multinational companies is getting ever bigger.
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์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
But weโ€™ve also seen that international law can limit their power
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ œํ•œ
09:40
and help us decide what kind of world we want to live in.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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