World Space Week: For all humankind

15,137 views ใƒป 2021-10-08

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
Law is complex and doesn't always have a good reputation.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:05
But this episode will show the law at its best,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื•,
00:08
helping all humanity build a future amongst the stars.
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ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:14
If an astronaut gets lost in space, who comes to the rescue?
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ืื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ?
00:18
And how can the law help make a place for everyone in orbit?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ?
00:28
First โ€“ something right out of the movies:
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ืจืืฉื™ืช - ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื:
00:31
what happens in a space emergency?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
00:35
We've seen, in earlier episodes, how astronauts have to follow the law
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ืจืื™ื ื•, ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง
00:39
of their own country when they're in space.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
00:42
The law isn't just something that you have to obey;
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื•;
00:44
it protects you too.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœื™ืš.
00:47
So, what happens when you're a long way from home?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช?
00:50
How could your country's laws protect you?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš?
00:53
If an Indian astronaut got into trouble in space,
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ืื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืงืœืข ืœืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
00:56
international law says it's not just India's responsibility to help.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
01:01
The Outer Space Treaty and Rescue Agreement
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื”
01:04
means that other countries should attempt to help.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
01:07
More than 130 countries have signed the OST.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-130 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”-OST.
01:13
And if an astronaut crash-lands in another country,
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ื•ืื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืžืชืจืกืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
01:16
the treaty means that they have to be returned home safely.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.
01:20
So, has the Rescue Treaty ever been needed?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื”?
01:24
Here's space lawyer, Deepika Jayakodi:
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื“ื™ืคื™ืงื” ื’'ื™ืืงื•ื“ื™:
01:27
In reality, there hasn't been a case
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื”
01:30
where astronauts have been rescued.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฆื•.
01:35
When the Apollo 13 mission was going on,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืืคื•ืœื• 13 ื ืžืฉื›ื”,
01:40
there was a risk that people anticipated.
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ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•.
01:46
The mission had to be aborted
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”
01:48
and, although nothing crazy happened,
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, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื ืงืจื”,
01:52
then USSR offered to assist USA
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ืื– ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืืจื”"ื‘
01:57
in case they had to rescue astronauts.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:01
Although astronauts haven't yet needed to be rescued,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื,
02:04
the USSR offered help to American astronauts
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ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืขื–ืจื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
02:08
when the Apollo mission went wrong.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืืคื•ืœื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉื”.
02:11
So, what if a country didn't help?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ?
02:14
A country can be held responsible
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช
02:17
and by holding someone responsible,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจืื™,
02:19
it could mean that you look into other provisions
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:24
under international law, to see if they can provide a compensation,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™,
02:28
or just to show that you haven't fulfilled
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ืื• ืกืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื™ืœืืชื
02:33
a moral and a legal obligation to do something.
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ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:36
Countries that don't help might have to pay compensation,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื,
02:40
and it would damage their reputation.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:43
What about private companies?
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ืžื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช?
02:45
Private companies come under... under the control of a country.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:49
So, if a country is obligated to render this assistance,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืกื™ื•ืข ื–ื”,
02:52
then the private company is obligated as well.
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ืื– ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:55
Companies also have to help astronauts in need,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
02:59
because they come under the control of countries.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:02
Deepika explained how a new agreement,
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ื“ื™ืคื™ืงื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:05
called the Artemis Accords, strengthened the Rescue Agreement.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก, ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื”.
03:09
The Artemis Accords states that
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ื”ืกื›ื ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืื
03:13
if there is someone in danger,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”,
03:16
if they require emergency assistance,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื™ืจื•ื,
03:19
then the countries or even the companies
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ืื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:23
who are working on the Moon โ€“ they should be...
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— - ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช...
03:27
they should extend help to those in need.
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ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืขื–ืจื” ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื.
03:30
The Artemis Accords echo the Rescue Agreement.
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ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื”.
03:34
They say countries and companies working on the Moon
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
03:38
must help those in need.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื.
03:40
The rescue agreement remains a good example
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ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
03:43
of how space law shows lawmakers at their best.
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ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืจืื” ืœืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื.
03:47
There's something very solid,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง,
03:49
which shows just how well we can work together,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
03:51
and it's probably gone right over your head.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœืš ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
03:57
Two small spacecraft,
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ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
03:59
locked together high above the Earth.
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ื ื ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:02
These are the Russian Zarya and the American Unity,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื–ืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
04:06
joining together in 1998.
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘-1998.
04:10
They might not look like much, but they grew
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื•
04:13
into one of humanity's greatest achievements.
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ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:16
Bit by bit, spinning through the skies,
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ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื,
04:19
the structure grew to become the International Space Station.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
04:23
It came about after the end of the Cold War:
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”:
04:27
a symbol of hope more than 400km above the Earth.
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ืกืžืœ ืœืชืงื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -400 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:31
It's more than 100m wide and getting bigger,
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ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืž' ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ,
04:35
circling the Earth fifteen times a day.
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ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
04:39
It's home to astronauts from all over the globe,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:42
from countries that haven't always been friendly,
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ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
04:46
working together to help us understand the universe.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:52
So, how did people ever agree to build this together?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“?
04:56
Here's space lawyer, Jessica Noble, to explain:
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœ, ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉืชืกื‘ื™ืจ:
04:59
So, in order to build the International Space Station,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืงื™ื
05:03
a multilateral treaty needed to be put in place.
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ืืžื ื” ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช .
05:07
Now, a multilateral treaty is an agreement
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ื›ืขืช, ืืžื ื” ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื
05:10
between more than one nation,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืžื” ืื—ืช,
05:13
and a group of nations had come together
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื”
05:17
in support of building the International Space Station.
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ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
05:20
So, this was the United States,
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ืื–, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:23
Russia, Canada, Japan
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ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื”, ื™ืคืŸ
05:26
and the European countries,
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
05:29
which comprise the membership of the European Space Agency.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
05:33
Fifteen nations partnered to build the International Space Station.
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15 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
05:38
They needed to sign an agreement called a multilateral treaty โ€“
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืžื ื” ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช -
05:43
an agreement between more than one country.
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ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช.
05:46
So, on the ISS, do all the astronauts follow one set of laws?
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ืื–, ื‘-ISS, ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืช?
05:52
You have the intergovernmental agreement,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
05:54
which applies to the activities on the International Space Station,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
05:59
but each country that contributed to the ISS
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœ-ISS
06:03
contributed a portion of hardware to it,
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ืชืจืžื” ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”,
06:08
and in each of these hardware segments, or elements,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืื• ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:13
the country's national law applies.
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ื—ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
06:16
So, for the US element, US national law applies in that segment.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื—ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืข.
06:23
In the Russian element, Russian law applies in that segment.
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ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื—ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืข.
06:30
So, you have... you have different national laws
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœืš... ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:34
that govern activities in those individual segments of the ISS.
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ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”-ISS.
06:39
The law of the nation that built each part of the ISS
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืชื” ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”-ISS
06:43
applies in that part that the country built.
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ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ืชื”.
06:47
So, American laws in the American bits,
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ืื–, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
06:49
Russian laws in the Russian bits.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื.
06:51
But does any one country have more power than any other up there?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
06:56
No one country has more power than...
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ืœืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ...
07:00
than another under the intergovernmental agreement.
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ืžืื—ืจืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
07:05
This is a true multilateral agreement amongst these...
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
07:10
these countries who are partners on the International Space Station.
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ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
07:14
The agreement about the ISS means no one country
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ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”-ISS ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
07:18
has more legal power on the International Space Station.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
07:21
Does that apply to the scientific work they're doing up there?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
07:25
There's a concept of cooperation
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ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
07:31
and sharing of information related to scientific discoveries
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ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
07:37
on board the International Space Station.
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ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
07:40
So... and this actually comes from the Outer Space Treaty as well,
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ืื–... ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืžืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
07:46
and the idea that scientific discoveries made in space
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ื•ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ
07:50
should be shared with all countries.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
07:53
So, if you're a partner on the International Space Station
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
07:57
and you are making discoveries on the ISS,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘-ISS,
08:00
that information needs to be made public.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
08:03
All discoveries made in space should be for everyone.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
08:07
That means all the scientific discoveries
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
08:09
made on the International Space Station
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ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
08:11
should also be for everyone.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
08:14
The International Space Station:
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ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช:
08:16
a marvel of complicated technology and complicated lawmaking.
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ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช.
08:21
It shows how the rules of space law help rivals work together
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœืœื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“
08:25
now and hopefully into the future,
133
505800
2800
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
08:28
as we head out into the stars.
134
508600
3560
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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