BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Climate Change' English mega-class! Thirty minutes of new vocabulary!

215,682 views

2022-10-02 ใƒป BBC Learning English


New videos

BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Climate Change' English mega-class! Thirty minutes of new vocabulary!

215,682 views ใƒป 2022-10-02

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello, this is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English.
0
5920
3200
ืฉืœื•ื, ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:09
I'm Neil.
1
9120
880
ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:10
And I'm Sam.
2
10000
720
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:11
'No one is too small to make a difference'.
3
11280
2560
'ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™'.
00:13
Do you know who said that, Sam?
4
13840
1680
ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืกื? ื”ืื
00:15
Wasn't it climate change activist Greta Thunburg?
5
15520
2640
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืคืขื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืจื˜ื” ืชื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื’?
00:18
That's right! She went on to sayย  this in her message to world leaders.
6
18720
4160
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ! ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืืžืจื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:22
'I don't want you to be hopeful.
7
22880
1840
ืดืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
00:25
I want you to act as if your house is on fire, because it is.'
8
25360
3840
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื•ืขืจ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืšืด.
00:29
Her speech reflected the feelings of many young people around the world who
9
29760
4480
ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœื” ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
00:34
think that not enough action is being taken on climate change.
10
34240
3440
ืฉืœื ื ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
00:38
And they might be right, judging by the record-breaking temperatures that hit
11
38480
3840
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ืื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืคื’ืขื•
00:42
Canada and the north-west of the United States in July this year.
12
42320
3760
ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื”.
00:46
Greta Thunberg's plea to 'act like your house is on fire' became a reality for
13
46880
4800
ืชื—ื™ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื˜ื” ืชื•ื ื‘ืจื’ 'ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื•ืขืจ' ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
00:51
residents of the small town of Lytton, Canada, which burned to the ground in
14
51680
4400
ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืงื ื“ื”, ืฉื ืฉืจืคื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื”
00:56
a shocking wildfire - a fire that is burning strongly and out of control.
15
56080
4480
ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช - ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
01:01
So, was the Lytton wildfire yet another climate change wake-up call?
16
61120
4320
ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื? ืงืจื™ืืช
01:06
A wake-up call is the expression used to describe a shocking event that should
17
66000
4400
ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืฉืืžื•ืจ
01:10
make people realise that action is needed to change something.
18
70400
3600
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:14
Maybe not, according to some climatologists who, worryingly, say that what happened in
19
74000
5440
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื, ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืงืœื™ืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
01:19
Lytton should not even have been possible. So, in this programme, we'll be
20
79440
4640
ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™. ืื–, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,
01:24
asking if scientists have dangerously misunderstood the realities of climate change.
21
84080
5040
ื ืฉืืœ ืื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:29
But first it's time for my quiz question
22
89680
2320
ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
01:32
and it's about that extreme weather in Canada. It broke records when the
23
92000
4400
ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ
01:36
temperature in Lytton hit an all-time high on the 1st of July but just how
24
96400
4560
ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื”
01:40
hot did it get? Was it
25
100960
1600
ื—ื ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
01:42
a) 39.6 degrees,
26
102560
2080
ื) 39.6 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
01:45
b) 49.6 degrees or c) 59.6 degrees Celsius?
27
105280
5840
ื‘) 49.6 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื’) 59.6 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก?
01:51
All those temperatures look reallyย  high, especially for snowy Canada!ย ย 
28
111920
4000
ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื’ืช!
01:56
I'll say a) 39.6 degrees C.
29
116560
2960
ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื) 39.6 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
02:00
OK Sam, we'll find out the answer later on.
30
120480
2480
ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืกื, ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
02:03
Seeing your hometown burnedย  to the ground is bad enough,
31
123600
3040
ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ื ืฉืจืคืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืจืข ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:06
but perhaps even worse, was the factย  that the wildfires were so unexpected.
32
126640
4320
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:11
According to weather pattern modelling doneย  by a team of Oxford University researchers,
33
131520
5440
ืœืคื™ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
02:16
such extreme heat wasย  impossible, in theory at least.
34
136960
3760
ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”.
02:21
The research team was led byย  climatologist Geert Jan van Oldenborgh.
35
141520
4320
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื™ืจื˜ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’.
02:25
Here he is in conversation with BBC Worldย  Service programme, Science in Action.
36
145840
4640
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, Science in Action.
02:32
This is a wake-up call beyond theย  wake-up calls that we've had before.
37
152160
4320
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:36
Yes, it's a very big shockย  in the sense that we thoughtย ย 
38
156480
4320
ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
02:40
we knew that how heat wavesย  react to global warming
39
160800
3600
ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:44
and within which boundaries theyย 
40
164400
2080
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื
02:46
are increasing. Of courseย  they're increasing in temperature
41
166480
2640
ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
02:49
but it's a gradual process, weย  thought. And then you get this thingย ย 
42
169120
4240
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•. ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:53
and it's not gradual at all, it's a huge jump.
43
173360
2960
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
02:57
Professor van Oldenborgh had been studying the impact of global warming on
44
177680
3680
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ
03:01
heatwaves - short periods of time when the weather is much hotter than usual.
45
181360
4640
ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื - ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:06
Along with other climatologists, he thought that climate change was gradual
46
186880
4000
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืœื™ืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™
03:10
- changing or happening slowly over a long period of time.
47
190880
4080
- ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
03:15
But the Canadian heatwavesย  caused him to think again.
48
195680
3520
ืื‘ืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘.
03:19
Instead of being gradual, the temperature saw
49
199200
2720
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืจืืชื”
03:21
a jump - or a sudden increase - of five degrees
50
201920
3840
ื–ื™ื ื•ืง - ืื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช - ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
03:26
and it's this sudden jump that's got Professor van Oldenborgh and his team worried.
51
206320
5440
ื•ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืื™ื’ื” ืืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื•.
03:31
By collecting data from all over the world, climatologists tried to
52
211760
3520
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื ื™ืกื• ืืงืœื™ืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
03:35
predict changes in the pattern of global warming.
53
215280
2800
ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
03:38
But as Geert Jan van Oldenborgh told BBC World Service's Science in Action, the
54
218640
5440
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื—ื™ืจื˜ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœ-BBC World Service Science in Action,
03:44
heatwave in Lytton, didn't fit these predictions at all.
55
224080
3280
ื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:49
Everything looked like a nice, regular, gradual trend like we're used to up to
56
229360
5200
ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื ื“ ื ื—ืžื“, ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืขื“
03:54
last year, and then you suddenly break all your
57
234560
2720
ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ืื– ืคืชืื•ื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ
03:57
records by four or five degrees. I mean, this is something that's not supposed to
58
237280
3920
ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืืžื•ืจ
04:01
happen, and it has really shaken our confidence in how well we understand the
59
241200
4000
ืœืงืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช
04:05
effect of climate change on heatwaves.
60
245200
1680
ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื.
04:08
Despite all his research, Professor van Oldenborgh
61
248480
2960
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’
04:11
is still unable to explain such extreme
62
251440
2560
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:14
and sudden changes in the
63
254000
1440
ื•ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:15
climate. And this, he says, has
64
255440
2160
ื‘ืืงืœื™ื. ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
04:17
shaken his confidence - made him
65
257600
1920
ืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• - ื’ืจื ืœื•
04:19
doubt something that
66
259520
960
ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
04:20
he was certain was true.
67
260480
1280
ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:22
And it's this lack of understanding worrying
68
262480
2800
ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืืช
04:25
researchers because, as the story of the
69
265280
2640
ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ
04:27
town of Lytton shows, the
70
267920
1920
ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:29
effects of climate change may be even worse than expected.
71
269840
3840
ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™.
04:34
Maybe it's time we all took notice of Greta Thunberg's wake-up call to take
72
274480
4080
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื˜ื” ืชื•ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื ืงื•ื˜
04:38
action on climate change.
73
278560
1440
ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:40
Especially if even cold,ย  northern countries like Canada,
74
280640
3920
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงื ื“ื”
04:44
or Britain, for that matter, canย  experience such extreme changes.
75
284560
4240
ืื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ืื ื›ื‘ืจ
04:49
Speaking of which Neil, what wasย  the answer to your quiz question?
76
289520
3120
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ื™ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš?
04:53
Ah yes! In my quiz question, I asked youย  exactly how high the temperature reached
77
293520
4480
ืื” ื›ืŸ! ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื™ื–ื• ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
04:58
in the Canadian town of Lytton. What did you say, Sam?
78
298000
2720
ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืžื” ืืžืจืช, ืกืื?
05:01
I thought it was a) 39.6ย  degrees Celsius. Was I right?
79
301440
4720
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื) 39.6 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก. ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
05:07
Well, you were close but,ย  in fact, it got even hotter,
80
307040
3120
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:10
actually reaching 49.6 degrees Celsius,
81
310160
3760
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-49.6 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
05:13
the highest temperature ever recorded in Canada by at least 5 degrees.
82
313920
4280
ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื‘ -5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
05:18
Phew, that is hot! Ugh well, we'd better recap the vocabulary
83
318200
5080
ืคื•, ื–ื” ื—ื! ืื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
05:23
from this programme, because we might
84
323280
1840
ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืืช
05:25
be hearing these words a lot more in the future.
85
325120
2560
ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
05:28
Let's start with a wildfire, which is an
86
328480
2240
ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ืฉื”ื™ื
05:30
out-of-control fire thatย  is burning the countryside.
87
330720
2880
ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืฉื•ืจืคืช ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™.
05:34
A wake-up call is an event which should make people realise that action needs to
88
334240
4480
ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ
05:38
be taken to change a situation.
89
338720
2480
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘.
05:41
A heatwave is a period of days or weeks when
90
341200
3040
ื’ืœ ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื
05:44
the weather is much hotter than usual.
91
344240
2480
ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
05:46
A jump is a sudden increase.
92
346720
1920
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช.
05:49
Whereas gradual means happening slowly over a long time.
93
349280
4160
ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
05:53
And finally if something shakes your confidence
94
353440
2640
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš
05:56
it makes you doubt something that you
95
356080
1600
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืช
05:57
thought was true.
96
357680
720
ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:58
That's it for our look at oneย  of the hottest years on record.
97
358960
3280
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื•.
06:02
Bye for now.
98
362240
720
06:02
Bye!
99
362960
500
ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
ื‘ื™ื™!
06:09
Hello. This is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
100
369440
3760
ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:14
And Iโ€™m Sam.
101
374000
800
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
06:15
These days, our lives are filled with
102
375680
2160
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœืื™ื
06:17
devices that were unimaginableย  only a few years ago
103
377840
3200
ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
06:21
โ€“ the sorts of things you readย  about in science-fiction novels,
104
381040
3280
- ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจืืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
06:24
but never thought youโ€™d own.
105
384320
1360
ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื›ื.
06:26
Yes, like those robots that vacuumย  your floor or voice-activated lights
106
386240
5360
ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืื• ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ
06:31
โ€“ we call many of these things โ€˜smart techโ€™.
107
391600
3760
- ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” 'ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื”'.
06:35
But while they can help withย  the little tasks at home,
108
395360
2960
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
06:38
some people are wondering whetherย  they can help fight climate change.
109
398320
3680
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
06:42
Yes, smart homes, regulating things like theย  temperature, are a step in the right direction.
110
402000
6160
ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืฆืขื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:48
Using AI to learn when the house is occupiedย  and the optimal time to fire up the heating,
111
408160
6320
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื,
06:54
is one way to limit wasteful use of resources.
112
414480
3280
ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
06:58
The problem comes from the origin of theย  energy which powers these home systems.
113
418560
4960
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
07:03
If itโ€™s fossil fuels, thenย  digging them up โ€“ an informal way
114
423520
3280
ืื ื–ื” ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืื– ื—ืคื™ืจืชื - ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช
07:06
of saying removing something from the earth
115
426800
2160
ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืกืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืื“ืžื”
07:08
- and burning them creates carbon emissions.
116
428960
2720
- ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
07:12
I suppose thatโ€™s why many people are tryingย  to find more renewable forms of energy
117
432400
5280
ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
07:17
to reduce their carbon footprint.
118
437680
1760
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:20
Well, itโ€™s interesting thatย  you mentioned carbon footprint,ย ย 
119
440160
2720
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช,
07:22
because my question is about that today.
120
442880
2000
ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:25
How many tonnes of carbon dioxideย  are humans responsible for emittingย ย 
121
445840
4160
ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ืช
07:30
into the atmosphere every year?
122
450000
2400
ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”?
07:32
Is it more than: a) 30 billion; b) 40 billion; or c) 50 billion?
123
452400
6400
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž: ื) 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“; ื‘) 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“; ืื• ื’) 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“?
07:39
Well, Neil, that all sounds like a lot to me,
124
459680
2720
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
07:42
but Iโ€™ll go straight down the middle and say
125
462400
2160
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ืื•ืžืจ
07:44
b) 40 billion tonnes.
126
464560
1840
ื‘) 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ.
07:47
OK, Sam, weโ€™ll find out the correctย  answer at the end of the programme.
127
467360
3120
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
07:51
So, you mentioned earlier that people areย  looking into ways to use more renewable energy,
128
471040
4960
ืื– ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช,
07:56
but there are also some problemsย  with that form of energy production.
129
476000
3200
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:59
Yes โ€“ for example, many of these technologiesย  rely on certain weather conditions,
130
479840
5200
ื›ืŸ - ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
08:05
which affect the levels of energy production.
131
485040
2640
ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
08:08
Dr Enass Abo-Hamed, CEO of H2go,ย  is working on a project on Orkney,
132
488400
6320
ื“"ืจ Enass Abo-Hamed, ืžื ื›"ืœ H2go, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจืงื ื™,
08:14
an island off the coast of Scotland, testingย  ways of storing renewable forms of energy.
133
494720
5120
ืื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“, ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืื’ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
08:20
Here she is on the BBC World Service programmeย  Crowd Science, speaking with Graihagh Jackson,
134
500560
5360
ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service Crowd Science, ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื Graihagh Jackson,
08:25
talking about the limitationsย  of renewable energy sources.
135
505920
3280
ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:30
Renewable energy is intermittent by its natureย  because itโ€™s dependant and relying on the weather.
136
510560
5920
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื•ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
08:36
When the Sun shines and when the wind blows,ย ย 
137
516480
3200
ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
08:39
and these by nature are notย  24-hour 7 reliable constant.
138
519680
4480
ื•ืืœื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”. ื•ื–ื”
08:44
And that means that demand doesnโ€™t alwaysย  meet supply of renewables โ€“ it can mean
139
524160
4560
ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช - ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
08:48
that we get blackouts, butย  on the other hand, it means
140
528720
2880
ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
08:51
that when the Sun is up and weย  are producing all that power orย ย 
141
531600
3040
ืฉื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืื•
08:54
when the wind is blowing and were producing power,
142
534640
2480
ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื•ื—,
08:57
we might not be able to use that energy -ย  thereโ€™s no demand for it - and so itโ€™s wasted.
143
537120
4560
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• - ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ - ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ืช.
09:02
So, Dr Enass Abo-Hamed said theย  renewable energy is intermittent,
144
542880
5600
ืœื›ืŸ, ื“"ืจ ืื ืืก ืื‘ื•-ื—ืืžื“ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ,
09:08
which means that something is notย  continuous or has many breaks.
145
548480
4080
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
09:13
She also said that because there isnโ€™tย  always a steady stream of energy,
146
553600
4320
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
09:17
we can get blackouts โ€“ periodsย  of time without energy.
147
557920
4160
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช - ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:22
People like Dr Enass Abo-Hamed are trying to findย  solutions to make renewable energy storage devices
148
562080
5920
ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“"ืจ ืื ืืก ืื‘ื•-ื”ืืžื“ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื ื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช
09:28
โ€“ which would make the supplyย  of energy more constant.
149
568000
3120
- ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:32
Smart tech can also help with thisย  problem with renewable sources.
150
572240
4080
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:36
Now, of course, not only canย  computers be used to design
151
576320
3280
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
09:39
efficient models, but smart tech can also be
152
579600
2480
ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื’ื
09:42
used to improve performance
153
582080
1600
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
09:43
after things like windย  turbines have been installed.
154
583680
2640
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—.
09:46
Here is Graihagh Jackson, scienceย  broadcaster and podcaster,
155
586960
3280
ื”ื ื” Graihagh Jackson, ืฉื“ืจืŸ ื•ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ืจ ืžื“ืขื™,
09:50
speaking about how smartย  tech can improve efficiency
156
590240
3600
ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
09:53
on BBC World Service programme, Crowd Science:
157
593840
2880
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, Crowd Science:
09:57
Some engineers use something called a digitalย  twin. This is really interesting, actually.
158
597760
4160
ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืื•ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™. ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
10:01
This is where lots of sensorsย  are attached to the wind turbine,
159
601920
3200
ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื—,
10:05
so it can be modelled on aย  computer in real time. And then,
160
605120
4400
ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ื•ืื–,
10:09
using machine learning, you canย  then simulate whatโ€™s happening
161
609520
3920
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
10:13
to the wind turbine in specificย  weather conditions. And
162
613440
3200
ืœื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
10:16
this is important because it means they canย  make sure theyโ€™re performing their best.
163
616640
5040
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:21
Graihagh Jackson used theย  expression 'in real time', which means
164
621680
3440
Graihagh Jackson ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
10:25
without delay or live.
165
625120
1840
ืœืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™ ืื• ื—ื™.
10:27
And she also mentioned machine learning,
166
627920
2720
ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
10:30
which is the way computers change theirย  behaviour based on data they collected.
167
630640
4720
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืกืคื•.
10:36
And she also said 'simulate' โ€“ produceย  a computer model of something.
168
636400
3680
ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืจื” 'ืœื“ืžื•ืช' - ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:40
So, while there are issues with theย  reliability of the source of renewable energy,
169
640880
5040
ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช,
10:45
itโ€™s clear that people are workingย  on solutions such as energy storage
170
645920
4240
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
10:50
to make sure there is always a supply.
171
650160
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืกืคืงื”.
10:52
And that computers can beย  used to design and operate
172
652960
2720
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
10:55
technology as efficiently as possible.
173
655680
2000
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
10:58
Much in the same way thatย  AI can be used in your home
174
658320
3280
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-AI ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš
11:01
to make it run as efficiently as possible.
175
661600
2240
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
11:04
Yes โ€“ all in the hope ofย  reducing your carbon footprint.
176
664480
3200
ื›ืŸ - ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
11:07
Which reminds me of your quiz question, Neil.
177
667680
2320
ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื ื™ืœ.
11:10
Yes, in my quiz question, I asked Sam how manyย  tonnes of carbon dioxide humans produce each year!
178
670560
6320
ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”!
11:16
And I went for b) 40 billion tonnes.
179
676880
2800
ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘) 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:20
Which isโ€ฆ the correct answer! Well done, Sam!
180
680240
2000
ืฉื–ื•... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืกืื!
11:22
Wow โ€“ I guessed right โ€“ butย  all three of those numbers
181
682880
3200
ื•ื•ืื• - ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:26
sound really really high!
182
686080
2000
ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื!
11:28
Letโ€™s recap the vocabulary fromย  todayโ€™s programme about smart tech
183
688080
3840
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื”
11:31
and climate change, starting with 'dig something up'
184
691920
3680
ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืž'ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•'
11:35
โ€“ an informal expression which meansย  to remove something from the ground.
185
695600
4800
- ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืงืจืงืข.
11:40
'Intermittent' is used to describe somethingย  that is not continuous or steady.
186
700400
3840
'ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ' ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
11:45
'Blackouts' are periods of time withoutย  energy, for example, electricity.
187
705440
4880
'ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช' ื”ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ืฉืžืœ.
11:50
'In real time' means 'without delay' or 'live'.
188
710320
2560
'ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืœืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™' ืื• 'ื—ื™'.
11:53
'Machine learning' is the processย  by which computers learn
189
713920
3680
'ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื”' ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
11:57
and change behaviour based on data.
190
717600
2480
ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
12:00
And finally, 'simulate' meansย  produce a computer model.
191
720720
3200
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, 'ืœื“ืžื•ืช' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
12:04
And thatโ€™s all for this programme. Bye for now!
192
724480
2320
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
12:07
Goodbye!
193
727680
500
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
12:14
Hello. This is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
194
734400
4160
ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:18
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
195
738560
1280
ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
12:19
With no end in sight to the coronavirus pandemic,
196
739840
2960
ื›ืฉืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง,
12:22
many people canโ€™t wait for the year 2020 to end.
197
742800
3840
ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช 2020 ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื.
12:26
But with coronavirus dominatingย  the newspaper headlines,
198
746640
3280
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื,
12:29
attention has moved away fromย  an equally serious global issue
199
749920
3840
ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื” ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช
12:33
which has quietly been getting worse โ€“ climate change.
200
753760
4080
ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืงื˜ - ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
12:37
August 2020 saw the hottest temperatureย  recorded anywhere in modern times
201
757840
4880
ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
12:42
- 54.4 degree Celsius inย  Californiaโ€™s Death Valley.
202
762720
4960
- 54.4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
12:48
The same month also sawย  record amounts of ice melting
203
768240
3040
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื’ื ื ืžืกื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
12:51
into the oceans around Greenland and the Arctic
204
771280
3120
ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
12:54
- huge icebergs breaking away from the
205
774400
2720
- ื”ืจื™ ืงืจื— ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ืชืงื™ื
12:57
edge of the ice sheet โ€“ a thick layer of ice
206
777120
2960
ืžืงืฆื” ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื— - ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
13:00
which has covered a large area for a long time.
207
780080
2720
ืฉื›ื™ืกืชื” ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
13:03
Greenlandโ€™s ice sheet isย  three times the size of Texas
208
783440
3600
ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกืก
13:07
and almost 2 kilometres thick.
209
787040
2000
ื•ืขื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 2 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
13:09
Locked inside is enough waterย  to raise sea levels by 6 metres.
210
789040
4000
ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘-6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
13:13
But global heating and meltingย  polar ice has many scientists
211
793760
3360
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืช ืงืจื— ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
13:17
asking whether itโ€™s now too late to stop.
212
797120
3120
ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
13:20
Have we have reached the point of no return?
213
800240
1920
ื”ืื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ ื—ื–ื•ืจ?
13:22
In this programme, weโ€™ll lookingย  at the effects of climate
214
802800
2800
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ
13:25
change on the Arctic and askingย  if itโ€™s too late to change.
215
805600
3200
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
13:29
And learning some of the related vocabulary too.
216
809520
2640
ื•ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ.
13:32
Now, Georgina, you mentioned recordย  levels of ice melt in the North Pole
217
812720
3920
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฉืจืช ืงืจื— ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
13:36
but the scale is hard to take in.
218
816640
2240
ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
13:38
The amounts are so bigย  theyโ€™re measured in gigatonnes
219
818880
2800
ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ
13:41
โ€“ thatโ€™s a billion metric tonnes.
220
821680
2560
- ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™.
13:45
Imagine a giant ice cube 1 kilometreย  by 1 kilometre by 1 kilometre.
221
825120
5360
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื— ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
13:51
So my quiz question is this:ย  how many gigatonnes of ice
222
831280
3840
ืื– ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื•: ื›ืžื” ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
13:55
are now melting into the ocean every year?
223
835120
2640
ื ืžืกื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”?
13:57
Is it: a) 450 gigatonnes?
224
837760
3200
ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) 450 ื’ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ?
14:00
b) 500 gigatonnes? or c) 550 gigatonnes?
225
840960
4960
ื‘) 500 ื’ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ? ืื• ื’) 550 ื’'ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ?
14:05
Iโ€™ll take a guess at b) 500 gigatonnes.
226
845920
3200
ืื ื™ ืื ื—ืฉ ื‘-b) 500 ื’ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ.
14:10
OK, Georgina, weโ€™ll find out later.
227
850080
2240
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:12
Now, glaciologist Michaela King has beenย  monitoring the melting of Arctic ice by satellite.
228
852880
6960
ื›ืขืช, ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื›ืืœื” ืงื™ื ื’ ืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:19
Here she is answering a question from BBCย  World Service programme, Science in Action,
229
859840
4880
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”-BBC, Science in Action,
14:24
on whether the destruction ofย  the ice sheet is now unavoidable:
230
864720
3360
ื”ืื ื”ืจืก ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข:
14:29
If we were to define a tipping point as a shift from one
231
869760
4240
ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื›ืžืขื‘ืจ
14:34
stable dynamic state
232
874800
1840
ืžืžืฆื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ื“
14:36
to another, this certainly meets that criteria, because
233
876640
3600
ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ื™
14:40
weโ€™re seeing now that the ice sheet wasย  more or less in balance prior to 2000 where
234
880880
4720
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืฉื‘ื”
14:46
the amount of ice being drained from the glaciers was
235
886240
2480
ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื”ืชื ืงื–ืช ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
14:48
approximately equal to what we are gainingย  on the surface via snow every year.
236
888720
4960
ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื’ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
14:55
Ice is made from snow falling on Greenlandโ€™s glaciers
237
895200
3040
ืงืจื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื’ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“
14:58
- large, slow-moving masses of ice.
238
898240
2240
- ืžืกื•ืช ืงืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ืขื•ืช ืœืื˜. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื
15:01
At the same time though, ice is also lost through melting.
239
901040
3760
ื–ืืช, ืงืจื— ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืžืกื”.
15:04
These two processes of making andย  melting ice kept the ice level in balance
240
904800
4640
ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืกืช ืงืจื— ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืงืจื—
15:09
- having different parts or elementsย  arranged in the correct proportions.
241
909440
4640
- ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
15:14
Essentially, the melting ice wasย  replaced by newly frozen ice.
242
914080
4160
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื ืžืก ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืงืจื— ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
15:18
But now, the glaciers are shrinkingย  faster than new ice is being accumulated
243
918960
4480
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช, ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืงืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ
15:23
and the situation may have reached a tipping point
244
923440
2400
ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”
15:25
- the time at which a change or an effect cannot be stopped.
245
925840
4160
- ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
15:30
So, does this mean that global heating andย  ice melting are now running automatically,
246
930640
4720
ืื–, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืกืช ื”ืงืจื— ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™,
15:35
separate from the amountย  of greenhouse gases humans
247
935360
2720
ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
15:38
are pumping into the atmosphere?
248
938080
2080
ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”?
15:40
Does that mean should just give up on the planet?
249
940160
2480
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”?
15:43
In fact, the situation is far from simple,
250
943360
2560
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜,
15:45
as Michaela King explainsย  here to BBC World Service
251
945920
3200
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื™ื›ืืœื” ืงื™ื ื’ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service
15:49
programme, Science in Action:
252
949120
1680
, Science in Action:
15:52
We can definitely control the rate of mass loss,
253
952960
3360
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™,
15:57
so itโ€™s definitely not a โ€˜throw yourย  hands upโ€™ and just do nothing about it
254
957120
4560
ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื "ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”" ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
16:01
โ€“ give up on the ice sheetย  kind of situation โ€“ thatโ€™s
255
961680
2480
- ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื”ืงืจื— - ื–ื”
16:04
certainly not the message I want to send โ€“
256
964160
2400
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— -
16:06
but it does seem likely that we willย  continue to lose massโ€ฆ but of course
257
966560
3920
ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืกื”... ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
16:11
a slow rate of mass loss is highly preferred to
258
971040
3440
ืฉืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™
16:15
large annual losses every year.
259
975200
1920
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
16:18
Michaela thinks that changes in humanย  activity can still slow the rate
260
978880
3960
ืžื™ื›ืืœื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘
16:22
โ€“ or speed at which something happens,
261
982840
2440
- ืื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื”,
16:25
in this case the speed of Greenlandโ€™s ice sheet melting.
262
985280
3040
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“.
16:29
Sheโ€™s convinced itโ€™s not too late forย  collective action to save the planet,
263
989040
4320
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
16:33
so, itโ€™s not yet time to 'throw your hands up'
264
993360
2480
ืื– ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ 'ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื'
16:35
โ€“ an idiom meaning to show frustration and despair
265
995840
3040
- ื ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ
16:38
when a situation becomes soย  bad that you give up or submit.
266
998880
3520
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื ื›ื ืข.
16:43
Itโ€™s a positive message but one which calls
267
1003280
2160
ื–ื” ืžืกืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืงื•ืจื
16:45
for everyone to do what they can before it really is too late.
268
1005440
4160
ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
16:49
Because the rate of ice melt is still increasing, right, Neil?
269
1009600
3840
ื›ื™ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืงืจื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ?
16:53
Yes, thatโ€™s right โ€“ in fact, that was myย  quiz question, Georgina โ€“ do you remember?
270
1013440
4160
ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” - ืืช ื–ื•ื›ืจืช?
16:57
Yes, you asked me how manyย  gigatonnes of Greenlandโ€™s ice sheet
271
1017600
3840
ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื’'ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“
17:01
are now melting every year.ย  I said b) 500 gigatonnes.
272
1021440
4400
ื ืžืกื™ื ื›ืขืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”. ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘) 500 ื’ื™ื’ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ.
17:06
And you wereโ€ฆcorrect!
273
1026880
1840
ื•ืืชื” ืฆื“ืงืช!
17:08
In fact, some of these giant ice cubes areย  like small towns, almost a kilometre tall!
274
1028720
4880
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ!
17:14
So, thereโ€™s still work to be done.
275
1034240
1600
ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
17:16
In this programme, weโ€™ve been looking at the rateย  โ€“ or speed โ€“ of ice melt in Greenlandโ€™s ice sheet
276
1036400
5200
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืงืฆื‘ - ืื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช - ื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“
17:21
- the thick layer of ice coveringย  a large area of the Arctic.
277
1041600
4480
- ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืขื‘ื” ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืฉื˜ื— ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
17:26
Previously, the melting ice wasย  replaced by newly formed ice on glaciers
278
1046080
4160
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื ืžืก ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืงืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
17:30
โ€“ large masses of slow-moving ice.
279
1050240
2560
- ืžืกื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช.
17:33
This kept the Arctic in balance โ€“ havingย  different elements arranged in proportion.
280
1053360
4720
ื–ื” ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ - ื‘ืขืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”.
17:38
But the effects of globalย  heating have brought us close
281
1058720
2720
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘
17:41
to a point of no return,
282
1061440
1520
ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ,
17:42
called a tipping point -ย  the time at which a change
283
1062960
2800
ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” - ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
17:45
or an effect cannot be stopped.
284
1065760
2080
ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
17:47
The situation is serious butย  thereโ€™s still time to take action
285
1067840
3360
ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”
17:51
and not simply throw your hands up
286
1071200
1840
ื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
17:53
โ€“ show frustration and despairย  when you want to give up.
287
1073040
3040
- ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ.
17:56
Thatโ€™s all for this programme, but if youย  want to find out more about climate change
288
1076640
3440
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
18:00
and Greenlandโ€™s ice sheets, searchย  BBCโ€™s Science in Action website.
289
1080080
4080
ื•ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“, ื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ BBC.
18:04
And for more trending topicsย  and useful vocabulary,
290
1084160
2800
ื•ืœืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™,
18:06
remember to join us again soonย  at 6 Minute English. Bye for now!
291
1086960
4080
ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
18:11
Goodbye!
292
1091040
2800
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
18:17
Hello. This is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
293
1097680
3840
ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
18:21
And Iโ€™m Rob.
294
1101520
1040
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
18:22
In this programme, weโ€™ll be discussing climate change
295
1102560
2640
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
18:25
and teaching you some useful vocabularyย  so you can talk about it too.
296
1105200
3840
ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
18:29
Such as 'emitters' โ€“ a word used to describe countries,
297
1109040
4480
ื›ืžื• 'ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื' โ€“ ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
18:33
industries or just things that produce harmful substances
298
1113520
4000
ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืกืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื
18:37
that harm the environment.
299
1117520
1360
ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
18:39
Substances such as carbon dioxide โ€“ an example of a greenhouse gas.
300
1119440
4720
ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ - ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ื– ื—ืžืžื”.
18:44
These gasses contribute to our warming planet.
301
1124160
2560
ื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
18:47
And weโ€™re going to be discussingย  whether the world's two
302
1127280
3120
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืฉื ื™
18:50
biggest emitters of greenhouse gases
303
1130400
2080
ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
18:52
โ€“ the USA and China - can work togetherย  for the good of the environment.
304
1132480
4720
- ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืกื™ืŸ - ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
18:58
But a question for you first, Rob.
305
1138080
2240
ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ืจื•ื‘.
19:00
In November this year, world leadersย  are due to meet at a climate conference.
306
1140320
4960
ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืืงืœื™ื.
19:05
In which city will this be taking place?
307
1145280
2800
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื?
19:08
Is it: a) Brisbane, b) Glasgow, or c) Vienna?
308
1148080
4560
ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ื‘ืจื™ืกื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘) ื’ืœื–ื’ื•, ืื• ื’) ื•ื™ื ื”?
19:13
Well, I've heard about this, so I thinkย  it's the Scottish city of Glasgow.
309
1153280
4320
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช ื’ืœื–ื’ื•.
19:18
OK, Rob, Iโ€™ll tell you ifย  you are right or wrong later.
310
1158240
2880
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื• ื˜ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:21
Letโ€™s talk more about climate change, then.
311
1161840
2880
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
19:24
Back in 2015, world leaders met in Paris.
312
1164720
3440
ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื–.
19:28
It was the first time virtually all theย  nations of the world came together to agree
313
1168160
5040
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื
19:33
they all needed to tackle the issue.
314
1173200
1680
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
19:35
Under the terms of the Paris deal,
315
1175840
2400
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–,
19:38
countries promised to come back every five years
316
1178240
2960
ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
19:41
and raise their carbon-cutting ambitions.
317
1181200
2560
ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
19:44
An 'ambition' is something you want toย  achieve even if it is difficult to do so.
318
1184320
4080
'ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช' ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื ืื ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
19:48
President Trump pulled out of this Paris agreement
319
1188960
2560
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ื–ื”,
19:51
but now President Biden has brought the USA back into it.
320
1191520
3760
ืืš ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
19:55
But the USA still has a lot to do to helpย  reduce its contribution to air pollution.
321
1195280
4960
ืื‘ืœ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
20:00
In China, where smog is a common occurrence,
322
1200880
2880
ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ืขืจืคื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”,
20:03
President Xi Jinping has pledged theย  country will be carbon neutral by 2060.
323
1203760
5360
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ืคื™ื ื’ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขื“ 2060.
20:09
That means it will do things toย  reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
324
1209760
3520
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
20:13
by the same amount that it produces.
325
1213280
2240
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ
20:16
The BBC World Serviceย  programme, The Climate Question,
326
1216400
2960
BBC World Service , The Climate Question,
20:19
has been looking at this is more detail.
327
1219360
2480
ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:21
BBC journalist, Vincent Ni, explains why Xiย  Jinpingโ€™s plans might be tricky to achieveโ€ฆ
328
1221840
5280
ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”-BBC, ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ื ื™, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ืคื™ื ื’ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ื”...
20:28
What I'm really thinking is that this is
329
1228480
2560
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื
20:31
is a real inherent paradox in today's China.
330
1231040
3680
ืฉื–ื”ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
20:35
It is leading in many ways on greenย  initiatives while at the same time
331
1235280
3840
ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
20:39
it's also a big polluterย  and greenhouse gas emitter.
332
1239120
3440
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื–ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” .
20:42
It's got to alleviate poverty,ย  as well as fight pollution.
333
1242560
4080
ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
20:46
Now, the thing to watch now is how thisย  dynamic will play out in the next few years.
334
1246640
5120
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
20:53
So, China currently has two things going on โ€“ one good,
335
1253360
3440
ืื–, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื - ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘,
20:56
one bad โ€“ an impossible situationย  because it has two opposite factors
336
1256800
4560
ืื—ื“ ืจืข - ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื
21:01
โ€“ what Vincent called a paradox.
337
1261360
2480
- ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ื›ื™ื ื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
21:04
And this paradox is that, on one hand,
338
1264560
2960
ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
21:07
China has many projects to improve the environment,
339
1267520
3200
ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
21:10
but on the other hand, it is a big polluter.
340
1270720
2880
ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
21:14
And as well as tackling pollution, Vincentย  also said China has to alleviate poverty
341
1274160
4960
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ืืžืจ ื’ื ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™
21:19
โ€“ 'alleviate' means 'make less severe or serious'.
342
1279120
3280
- 'ืœื”ืงืœ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™'.
21:23
But as weโ€™ve said, China is not alone.
343
1283200
2720
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื•, ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
21:25
The USA is another big polluter which is alsoย  trying to develop ways to 'clean up its act'
344
1285920
5360
ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžื ืกื” ื’ื ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื 'ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื”'
21:31
โ€“ an informal way of saying changeย  the way it behaves for the better.
345
1291280
3760
- ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
21:35
President Biden wants the US toย  achieve an 100% clean energy economy
346
1295760
4640
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืฉื™ื’ 100% ืžืฉืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”
21:40
and reach net zero emissions by 2050.
347
1300400
3280
ื•ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืืคืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื˜ื• ืขื“ 2050.
21:43
He also wants to create 10ย  million new โ€˜greenโ€™ jobs.
348
1303680
3520
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” 'ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื' ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
21:47
'Green' means related to protecting and helping the environment.
349
1307200
3520
'ื™ืจื•ืง' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
21:50
The former governor of California, Jerry Brown,
350
1310720
2640
ืžื•ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื’'ืจื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ,
21:53
whoโ€™s now with the California-Chinaย  Climate Institute at Berkeley,
351
1313360
4560
ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”-ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™,
21:57
also spoke to The Climate Question programme.
352
1317920
2880
ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
22:00
He thinks the USA should do its bit to help climate change,
353
1320800
3360
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
22:04
but it also involves working together, globallyโ€ฆ
354
1324160
3120
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช...
22:08
We have to really face reality
355
1328560
2720
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
22:11
with humility.
356
1331280
1280
ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”.
22:12
We put more heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere
357
1332560
4080
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื–ื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
22:16
that are still there, than China has
358
1336640
1920
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื, ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ืŸ
22:18
- that's the historical factโ€ฆ So, I think we need to stop
359
1338560
4000
- ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช... ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง
22:23
pointing fingers as though evil is outside...
360
1343120
2720
ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ...
22:26
and we have to work with China andย  Russia and Europe and everywhere else,
361
1346400
4400
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืกื™ืŸ ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ,
22:30
as partners in humankindโ€™s very dangerous path forward.
362
1350800
5360
ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
22:36
So, I'd worry more about that than figuring out all the flaws
363
1356160
4640
ืื–, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื•ืื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื
22:40
of which there are many in myย  competitive friends and enemies.
364
1360800
4400
ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
22:46
Jerry talks about facingย  the situation with humility
365
1366640
2880
ื’'ืจื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”
22:49
โ€“ so, not trying to be more important thanย  others and admitting your bad qualities.
366
1369520
4640
- ืื– ืืœ ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
22:54
He says the USA should not think evil
367
1374160
2640
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจืข
22:56
โ€“ the polluters in this case โ€“ are fromย  elsewhere. Stop pointing fingers at other people!
368
1376800
4880
- ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” - ื”ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื!
23:02
Yes. The solution, maybe, is not toย  blame others but to work together,
369
1382320
4480
ื›ืŸ. ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“,
23:06
trust each other, and make tough choicesย  rather than pointing out each otherโ€™s 'flaws'
370
1386800
4880
ืœืกืžื•ืš ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”'ืคื’ืžื™ื' ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
23:11
โ€“ faults or mistakes.
371
1391680
1600
- ืคื’ืžื™ื ืื• ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
23:13
Hopefully, many countries can work together
372
1393840
1920
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“
23:15
more when they attend thisย  yearโ€™s climate conference, Rob.
373
1395760
2640
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”, ืจื•ื‘.
23:18
But in which city?
374
1398400
1680
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขื™ืจ?
23:20
Ah, yes, I said Glasgow, in Scotland. Was I right?
375
1400080
3360
ืื”, ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœื–ื’ื•, ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“. ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
23:23
You were, Rob. Well done.
376
1403440
1600
ื”ื™ื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘. ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
23:25
World leaders are due to meet there in November this year.
377
1405040
3200
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”.
23:28
Right, now thereโ€™s just time to recap onย  some of the vocabulary we have discussed.
378
1408240
4160
ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
23:32
Yes. We talked about 'emitters'
379
1412400
2320
ื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ 'ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื'
23:34
โ€“ countries, industries or justย  things that produce โ€“ or emit โ€“
380
1414720
4240
โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืกืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ืื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื โ€“
23:38
harmful substances that harm the environment.
381
1418960
3040
ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
23:42
'Ambitions' are things you want to achieve even if they are difficult.
382
1422000
3520
'ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช' ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื.
23:45
A 'paradox' is an impossible situationย  because it has two opposite factors.
383
1425520
5280
'ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก' ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื.
23:51
To 'alleviate' means, make less severe or serious.
384
1431600
2800
'ืœื”ืงืœ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
23:55
'Humility' involves trying not to be more importantย  than others and admitting your bad qualities.
385
1435360
4880
'ืขื ื•ื•ื”' ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
24:00
And 'flaws' is another word for faults or mistakes.
386
1440800
3680
ื•'ืคื’ืžื™ื' ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืงืœื•ืช ืื• ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
24:04
Well, hopefully, there were no flaws in this programme!
387
1444480
2560
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•!
24:07
Thatโ€™s all for now, but weโ€™ll be backย  again soon to discuss more trending topics
388
1447040
4000
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
24:11
and vocabulary here at 6 Minute English. Goodbye for now!
389
1451040
3600
ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
24:14
Bye!
390
1454640
976
ื‘ื™ื™!
24:21
Hello, I'm Rob, and welcome to 6 Minute English,
391
1461120
3120
ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช,
24:24
where today weโ€™re chattingย  about a pedestrian topic
392
1464240
3280
ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ
24:27
and six items of related vocabulary.
393
1467520
2720
ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ.
24:30
Hello, Iโ€™m Neil.
394
1470240
1440
ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
24:31
A pedestrian is someone who walks aroundย  rather than travelling by car or bus.
395
1471680
4880
ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
24:36
But in Robโ€™s sentence he used the adjective,
396
1476560
2880
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ,
24:39
and in this context itย  means dull or uninteresting!
397
1479440
3280
ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืขืžื ืื• ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ!
24:42
And, of course, I was making a pun, Neil.
398
1482720
1760
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื ื™ืœ.
24:45
Because, of course, the show isย  going to be extremely interesting!
399
1485040
3360
ื›ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช!
24:48
Itโ€™s about safety on the streets
400
1488400
1840
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
24:50
โ€“ and whether pedestrianisation is a good thing or not.
401
1490240
3760
- ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœื.
24:54
Pedestrianisation means changing a street intoย  an area that can only be used by pedestrians.
402
1494880
5840
ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืจืง ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ.
25:00
Ah, well, it sounds like a good idea โ€“ย  no traffic, less noise and air pollution.
403
1500720
4480
ืื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ - ืœืœื ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืขืฉ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
25:05
And no chance of getting knocked down by a car or a bus!
404
1505760
3120
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก!
25:09
There are plans to pedestrianise Oxford Street,
405
1509600
2800
ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ,
25:12
which is one of the busiest shopping streets in London.
406
1512400
2960
ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
25:15
Thatโ€™s right. The Mayor of London wants toย  tackle โ€“ or make an effort to deal with โ€“
407
1515360
4640
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ - ืื• ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื -
25:20
air pollution in this very busy spot
408
1520000
2320
ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืžื•ืก ื”ื–ื”
25:22
โ€“ where the amount of traffic is definitely a problem!
409
1522320
2560
- ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื”!
25:25
In fact, can you tell me, Neil,
410
1525600
1760
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™, ื ื™ืœ,
25:27
whatโ€™s the average speed of a busย  travelling along Oxford Street?
411
1527360
3920
ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“?
25:31
Is it: a) 4.6 miles per hour,
412
1531840
2480
ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) 4.6 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”,
25:34
b) 14.6 miles per hour or
413
1534880
2480
ื‘) 14.6 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื” ืื•
25:38
c) 46 miles per hour?
414
1538400
1920
ื’) 46 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”?
25:41
And I think itโ€™s 14.6 miles per hour
415
1541120
3040
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” 14.6 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”
25:44
โ€“ a) sounds too slow and c) sounds too fast!
416
1544160
3200
- ื) ื ืฉืžืข ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™ ื•-ื’) ื ืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™!
25:47
OK, we'll find out the answer later on.
417
1547920
2320
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
25:50
The problem is โ€“ the trafficย  doesnโ€™t just disappear.
418
1550240
3040
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื - ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœืžืช.
25:53
You ban it from one area โ€“ andย  it gets rerouted somewhere else.
419
1553280
3600
ืืชื” ืื•ืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ - ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
25:57
Ban means to say officially that something canโ€™t be done.
420
1557600
3360
ื‘ืืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
26:00
And reroute means to change theย  direction youโ€™re travelling in,
421
1560960
2960
ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข,
26:03
in order to reach a particular destination.
422
1563920
2320
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
26:06
Thatโ€™s true, Rob. It must be a big headache for city planners.
423
1566800
3280
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘. ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื.
26:10
Well, letโ€™s listen now to Joe Urvin,ย  Chief Executive of Living Streets.
424
1570720
4560
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื’'ื• ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื›"ืœ Living Streets.
26:15
Heโ€™s going to talk some more about why trafficย  is causing problems in our towns and cities.
425
1575280
5120
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
26:22
In 1970, we had 20 million cars in this country.
426
1582720
3520
ื‘-1970 ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
26:26
Now we have over 30 million cars in such a short period.
427
1586240
3760
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฆืจื”.
26:30
So, that creates three big problems.
428
1590000
1440
ืื–, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
26:32
One is space โ€“ because weโ€™ve still got theย  same street structures in our towns and cities,
429
1592080
3920
ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืœ - ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
26:36
causing congestion. It causes pollution, whichย  people are concerned about more and more.
430
1596000
4480
ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื•ืžืกื™ื. ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
26:40
And actually, itโ€™s kind of engineering walking out of our lives.
431
1600480
3680
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
26:44
So, weโ€™re, actually, not getting enoughย  exercise, which is a cause of a health crisis.
432
1604160
3360
ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™.
26:48
Smart cities are looking at pedestrianisation
433
1608080
2800
ืขืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ
26:50
โ€“ in Glasgow, in Birmingham, inย  London for example, Manchester โ€“
434
1610880
4720
- ื‘ื’ืœื–ื’ื•, ื‘ื‘ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ -
26:55
as a way of not only making their places,ย  cities better and more attractive,
435
1615600
4560
ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืขืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
27:00
actually, building their local economy.
436
1620160
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
27:04
So, Neil Urvin identifies three problems
437
1624480
2480
ืื–, ื ื™ืœ ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
27:06
โ€“ the first is that our cityย  streets have stayed the same
438
1626960
3760
- ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืฉืืจื• ื–ื”ื™ื
27:10
while the number of cars on theย  roads has increased dramatically.
439
1630720
3760
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
27:15
Thatโ€™s right โ€“ and this has led to congestion on our roads.
440
1635280
3600
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
27:18
Congestion means too much traffic, making it hard to move.
441
1638880
3520
ืขื•ืžืก ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
27:22
The second problem is pollutionย  โ€“ which we mentioned earlier.
442
1642960
3440
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื - ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
27:26
Pollution is damage to the environmentย  caused by releasing waste substances
443
1646400
4400
ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ืจื ืžืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช
27:30
such as carbon dioxide into the air.
444
1650800
2640
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
27:33
And the third problem is that byย  travelling around on buses or in our cars
445
1653440
3920
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
27:37
we arenโ€™t getting enough exercise.
446
1657360
2240
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
27:39
And we all know thatโ€™s a bad thing!
447
1659600
2400
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข!
27:42
Would pedestrianisation engineer walkingย  back into our lives do you think?
448
1662000
4400
ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชืš ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจย ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•?
27:46
Iโ€™m not sure, Neil.
449
1666400
1360
ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื ื™ืœ.
27:47
It would be great if we could go shoppingย  or walk to work without breathing in fumes
450
1667760
4480
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื“ื™ื
27:52
or worrying about getting knocked down by a car.
451
1672240
2160
ืื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
27:54
But banning all motorisedย  traffic from town centres
452
1674960
3040
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื
27:58
might make life difficultย  for people to get around.
453
1678000
2560
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื™ื™ื“.
28:01
Well, Iโ€™m not a town planner โ€“ย  and I donโ€™t have the answers.
454
1681200
2960
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืขืจื™ื - ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
28:04
But I would like to know if I got the answerย  right to the question you asked me earlier!
455
1684160
4640
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ!
28:08
OK, well, I asked you: Whatโ€™s the averageย  speed of a bus travelling along Oxford Street?
456
1688800
5360
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš: ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“?
28:14
Is itโ€ฆ a) 4.6mph, b) 14.6mph
457
1694880
4160
ื”ืื ื–ื”... ื) 4.6 ืงืž"ืฉ, ื‘) 14.6 ืงืž"ืฉ
28:20
or c) 46mph?
458
1700320
1200
ืื• ื’) 46 ืงืž"ืฉ?
28:22
And I said 14.6mph.
459
1702720
2960
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ 14.6 ืงืž"ืฉ.
28:25
And thatโ€™s not slow enough, Neil, Iโ€™m afraid.
460
1705680
2640
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื™ื˜ื™, ื ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ.
28:28
The answer is actually 4.6mph.
461
1708320
3200
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” 4.6 ืงืž"ืฉ.
28:31
And we pedestrians walk at anย  average speed of 3.1mph, apparently!
462
1711520
5120
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ 3.1 ืงืž"ืฉ, ื›ื ืจืื”!
28:36
Oh, good to know.
463
1716640
1360
ื”ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช.
28:38
OK โ€“ shall we go over the words we learned today, Rob?
464
1718000
2960
ื‘ืกื“ืจ - ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘?
28:40
Sure โ€“ the first one is โ€˜pedestrianโ€™
465
1720960
2480
ื‘ื˜ื— - ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื 'ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ'
28:43
โ€“ a person who is walking, usuallyย  in an area where thereโ€™s traffic.
466
1723440
3760
- ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ืœืš, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื ื•ืขื”.
28:47
โ€˜Sorry โ€“ you canโ€™t ride your bike here.ย  This path is for pedestrians only.โ€™
467
1727760
4000
'ืกืœื™ื—ื” - ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ืืŸ. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.'
28:52
The adjective โ€“ โ€˜This bookย  is full of very pedestrianย ย 
468
1732320
3120
ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ - 'ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ
28:55
ideas. I wouldnโ€™t read it if I were you.โ€™
469
1735440
2720
. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืš ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื–ื”.โ€™
28:58
Iโ€™ve crossed it off my list, Neil. Thank you.
470
1738160
1760
ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™, ื ื™ืœ. ืชื•ื“ื”.
29:00
OK โ€“ number two is 'to tackle' something,
471
1740480
2320
ื‘ืกื“ืจ - ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 'ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“' ืขื ืžืฉื”ื•,
29:02
which means to make an effort toย  deal with a difficult problem.
472
1742800
3200
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
29:06
For example, โ€˜The government isnโ€™t reallyย  tackling the problem of air pollution.
473
1746000
4400
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, 'ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
29:10
It needs to do much more.โ€™
474
1750400
1920
ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.'
29:12
Very true.
475
1752320
1120
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
29:13
OK, โ€˜banโ€™ means to officiallyย  say that something canโ€™t be done.
476
1753440
3920
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, 'ืื™ืกื•ืจ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•. '
29:17
โ€˜The UK government will ban the saleย  of diesel and petrol cars from 2040.โ€™
477
1757360
5280
ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืชืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื–ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 2040.'
29:22
And number four is โ€˜rerouteโ€™ which means toย  change the direction youโ€™re travelling in.
478
1762640
5200
ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื•ื 'ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ' ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข. '
29:27
โ€˜The council has rerouted allย  buses to avoid the town centre.โ€™
479
1767840
4160
ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ื™ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ'. '
29:32
โ€˜Congestionโ€™ is number five โ€“ too muchย  traffic, making it difficult to move.
480
1772000
4160
ืขื•ืžืก' ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
29:37
โ€˜Road congestion always gets better in theย  summer when a lot of car drivers are on holiday.โ€™
481
1777120
4640
'ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื”.'
29:41
Hm, thatโ€™s true, isnโ€™t it?
482
1781760
1360
ื”ืžืž, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื?
29:43
London always seems emptier in July and August.
483
1783120
2720
ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ืจื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜.
29:45
Except for all the tourists walkingย  around โ€“ congesting the streets!
484
1785840
3360
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื - ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช!
29:49
Very funny! And finally, number six is โ€˜pollutionโ€™
485
1789200
3280
ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืžืื•ื“! ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื 'ื–ื™ื”ื•ื'
29:52
โ€“ which is damage to the environmentย  caused by releasing waste substances
486
1792480
4080
- ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ืจื ืžืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช
29:56
such as carbon dioxide into the air, or plastic into the sea.
487
1796560
3440
ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื.
30:00
โ€˜You can help reduce air pollution by walkingย  to work every day instead of driving.โ€™
488
1800880
4160
'ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’.โ€™
30:05
Are you talking to me,ย  Neil? I always walk to work!
489
1805600
2800
ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™, ื ื™ืœ? ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”!
30:08
I know you do, Rob โ€“ youโ€™re an example to us all!
490
1808400
2960
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ - ืืชื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•!
30:11
OK, thatโ€™s all we have time for today.
491
1811360
2320
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื.
30:13
But please donโ€™t forget to visit us viaย  our Twitter, Facebook and YouTube pages!
492
1813680
4400
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื“ืจืš ื“ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ื”-YouTube ืฉืœื ื•!
30:18
Goodbye!
493
1818080
560
30:18
Bye bye!
494
1818640
500
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7