What is a multinational? BBC Learning English

86,243 views ใƒป 2021-10-11

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:01
Multinational corporations
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ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:03
โ€“ from the clothes we wear, to the technology we use,
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- ืžื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื,
00:07
they influence and control our lives
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ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
00:10
in ways we possibly don't even understand.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
00:13
We'll show you how the law shapes their behaviour to keep us safe.
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ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ืœืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
00:19
In this first episode... they're bigger than many countries,
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”... ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
00:24
but what exactly is a multinational corporation?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™?
00:28
With huge resources and growing power, what keeps them in line?
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ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ืœ , ืžื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“?
00:33
And... is the law keeping up as these companies change themselves
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ื•...ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
00:38
and the world around us?
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ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•?
00:45
Multinational corporations โ€“
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ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื -
00:47
private companies which operate in many nations โ€“
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช -
00:51
can be richer than some countries...
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช...
00:54
and they're getting richer.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:57
Food and drinks maker Nestlรฉ, famous for Kit Kats and Cheerios,
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื ืกื˜ืœื”, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ ืงืื˜ืก ื•ืฆ'ื™ืจื™ื•ืก,
01:01
was worth around 350 billion dollars in 2020.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื› -350 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020.
01:06
That's more than the economic output of Portugal.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
01:10
Oil company Shell is worth 87 billion dollars โ€“
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืคื˜ Shell ืฉื•ื•ื” 87 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ -
01:15
more than the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
01:18
And Apple, whose products you might be using now, is worth two trillion dollars.
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ื•ืืคืœ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:25
That puts its wealth ahead of both Russia and Canada!
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ื–ื” ืฉื ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืงื ื“ื” ื›ืื—ื“!
01:30
How have companies got so big recently?
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ืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”?
01:34
Well, in part the growth of the internet means that a company
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื”
01:37
can be based in one place, but sell around the world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:40
And that means it can grow and become very powerful.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“.
01:44
Another aspect is China: it has opened up in recent decades
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ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืŸ: ื”ื™ื ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:48
and so has been able to attract investment from around the world,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
01:53
helping these companies to grow bigger.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:55
The world is changing. These powerful international organisations
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:59
can know what we buy, who our friends are
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:02
and virtually everything else about us.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
02:06
Questions have already been raised about how they're using this power.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
02:11
If they chose to abuse that power and even break the law,
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœืจืขื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
02:15
what would stop them? We spoke to lawyer Mark Stephens
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ืžื” ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื? ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง ืกื˜ืคื ืก
02:19
and asked how the law is changing as multinationals get bigger.
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช.
02:24
The law's had to adapt and change from a nationally based system where,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”,
02:30
you know, a company would only work in one country, where...
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื‘ื”...
02:34
to the modern day, where companies will have multitudes of jurisdictions
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ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜
02:39
that they operate in and therefore they need
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช
02:42
some kind of almost global control
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ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
02:45
and that's where international law comes in,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:48
because it sets the standards โ€“ the basic minimum standards โ€“
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืชืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื โ€“
02:52
that they have to comply with.
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ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื.
02:53
Mark thinks the law needs to develop
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ืžืืจืง ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
02:55
to set basic standards for multinational corporations.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
03:00
Many laws were designed when companies were in just one country.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:05
So, how effective is the law in dealing with multinationals?
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ืื–, ื›ืžื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช?
03:10
I think the complexity of companies today, on an internationalised basis,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
03:14
makes the law very difficult to be enforced against them.
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ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื’ื“ืŸ.
03:18
So, I've got one client, which has 748 companies
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœืงื•ื— ืื—ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• 748 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:24
in about 47 different countries,
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ื‘ื›-47 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:26
and so getting an oversight of that, getting control of that
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”
03:30
from a legal and regulatory side, can be very challenging.
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืชื’ืจืช.
03:34
And that's the opportunity that international law provides,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืกืคืง,
03:38
because essentially it's giving the minimum standards
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื
03:41
to which they need to operate.
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ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
03:44
Companies are very complex
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
03:46
so sometimes it's hard to enforce the law
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
03:49
when they are spread out around the world.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:51
Can we punish a parent company
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื
03:54
for something it's responsible for in another country?
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช?
03:58
It's becoming easier to punish a... a mother company โ€“
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ื ืขืฉื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื โ€“
04:02
the holding company, if you will โ€“
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื• โ€“
04:05
for the actions of its subsidiaries. But on the face of it,
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ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•,
04:08
it's the subsidiary that is going to be liable.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืชืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:11
It's only if you can show that there was a controlling mind
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ืจืง ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜
04:15
back at the headquarters, or that in some way they should be accountable,
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ื‘ืžื˜ื”, ืื• ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
04:19
that you can hold the parent company to account.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื.
04:25
Lawyers are becoming increasingly ingenious
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:29
in the way in which they are visiting accountability on the parent companies,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื,
04:34
and that's only got to be a good thing because if they're accountable,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื,
04:38
they will behave better.
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ื”ื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:40
It is becoming easier to punish companies
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ื ืขืฉื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
04:43
for wrongdoing in different countries,
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ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:45
and if they are accountable, it will influence their behaviour.
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ื•ืื ื”ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ.
04:50
Of course, many companies do what's right without being forced to,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืืœืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
04:54
but it can take something shocking happening to start change.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื™ืงืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
04:59
In 2013, the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh collapsed,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื ื” ืคืœืื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ืงืจืก,
05:04
killing more than a thousand people.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:07
It was the worst of many such incidents in the country.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ.
05:12
The following month, international clothing manufacturers quickly
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:16
made a legal agreement to improve safety in factories in Bangladesh.
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ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
05:21
This is what's known as Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ืช ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
05:25
These are the practices or policies that a business can implement
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ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืกืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื
05:28
that do good in the world. Think charity, or volunteering,
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื“ืงื”, ืื• ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช,
05:32
or the environment and it's more than just about profit.
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ืื• ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืจื•ื•ื—.
05:35
But what about when companies don't choose to behave?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’?
05:39
How can the law control something that is so big?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
05:43
Ranjan Agarwal, a Canadian lawyer who deals with big companies,
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Ranjan Agarwal, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
05:47
explained who is responsible for enforcing the law
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
05:50
on multinational companies.
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ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
05:53
In our system, around the world, we seem to have accepted that
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
05:57
the obligation or responsibility to police corporations
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
06:03
is with individual states.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
06:06
In international law, there is no general rule
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœืœื™
06:10
that companies are responsible for wrongful acts,
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ืœืคื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื,
06:16
even if they're committed internationally or abroad.
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ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
06:20
There are treaties, multilateral treaties,
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ื™ืฉ ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช,
06:24
that impose requirements or obligations
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ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:28
on countries, but not on companies.
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ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
06:32
There is no international body that regulates multinationals.
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืกื“ื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:36
Instead, there are treaties that impose obligations
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:40
on countries, but not companies.
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ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
06:43
So, do these companies have to follow things
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:46
like international human rights laws?
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื?
06:50
For the most part, no. In our system,
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ืœื. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:53
we require companies to follow the domestic laws of their states.
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ืื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
06:59
Those domestic laws may align with international human rights laws,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
07:06
or human rights norms โ€“ expectations that we have as a community.
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ืื• ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื - ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
07:11
There are a couple of exceptions, where states...
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช...
07:16
where โ€“ sorry โ€“ companies may be governed by international treaties,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ - ืกืœื™ื—ื” - ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
07:21
but those are generally exceptions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:24
Companies follow the domestic laws of their states,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
07:27
but they don't necessarily have to follow international human rights laws,
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ืืš ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
07:32
which are designed for countries.
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
07:35
How do people decide which state's laws a company follows?
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ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืขืœืช?
07:40
For the most part, people don't decide
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
07:44
where the law's going to be enforced.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืื›ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
07:47
We require our governments โ€“ sometimes working together โ€“
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ืื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• - ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ -
07:52
to establish rules.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™ื.
07:55
In essence, we have jurisdictional laws across the world:
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื:
08:00
each country gets to decide where and how
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ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“
08:04
it's going to take jurisdiction over companies.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
08:07
Sometimes it's where the company operates โ€“
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืขืœืช โ€“
08:11
that is, where its headquarters is.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœื”.
08:13
Sometimes it's where the company does business,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืกืงื™ื,
08:16
but again we rely on uni...
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ...
08:19
individual states to make those decisions.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
08:21
Sometimes governments work together to establish rules,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™ื,
08:25
but each country gets to decide where
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ
08:28
and how it's going to take legal action over companies.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืชื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
08:32
So, is international law fit for purpose as these companies develop?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช?
08:38
I believe that international law is moving to a place where
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
08:43
companies may be held to account.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
08:46
For example, several years ago the UN established guiding principles
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื•"ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื
08:52
on business and human rights,
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื,
08:54
which were intended to create a global standard,
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™,
08:59
to implement a framework to prevent and address
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ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ
09:02
the risk of human rights on business activity.
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ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช.
09:06
But as long as we have nation states,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื,
09:10
I believe that we will rely on individual countries to enforce these norms.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
09:15
Even though the UN established principles
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•"ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
09:18
to guide businesses on human rights,
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ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื,
09:21
we rely on individual countries to enforce the law on companies.
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ืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
09:27
So, we've heard that the way multinational corporations
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ืื–, ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
09:31
are spread around the world makes them hard for the law to control.
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ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง.
09:37
We also heard that the law is changing to deal with that.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”.
09:41
But international laws will always depend on countries
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
09:46
to agree to follow them.
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ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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