The people vs big business - BBC Learning English

41,791 views ใƒป 2021-10-14

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:01
Multinational corporations can be huge โ€“
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ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื™ื -
00:05
even richer than some countries.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:07
We'll show you how ordinary people have taken on massive corporations,
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ื ืจืื” ืœืš ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš
00:12
using the power of the law.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
00:15
The longest running libel case in British legal history:
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ืชื™ืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช:
00:20
the two friends who took on the might of McDonald's...
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก...
00:23
Cancelled flights: the reason you can now get your money back in Europe...
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ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช: ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืขืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืกืคืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”...
00:32
First, you might have heard of McLibel,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ ืžืงืœื™ื‘ืœ,
00:35
the longest running libel case in history in England.
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ืžืงืจื” ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
00:41
Activists Helen Steel and David Morris handed out a leaflet
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืขืœื•ืŸ
00:45
called 'What's wrong with McDonald's?'
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ื‘ืฉื 'ืžื” ืจืข ื‘ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก?'
00:48
It said McDonald's encouraged litter, was cruel to animals and its workers,
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื”ืชืื›ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”
00:53
and destroyed the rainforests.
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ื•ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื.
00:56
But McDonald's fought back, demanding that the activists apologise
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ื ืœื—ืžื” ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ
01:01
or go to court...
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ืื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜...
01:03
which they did.
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ.
01:05
Well, the British judge said McDonald's were right
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ืฆื“ืงื•
01:09
and ordered Helen and David to pay ยฃ60,000 damages,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 60,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜,
01:14
which was later reduced to ยฃ40,000,
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ืฉืฆื•ืžืฆืžื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-40,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜,
01:17
but the case didn't end there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืง ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืฉื.
01:20
The activists went to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg,
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืคื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’,
01:25
taking action against the UK government this time.
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ื•ื ืงื˜ื• ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:30
They said, because they didn't have access to legal aid,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™,
01:34
they didn't have a fair trial.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
01:36
The court in Strasbourg agreed and also said
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืžืจ
01:40
their right to freedom of speech had not been protected.
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ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช.
01:44
The UK government was ordered to pay ยฃ57,000!
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื 57,000 ืคืื•ื ื“!
01:49
So, to find out more about why this case went to an international court,
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ืื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
01:54
let's speak to one of the lawyers involved โ€“ Mark Stephens.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื - ืžืืจืง ืกื˜ืคื ืก.
01:58
When you go to the European Court, you're taking a case โ€“
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืชื™ืง -
02:01
it's not an appeal โ€“ you're taking a case against the British government,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขืจืขื•ืจ - ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืชื™ืง ื ื’ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
02:05
because the British government hasn't assured
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ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”
02:07
the basic minimum standards of human rights.
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ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
02:10
So, what we were doing was publicly pointing out
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™
02:13
that there had been problems with the trial
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜
02:16
because they had not had legal representation,
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™,
02:18
which they should have done.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:20
As Mark says, David and Helen didn't have a fair trial in the UK,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืง ืื•ืžืจ, ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืœืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
02:26
so they were able to take a new case to the European Court.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
02:30
So, what helped Helen and David?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“?
02:32
I think one of the things about McLibel, which isn't properly understood,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงืœื™ื‘ืœ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™,
02:36
is the sort of David and Goliath element,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช,
02:39
in the sense that Steel and Morris didn't have the benefit of lawyers
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ
02:44
and so the judge gave them very great latitude
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
02:47
in the asking of their questions, the framing of their questions
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ืฉืื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืกื’ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:50
and the way in which they were able to comment.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
02:53
And as a result, they were able to get things into the case,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื™ืง,
02:56
which a team of lawyers would have just been prevented from doing,
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ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช,
03:01
and that played to their real advantage.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
03:04
And I think there's another issue as well, which is that
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช , ืฉื”ื™ื
03:07
Steel and Morris were indigent: they were smart, but they had no money.
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ืฉืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื: ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืกืฃ.
03:11
They had nothing to lose; they had no house to lose.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“; ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“.
03:14
Other people, who were also in the group,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
03:16
settled out early with McDonald's,
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ื”ืชืžืงืžื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืขื ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก,
03:18
because they didn't want to lose their homes.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
03:21
Mark says Helen and David had nothing to lose, and that was an advantage.
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ืžืืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
03:27
Ultimately, should big companies be allowed to sue individuals?
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื?
03:31
One of the real benefits for society, and a great outcome from this case,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืžื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
03:35
is that the law has now been amended so that companies can't sue for libel,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืชื•ืงืŸ ื›ืขืช ื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข,
03:42
because libel is about an individual's hurt feelings
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ื›ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
03:45
and of course a company doesn't have feelings.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
03:48
Of course, you know, directors and officers of a company
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
03:52
can sue for libel, but not a company any more.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:55
So, this case couldn't be brought in the modern era,
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ืื–, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
03:58
following these law reforms as a result of the McLibel case.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื™ืง ืžืงืœื™ื‘ืœ.
04:02
Companies now can't do this: this case resulted in UK law being changed
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืขืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช: ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
04:08
so companies can't sue for libel.
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”.
04:11
Mark Stephens showed us that not only can
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ืžืืจืง ืกื˜ืคื ืก ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
04:14
individuals take on these massive companies in court,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืง ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
04:18
they can sometimes even change the law
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
04:21
to help other individuals in future.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
04:25
If you've ever had a flight cancelled,
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื˜ื™ืกื”,
04:28
you might have been able to claim compensation.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.
04:31
And that could be because of one woman.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ
04:34
Friederike Wallentin-Hermann's flight was cancelled
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ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื”
04:38
because the plane broke down.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืชืงืœืงืœ.
04:40
The airline, Alitalia, said this was an 'exceptional circumstance' โ€“
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืืœื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช" -
04:46
something very unusual and unpredictable โ€“
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ -
04:49
so they wouldn't refund customers the money they'd lost.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื•.
04:53
Friederike took this case to court,
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ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืงื” ืคื ืชื” ืœืชื™ืง ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
04:56
where a judge said that engine failure should be expected.
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ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข.
05:00
The case went to higher European courts, but they said the same thing.
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ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” , ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:05
Friederike got her money back
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ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืงื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื›ืกืคื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
05:07
and now all European customers are entitled to refunds
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื
05:12
for cancelled flights because of mechanical problems.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:16
Let's speak to aviation lawyer Tony Payne
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ื™ืŸ
05:19
about the impact one small case can have.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงืจื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“.
05:22
While it might only be a...
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง...
05:24
perceived as a small amount of money for one person,
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ื ืชืคืก ื›ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืื—ื“,
05:29
the reality of the situation is there are a lot of people
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
05:32
on any one flight and... and there are a lot of flights.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืื—ืช ื•... ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช.
05:36
And, by application therefore,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื,
05:39
what you can see is one poor decision can have a floodgate effect.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจ.
05:45
And while this might only be ยฃ250,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง 250 ืคืื•ื ื“,
05:49
these sorts of claims, almost in a class action likeness,
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ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:53
can end up being a very, very significant cost for an airline.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ืคื”.
05:57
That shows that one person taking a company to court and winning
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื ืฆื—
06:02
can make it more likely for others to win too.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื–ื›ื•.
06:06
Will multinationals win in court
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ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
06:08
because they have more money than an individual?
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™?
06:12
While it might be the perception
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ืืžื ื ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”
06:14
that the airlines have bottomless amounts of money,
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ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืœื ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ
06:17
that certainly is not the case: this...
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”: ื–ื”...
06:19
they run very, very tight margins,
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื,
06:22
which allows consumers like you and I
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืš ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™
06:25
to purchase airline tickets at very low cost.
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
06:29
So, they are in fact... can be losing a very significant amount of money
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ืื–, ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื”... ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“
06:33
when these cases go against them.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื.
06:37
What Tony's saying is that airlines aren't as rich as they seem
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ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช
06:42
and don't have unlimited money, so they can be in real danger
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช
06:47
when a lot of people take them on in court.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
06:50
So, can one case change the law?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง?
06:53
Well, it's the basis on which the law is...
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง...
06:56
law is modified. So, the law is made by...
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื”. ืื–, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™...
07:00
by Parliament, or by the European Commission in this case,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”,
07:05
or the European Parliament, and the law will be modified
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ืื• ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉื•ื ื”
07:09
as the courts look to interpret
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืœืคืจืฉ
07:12
the way in which that law has been created.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ.
07:15
So, it does happen every day of the week:
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข:
07:18
you know, the courts are in session all of the time
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
07:20
at different levels and the... that...
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ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”... ืฉ...
07:24
those statutes โ€“ that law is being interpreted.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” - ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคืจืฉ.
07:27
So, it is something that is happening very, very regularly.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
07:32
In the aviation context,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”,
07:34
you might see something like this every six months โ€“
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื -
07:38
that there is, sort of, significant new law coming about,
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ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืจืš, ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
07:41
but I can tell you that, you know,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
07:43
there are hundreds and hundreds of these claims on for...
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ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขืœ...
07:47
sometimes for any one airline at any one time. So, it's a...
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ืื–, ื–ื”...
07:51
it's a significant likelihood that you are seeing these things happen.
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ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื•ืจื™ื.
07:55
This means that although parliaments or other bodies make the laws,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
08:00
action by small people in court can and does have a real effect
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช
08:06
in changing how the law is interpreted in court cases.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜.
08:10
That case might have left us wondering
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืชื•ื”ื™ื
08:13
why Alitalia decided to go to court not once, but twice!
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืืœื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื!
08:18
Tony explained that people can have a real impact on big companies.
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ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:23
Often lots of people make the same complaint.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืœื•ื ื”.
08:27
He also showed that the way the law is used
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง
08:30
is changed and updated by people like you going to court.
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืš ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
08:36
We also showed you how, when a national court fails you,
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ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืœืš ื’ื ืื™ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš,
08:40
you can take your case to an international court.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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