Who owns water? - BBC Learning English

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BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:01
Water. It's vital for all life. So, who owns it?
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ืžื™ื. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื•?
00:06
Some of the answers to that might surprise you.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชืš.
00:09
We'll explain how, despite the different ways water is controlled,
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ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื,
00:14
the law can help you.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš.
00:17
Should companies profit from something we all need?
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ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื?
00:21
And... big trouble: how water ownership
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ื•... ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”: ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื
00:24
nearly brought down a government.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืžืžืฉืœื”.
00:32
Can water be owned? It falls from the sky,
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช? ื–ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
00:36
so should it be free for all?
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื?
00:38
And if we all need it to live,
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื
00:41
shouldn't the law make sure that no one can stop us from having it?
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”?
00:47
Lots of international agreements recognise how important it is.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
00:52
The United Nations says all its member states have to make sure
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ื”ืื•"ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื
00:56
vulnerable people have access to drinking water.
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
01:00
And, in lots of cases, countries own it โ€“
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• -
01:03
sharing it out among the people who live there.
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ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื.
01:06
So, why do we often have to pay for it?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช?
01:11
Private water companies often own the things that bring water to you:
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืœื™ืš ืžื™ื:
01:16
pipes, pumps and dams. So, they can charge for it.
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื. ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:21
And sometimes, if a river starts in one country but goes through another,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ื ื”ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช,
01:27
they can argue about whose water it is.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
01:31
So, how does the law keep us all supplied with water?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•?
01:36
Amanda Loeffen, from the campaigning organisation Human Right to Water,
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ืืžื ื“ื” ืœื•ืคืŸ, ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื,
01:41
explained which big international laws protect your access to water.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืœืžื™ื.
01:46
Well, the original Declaration on Human Rights,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
01:49
after the Second World War,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
01:51
didn't explicitly mention the right to water
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ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื,
01:54
but it is included in a lot of the more recent treaties,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:59
especially in general... General Comment Number 15, in 2003,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™... ื”ืขืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ 15, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ,
02:03
which was the specifically on water and sanitation,
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ืฉืขืกืงื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื™ื ื•ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”,
02:05
and in some of the other recent treaties,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:08
like the ones on the rights of the child,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“,
02:10
persons with disabilities and non-discrimination against women.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™-ืืคืœื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื.
02:14
And those include clauses that address water and sanitation directly.
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ื•ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”.
02:18
A right to water wasn't in the original human rights declaration,
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
02:23
but it has been put in more recent agreements.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:27
General Comment 15 recognised the right to water
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ื”ืขืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช 15 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื
02:30
in 2003 at the United Nations.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื‘ืื•"ื.
02:35
So, what gets in the way of giving everyone access to water?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื?
02:40
Land rights and property rights often make access to water more difficult,
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื,
02:45
and the rights... water... onto the use of water
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช... ื”ืžื™ื... ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื
02:48
is often tied to the ownership of the land.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
02:52
This is particularly relevant for people that live in informal settlements
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ื–ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช
02:56
or that have used the land for...
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ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžืฉืš...
02:59
for a long time, but don't actually own it.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืืš ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
03:02
Getting access to water can be made difficult by land ownership rules:
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ืงื‘ืœืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข:
03:08
if you don't own the land the water is on,
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ืื ืื™ื ืš ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขืœื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื™ื,
03:11
it's harder to get the water you need.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš.
03:14
Amanda explained what to do if you had a problem getting water.
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ืืžื ื“ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื.
03:19
Well, the first thing you would do is to see whether or not
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืŸ
03:22
there is a national law that states that you have the right to water,
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ื—ื•ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื,
03:27
or that your particular problem is dealt with in national law,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
03:31
in which case you can potentially take it to a court of law.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜.
03:35
But I think for most people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:38
that's a little bit outside of their ability or budget
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืื• ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:42
and so it's much easier for them if they approach their local ombudsman
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื ืื ื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื
03:46
or national human rights institution, whose job is to help them.
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ืื• ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
03:50
Going to court can be expensive.
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ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื”.
03:53
Amanda says you should go to an ombudsman โ€“
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ืืžื ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ -
03:56
an official who looks at complaints โ€“
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ืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช -
03:58
or a national human rights organisation.
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ืื• ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:02
So, is the law enough on its own to protect your right to water.
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชืš ืœืžื™ื.
04:07
There also needs to be a system to make sure that it's complied with.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชืช.
04:12
So, just because it's written in law
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืง
04:14
doesn't mean that it exists in practice,
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
04:16
so there needs to be monitoring
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ
04:18
and tracking to make sure that people still have access to those services.
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ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:24
Although laws exist to make sure we get water,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื,
04:28
we need people to check that laws are being followed
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
04:32
and people are getting access.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื”.
04:34
We should all be provided with water, thanks to major international laws.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:40
Getting people the water they need
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ื”ืฉื’ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
04:42
should be a priority for any government.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื”.
04:45
But the ways in which water is owned
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ื
04:48
can sometimes threaten governments themselves.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
04:52
The Bolivian city of Cochabamba:
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืฆ'ื‘ืžื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื”:
04:55
in the late 20th century, it was affected by water shortages.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
05:00
Many poor residents didn't have a connection to the water network.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื.
05:05
The government signed a deal with Aguas del Tunari
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ืขืกืงื” ืขื Aguas del Tunari
05:09
of International Water Limited.
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ืž-International Water Limited.
05:12
The group agreed to supply the city with water.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืกืคืง ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื™ื.
05:15
But then prices went up and violent protests broke out.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื• ื•ืคืจืฆื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
05:21
Demonstrations got so bad that they were called the Water War.
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ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื.
05:27
Eventually, the deal with Aguas del Tunari was abandoned
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขืกืงื” ืขื ืื’ื•ืืก ื“ืœ ื˜ื•ื ืจื™ ื ื–ื ื—ื”
05:32
and the water supply was returned to the public โ€“
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ื•ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ -
05:35
with little improvement.
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ืขื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜.
05:39
Still in South America: Peru.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”: ืคืจื•.
05:42
Most of its rain falls into the Amazon,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
05:45
but most people live in coastal cities.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ.
05:49
And the Andes mountain range separates the water from the people.
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ื•ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืœืขื.
05:54
So, the water that is available needs to be carefully managed
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
05:58
to make sure everyone gets some.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช.
06:01
Here, the water belongs to the state.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
06:04
In this system, your responsibility
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
06:06
to use the water properly is really important.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
06:10
An ideal water citizen takes care of the water,
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ืื–ืจื— ืžื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืžื™ื,
06:15
uses it efficiently, does not spill it,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื
06:18
and pays for the right to use the water.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื.
06:22
But does that mean that if you don't own the water,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื,
06:26
you might not get the water you need?
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ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš?
06:29
Maude Barlow, a water rights campaigner,
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ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืœื•, ืคืขื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื,
06:31
explained how national and international law work with water โ€“
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื ืžื™ื -
06:36
and which was most important.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
06:38
No, there's no international law that overrules
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ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืกืœ ืขืœ
06:43
a nation state's right to water โ€“
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ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ื ืœืžื™ื -
06:46
to guide its own water laws.
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ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:49
There are trade agreements that have investor-state rights in them,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื-ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
06:53
and that gives corporations the right to sue governments,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
06:56
so that gives corporations โ€“ kind of...
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื - ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ...
06:59
a leg up, if you will, on... on governments.
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ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืขืœ... ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
07:03
But, no, there's...
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœื, ื™ืฉ...
07:06
it's very hard to tell governments how they should govern
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
07:09
their environmental responsibilities.
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ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
07:12
There is no international law that overrules a national law on water.
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืกืœ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
07:18
Maude says it's very hard to tell governments how to be responsible.
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ืžื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช.
07:23
She explained how companies have been able to get control of water
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื
07:28
even though it's a human right.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื“ื.
07:30
Well, that's the problem of course, because a lot of this was done
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”
07:33
before there was the concept of the human right to water,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืคื™ืกืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื,
07:36
and in the end governments are responsible for looking after
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’
07:39
the water rights of their citizens.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ.
07:42
But you do get countries โ€“ Australia, Chile, parts of the United States โ€“
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช - ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืฆ'ื™ืœื”, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช -
07:47
that actually separate water from land and sell it to developers,
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื
07:51
to private interests and to investors, and that's a huge problem.
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
07:56
Many deals between companies and countries on water ownership
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ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื
08:00
were set up before water was recognised as a human right.
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ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื“ื.
08:05
So, if a company raises their water prices,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ
08:09
is there anything you can do legally to get help?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื–ืจื”?
08:13
This is a problem... when a private company gets a hold of water โ€“
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”... ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื -
08:17
either a municipal water service, like your drinking water, your waste water,
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ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืš, ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
08:22
and there are many, many private companies running these services โ€“
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” -
08:26
they sign a contract with the government saying
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื•ืžืจืช
08:28
this is, you know, what we'll charge.
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ืฉื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื” ืฉื ื’ื‘ื”.
08:30
But then they put the rates up and they say to the government
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื”
08:34
we have no choice. We can show you study, after study, after study
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืš ืžื—ืงืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ
08:37
that shows private companies charge way more money
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
08:41
for water services than... than public agencies or governments.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื ืžืืฉืจ... ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
08:45
Maude is saying that private companies charge more for water
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ืžื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื
08:49
than governments do, and they're allowed to raise their prices.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
08:54
So, is international law flexible enough
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง
08:58
to deal with different systems of water ownership around the world?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
09:02
No, international law is not flexible enough to deal with
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ืœื, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื
09:06
the individual countries and nation states.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
09:08
They do... they make their own laws.
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ื”ื ื›ืŸ... ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:11
When the governments come together to sign a treaty,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืืžื ื”,
09:13
it's kind of a gentleperson's agreement, if you will:
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื˜ืœืžืŸ , ืื ืชืจืฆื•:
09:16
you're agreeing to the concept.
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ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
09:18
But... you know, you might have a change of government to something
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ืื‘ืœ... ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื”ื•
09:21
that is fairly progressive to something much more right-wing,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืžื ื™,
09:24
and they're saying to heck with any agreement.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื.
09:27
In Maude's opinion, international law is not flexible enough
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ืœื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:31
to deal with the different systems countries have for water ownership.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
09:37
International law might struggle to force countries
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืœืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
09:41
to directly provide water to their people.
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ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื”ืŸ.
09:44
But there are laws that can help, like our basic human rights.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:49
And there are people fighting to make sure that those laws are followed.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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