How do we stop islands sinking? - BBC Learning English

23,909 views ใƒป 2021-10-19

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
Rising sea levels, coupled with an increase in severe storms,
0
520
4600
ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืขืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
00:05
destroy homes and ruin livelihoods.
1
5120
3520
ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืคืจื ืกื”.
00:08
But how can the law help?
2
8640
2400
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
00:11
Can it help provide a solution?
3
11040
3080
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ?
00:14
You'll learn what lawmakers are doing to deal with this threat.
4
14120
4840
ืชืœืžื“ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
00:18
What is behind rising sea levels
5
18960
3000
ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื
00:21
and increasingly severe and unpredictable storms?
6
21960
4400
ื•ืกืขืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ?
00:26
Can anyone be blamed?
7
26360
2360
ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?
00:28
Why those most affected are often least to blame...
8
28720
3720
ืžื“ื•ืข ืืœื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืฉืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช...
00:32
and how the law can help them.
9
32440
3040
ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
00:40
40% of people live within 100km of the coast
10
40320
5640
40% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 100 ืง"ืž ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ
00:45
and one in ten of us live in coastal areas
11
45960
3480
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ
00:49
that are less than 10m above sea level.
12
49440
3840
ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10 ืž' ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
00:53
Sea levels are rising.
13
53280
2720
ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”.
00:56
According to the United Nations,
14
56000
2320
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
00:58
recent rises are the fastest in nearly 3,000 years.
15
58320
5080
ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 3,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:03
Rising seas and storms wash away the land, flood homes,
16
63400
5600
ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื,
01:09
ruin drinking water supplies
17
69000
2920
ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื”
01:11
and poison our crops.
18
71920
3800
ื•ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:15
It's driven by rising temperatures melting polar ice
19
75720
4720
ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืช ืงืจื— ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™
01:20
and even expanding the water that is already there.
20
80440
4560
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื.
01:25
And scientists agree:
21
85000
1840
ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื:
01:26
humans are the cause.
22
86840
3920
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
01:30
It's impossible to blame any one person,
23
90760
3640
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื“ื ืื—ื“,
01:34
country or company,
24
94400
2360
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื”,
01:36
but it's clear the impact won't be fair.
25
96760
4920
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช.
01:41
Smaller island countries will be hardest hit,
26
101680
4080
ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:45
but they often create very little pollution.
27
105760
3840
ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
01:49
So, how can they get help?
28
109600
3720
ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื–ืจื”?
01:53
Francesco Sindico, from the University of Strathclyde
29
113320
3720
ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืงื•, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ืจืืชืงืœื™ื™ื“
01:57
and the Climate Change Litigation Initiative,
30
117040
3320
ื•ืžื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ,
02:00
explained why this issue would take a long time to solve internationally.
31
120360
5480
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื™ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:05
It will be very difficult for international law
32
125840
3960
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
02:09
to operate at the same speed of national law,
33
129800
5000
ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:14
where you have laws created by a parliament,
34
134800
3240
ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
02:18
enforced by โ€“ for example โ€“ the police,
35
138040
3120
ืฉื ืื›ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ - ืœืžืฉืœ - ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
02:21
and judges that can take decisions.
36
141160
3480
ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
02:24
That's not how international law works,
37
144640
2720
ืœื ื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:27
and because there are so many countries,
38
147360
3360
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
02:30
on such a very complex matters, often there is a compromise,
39
150720
6080
ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคืฉืจื”,
02:36
which means that things will be dealt with slowly.
40
156800
4160
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืœืื˜.
02:40
Unlike national law,
41
160960
2200
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:43
international law doesn't have just one country making rules;
42
163160
5560
ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ืœืœื™ื;
02:48
lots of countries are involved,
43
168720
2720
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:51
which means they take time to come to a compromise agreement.
44
171440
4840
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ืคืฉืจื”.
02:56
So, how easy is it to find out who's responsible?
45
176280
4240
ืื–, ื›ืžื” ืงืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™?
03:00
It is very difficult to pinpoint
46
180520
3840
ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ
03:04
a country or an actor responsible
47
184360
4480
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืื—ืจืื™
03:08
for an island that may... or is already sinking.
48
188840
5200
ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ... ืื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืงืข.
03:14
The problem is climate change.
49
194040
2000
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
03:16
The emissions are coming from all over the world.
50
196040
3960
ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:20
Having said that, in the last five to ten years,
51
200000
4760
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:24
there is a clearer understanding
52
204760
3080
ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:27
that some countries and some private actors
53
207840
4000
ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
03:31
are more responsible than others.
54
211840
3600
ืื—ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
03:35
The nature of climate change makes it very hard to identify
55
215440
4240
ืื•ืคื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
03:39
who is responsible for something like a sinking island.
56
219680
5000
ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืื™ ืฉื•ืงืข.
03:44
So, what have people done
57
224680
3240
ืื– ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•
03:47
to identify who is responsible, legally?
58
227920
4360
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช?
03:52
Five or ten years ago, a study called the Carbon Majors study
59
232280
5560
ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืงืจื Carbon Majors ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
03:57
highlighted that the overwhelming majority
60
237840
4440
ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข
04:02
of the emissions โ€“ of the problem โ€“
61
242280
2880
ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช - ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” -
04:05
really comes from a handful of companies.
62
245160
4240
ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ืžืฅ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
04:09
And individuals have used this study
63
249400
3800
ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:13
to go in front of a judge and tell him or her:
64
253200
4160
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืื• ืœื”:
04:17
'Look. Now, we know that there's a connection
65
257360
4200
'ืชืจืื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ
04:21
between the problem โ€“ climate change โ€“
66
261560
2840
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื โ€“
04:24
and the activity of these companies.'
67
264400
3360
ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”ืด.
04:27
More research is being done into climate change.
68
267760
3800
ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:31
Some campaigners use studies as evidence
69
271560
2840
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืจืื™ื”
04:34
to prove a company's responsibility.
70
274400
3080
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” .
04:37
And who are these campaigners?
71
277480
2720
ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
04:40
We have children, literally,
72
280200
2640
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข,
04:42
going after the governments of the countries where they live.
73
282840
5200
ืฉืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:48
At the same time, you also have elderly people
74
288040
3960
ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
04:52
who are seeing their livelihood suffering because of climate change
75
292000
5120
ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคืจื ืกืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
04:57
and are using all sorts of law:
76
297120
3240
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื:
05:00
human rights โ€“ they're using international law
77
300360
4120
ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื - ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
05:04
and they're using a number of very interesting,
78
304480
4080
ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
05:08
even creative, new legal strategies.
79
308560
4200
ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื , ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:12
A huge range of people are campaigning.
80
312760
3320
ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ.
05:16
Children and the elderly are getting involved,
81
316080
2760
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
05:18
using human rights and international laws in creative ways.
82
318840
5000
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
05:23
So, that shows how hard it can be for the law
83
323840
3680
ืื– ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง
05:27
to protect a sinking island.
84
327520
3560
ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ืงืข.
05:31
Now, let's take a look at the people
85
331080
2800
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
05:33
who are trying to live on these vanishing islands.
86
333880
5080
ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:38
The entire Pacific region contributes
87
338960
2800
ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืชื•ืจื
05:41
just 0.03% of total greenhouse gas emissions.
88
341760
6320
ืจืง 0.03% ืžืกืš ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
05:48
Seventeen-year-old Hereiti lives on Rarotonga,
89
348080
4080
ื”ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืช ื”-17 ื’ืจื” ื‘ืจืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื’ื”,
05:52
one of the Cook Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
90
352160
3360
ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื™ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืงื˜.
05:55
As a Polynesian person, I have a connection to it.
91
355520
3840
ื›ืื“ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
05:59
Since we first started voyaging across it,
92
359360
2640
ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
06:02
it's been the lifeblood of our islands and our culture.
93
362000
5040
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืช ืืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:07
But with rising sea levels and pollution, I feel like that...
94
367040
4080
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื , ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ื”...
06:11
that history that we've had for thousands of years
95
371120
4200
ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
06:15
might end up being lost.
96
375320
2680
ืขืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
06:18
Rising sea levels result in strong wave action and coastal flooding,
97
378000
5080
ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
06:23
causing the coast to erode.
98
383080
2080
ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
06:25
We're seeing a lot of coastal erosion happening
99
385160
2800
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืฃ ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
06:27
on all our islands here in the Cook Islands,
100
387960
1920
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื™ื™ ืงื•ืง,
06:29
particularly around the northern islands
101
389880
1680
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื
06:31
because there are low-lying atolls.
102
391560
2080
ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื˜ื•ืœื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
06:33
We might have to consider relocating to higher areas โ€“
103
393640
4160
ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ -
06:37
so, inland more โ€“ and abandon the coast.
104
397800
4040
ื›ืš, ืคื ื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
06:41
But where do people like these go?
105
401840
2680
ืื‘ืœ ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”?
06:44
And how can the law help them?
106
404520
3160
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื?
06:47
We spoke to Simon Behrman,
107
407680
2160
ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจืžืŸ,
06:49
a law professor from the University of Warwick.
108
409840
3760
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง.
06:53
He specialises in how the law helps refugees.
109
413600
4760
ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื—ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:58
He explained the situation for people forced to move by climate change.
110
418360
5600
ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
07:03
So, there's not much, in terms of laws,
111
423960
4240
ืœื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
07:08
that allow people to move from one country to another.
112
428200
5640
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช.
07:13
Some parts of the world have their own individual laws
113
433840
3560
ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื
07:17
that give some rights to people to enter for work visas,
114
437400
4680
ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืืฉืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
07:22
but in the main the only recourse that people will have
115
442080
5160
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื
07:27
are to some aspects of human rights law,
116
447240
3400
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
07:30
such as, for example, the right to life,
117
450640
2680
ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
07:33
which may help people claim a right to live elsewhere.
118
453320
5040
ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:38
People aren't allowed to move to another country due to climate change.
119
458360
4640
ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
07:43
But human rights laws can help them try.
120
463000
3200
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื ืกื•ืช.
07:46
He explains the limits of refugee law.
121
466200
3640
ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
07:49
But a refugee is defined in very narrow terms in international law.
122
469840
6640
ืื‘ืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
07:56
Essentially, you have to prove that you have been persecuted
123
476480
4760
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื ืจื“ืคืช
08:01
and that is why you have left your country of origin,
124
481240
3640
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขื–ื‘ืช ืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœืš,
08:04
but obviously climate change โ€“ or the effects of climate change โ€“
125
484880
3720
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื - ืื• ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื -
08:08
don't persecute people, and so as a result,
126
488600
4520
ืœื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
08:13
unfortunately, at the moment, people fleeing the effects of climate change
127
493120
4080
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื‘- ื›ืจื’ืข, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
08:17
do not have access to the protection of international refugee law.
128
497200
4040
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
08:21
You can only be a refugee if you are being persecuted โ€“
129
501240
4080
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ ืจืง ืื ืืชื” ื ืจื“ืฃ -
08:25
treated badly because of something like your gender, race or beliefs.
130
505320
5240
ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืจืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ, ื”ื’ื–ืข ืื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
08:30
Climate change doesn't persecute.
131
510560
3120
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืœื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื.
08:33
So, what laws are being used to help?
132
513680
3160
ืื– ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
08:36
The main route at the moment is to bring cases
133
516840
5000
ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืืช ืชื™ืงื™ื
08:41
related to the principle of non-refoulement.
134
521840
4880
ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™-ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื”.
08:46
This principle simply means that people cannot be sent back
135
526720
4400
ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืจื”
08:51
to places where they face a serious risk of harm.
136
531120
4480
ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข.
08:55
Lawyers are attempting to argue that in some parts of the world
137
535600
4000
ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:59
the effects of climate change are so severe,
138
539600
2840
ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
09:02
that sending people back there would violate that principle.
139
542440
4120
ืฉืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ืชืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
09:06
Without refugee status, lawyers are using 'non-refoulement' principles:
140
546560
6320
ืœืœื ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช 'ืื™-ื”ื“ื—ื”':
09:12
they ban sending people back into a dangerous place
141
552880
3640
ื”ื ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
09:16
where they are at risk of harm.
142
556520
2280
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
09:18
So, is this enough?
143
558800
1800
ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง? ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช,
09:20
The numbers of climate refugees are estimated
144
560600
3480
ืžืกืคืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
09:24
to reach many tens of millions of people this century,
145
564080
3680
ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
09:27
possibly many more than those displaced by wars and persecution.
146
567760
5840
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉื ืขืงืจื• ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช.
09:33
Already, millions of people every year are having to leave their homes
147
573600
4000
ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื
09:37
because of climate change. Some entire countries,
148
577600
4160
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื. ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
09:41
such as certain Pacific island states,
149
581760
2720
ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืฉืงื˜,
09:44
are predicted to become completely uninhabitable
150
584480
2760
ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
09:47
over the next ten to twenty years.
151
587240
4240
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจ ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
09:51
We have a responsibility to help these people.
152
591480
2760
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:54
Simon thinks the size of the problem means
153
594240
3160
ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ
09:57
the law around people forced out of their homes
154
597400
3320
ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื
10:00
due to climate crisis should change.
155
600720
3840
ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
10:04
We've seen the scale of the problem for the law.
156
604560
3680
ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
10:08
It's very hard to say who's responsible for a sinking island.
157
608240
5280
ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ ืฉื•ืงืข.
10:13
But we've seen that the law is changing to fix that.
158
613520
4200
ืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
10:17
And we've seen that lawyers are working to keep people
159
617720
3480
ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ
10:21
who are at risk safe in the future.
160
621200
3360
ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7