Restoring trust in science - 6 Minute English

94,605 views ใƒป 2022-06-30

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:07
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:11
Iโ€™m Sam. And Iโ€™m Rob.
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ืื ื™ ืกืื. ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
00:13
Once in a while along comes a scientist who captures theย 
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช
00:16
public imagination and communicatesย 
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
00:19
their passion for science in an exciting and understandable way.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ืช.
00:23
In this programme, weโ€™ll be meeting one of Americaโ€™s best-knownย 
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื“
00:27
popular scientists. Astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson. Heโ€™s a man with aย 
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื ื™ืœ ื“ื”-ื’ืจืืก ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืขื
00:32
gift for communicating and inspiring people with his television shows andย 
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ืžืชื ื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื•
00:36
books on cosmology โ€“ the study of the origin and nature of the universe.
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ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” - ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:41
In his day job he runs the Hayden Planetarium in New Yorkโ€™s Americanย 
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ
00:45
Museum of Natural History, but Neilโ€™s real mission is to encourageย 
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸย ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“
00:49
scientific thinking among the American public.
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
00:52
Weโ€™ll be hearing from the famous astronomer, and learningย 
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ื ืฉืžืข ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื ืœืžื“
00:55
some new vocabulary, soon. But first I have a questionย 
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ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ . ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”
00:58
for you, Sam. Science is ever-changing with new discoveries updating ourย 
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ืืœื™ืš, ืกื. ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืขื ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื“ื›ื ื•ืช ืืช
01:03
understanding all the time. For centuries, the Earth wasย 
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
01:07
thought to be the centre of the Universe - but who was theย 
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื - ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื”
01:10
first astronomer to have the correct idea that,ย 
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:13
in fact, the Earth and the planets revolve around theย 
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘
01:16
Sun? Was it a) Nicolaus Copernicusย 
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื) ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก
01:19
b) Isaac Newton c) Galileo Galilei
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ื‘) ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’) ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™
01:23
Hmm, Iโ€™ll say it was c) Galileo.
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ื”ืžืž, ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’) ื’ืœื™ืœืื•.
01:26
OK, Sam. Iโ€™ll reveal the correct answer later in the programme.ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื. ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:30
Recent events likeย 
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ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•
01:31
the Covid pandemic and climate crisis have put scientists underย 
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ืžื’ื™ืคืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ
01:35
pressure from critics motivated by political views. Neil deGrasseย 
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ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื ื™ืœ ื“ื”-ื’ืจืืก
01:39
Tyson thinks facts are not dependent on politics,ย 
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ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:43
but should be established with the scientific method, aย 
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ืืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
01:46
process of finding the truth through testing and experimentation.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:50
Hereโ€™s Neil explaining more about theย 
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ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ
01:52
scientific method to BBC World Service programme, HardTalk.
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, HardTalk.
01:57
If you have a brilliant idea and you test it and it unearths soย 
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
02:01
much of what has been known before, weโ€™re gonna double-check thatย 
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉ-
02:04
โ€“ the rest of us โ€“ weโ€™ll say, โ€˜But did he do it? Did he crossย 
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- ื›ื•ืœื ื• - ื ื’ื™ื“, 'ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื” ืืช
02:07
his tโ€™s and dot his iโ€™s? Did he โ€ฆ Let me check the powerย 
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ื”-t ืฉืœื• ื•ื ืงื“ ืืช ื”-i ืฉืœื•? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื... ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช
02:10
thatโ€™s driving his experiment, you know, the wall current,ย 
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ืงื™ืจ,
02:14
let me check how that was conceived and doneโ€™.ย 
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ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืข'.
02:16
And if no-one can duplicate your results, itโ€™s not a result.
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ื•ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ื–ื• ืœื ืชื•ืฆืื”.
02:21
Before scientists can confirm the truth of an experiment,ย 
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
02:24
their findings must be doubled-checked - making certainย 
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ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื - ืœื•ื•ื“ื
02:27
something is correct by carefully examining it again. Thisย 
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
02:32
process is called โ€˜peer reviewโ€™ - other scientists double-checkingย 
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื' - ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
02:36
the experiment to make sure everything was done correctly.ย 
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”.
02:40
One way they do this is to duplicate, or repeat, theย 
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ
02:43
experiment to see if they get the same result.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”.
02:46
In other words, Neil wants scientists to have crossedย 
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื—ืฆื• ืืช
02:49
the tโ€™s and dotted the iโ€™s, a phrase which means payingย 
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ื”-t ื•ื™ืงื“ื• ืืช ื”-i, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ื
02:53
attention to the small details of whatever you are doing.
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ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
02:57
A scientific approach requires an open mind and critical thinking,ย 
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืจืืฉ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช,
03:02
but Neil believes the most important thing is to know the differenceย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืœ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
03:05
between fact and opinion. People have opinions about all kindsย 
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื“ืขื”. ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™
03:09
of things but that doesnโ€™t make what they believe a fact.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
03:13
Yet fact and opinion are becoming harder to separate. As protests byย 
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ืฉืœ
03:18
anti-vaccine groups and climate change deniers have shown, many Americans,ย 
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื , ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:23
even presidents, seem suspicious of scientific fact. Itโ€™s a worrying trendย 
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฉื™ืื™ื, ื ืจืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ื–ื• ืžื’ืžื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ื”
03:29
that Neil thinks is a result of the US education system,ย 
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ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
03:33
as he told BBC World Service programme, HardTalk.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service , HardTalk.
03:38
It has to do with how scienceย 
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
03:39
is taught in schools. Itโ€™s currently taught as a body of information,ย 
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ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ. ื›ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:44
a satchel of facts that are imparted upon you and then you regurgitateย 
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ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืกืจื•ืช ืœืš ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ
03:49
that for an exam. Thatโ€™s an aspect of science, but itโ€™s not the mostย 
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ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื
03:53
important part of science. The most important part of scienceย 
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข
03:56
is knowing how to question things and knowing whenย 
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ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™
04:00
an answer has emerged that represents an objective truth about this world.
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ืฆืฆื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
04:06
Neil says that science is taught by encouraging students to regurgitateย 
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ื ื™ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ืข ื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช
04:10
facts - to repeat information without properly understanding it.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช - ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืจืื•ื™.
04:14
Knowledge is important,ย 
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ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:16
but whatโ€™s also needed is a questioning attitude than canย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ืืœืช ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”
04:19
recognise objective truth - a truth about the natural worldย 
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช - ืืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
04:24
which is not influenced by human bias, opinions or emotion.ย 
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ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื“ืขื•ืช ืื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
04:29
Without that, anyone is free to call whateverย 
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื”
04:32
they like a โ€˜factโ€™, which only leads to chaos.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ "ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”", ืžื” ืฉืจืง ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืื•ืก.
04:35
Right. No matter how hard I believe that the Moonย 
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ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืจื—
04:39
is made of cheese, or the Sun goes round around the Earth,ย 
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:42
believing it doesnโ€™t make it true.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืžืช.
04:44
That sounds like something Neil deGrasse Tyson wouldย 
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืœ ื“ื”-ื’ืจืืก ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:46
agree with โ€“ and maybe Galileo too!
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ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื• - ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ืœืื•!
04:49
Yes. In my question I asked who first came up with theย 
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ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžื™ ื”ื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช
04:52
idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:55
And I said it was Renaissance astronomer, Galileo.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืจื ืกื ืก, ื’ืœื™ืœืื•.
04:59
Which was the wrong answer, Iโ€™m afraid. Galileo knew theย 
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ. ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื™ื“ืข ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ
05:04
Earth revolved around the Sun, but the first personย 
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ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:06
with the idea was Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus,ย 
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ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก,
05:11
in 1543 โ€“ unfortunately, centuries before the invention of televisionย 
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1543 - ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
05:16
could spread the news of this objective truth โ€“ a provableย 
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ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• -
05:20
truth which is uninfluenced by human bias or opinion.
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ืืžืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื• ื“ืขื”.
05:24
OK, letโ€™s recap the rest of the vocabulary from our chatย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฆ'ืื˜ ืฉืœื ื•
05:27
about American scientist Neil deGrasse Tyson and hisย 
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื™ืœ ื“ื”-ื’ืจืืก ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ
05:32
love of cosmology - the study of the Universe.
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ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” - ื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
05:35
To double-check something means to make certain itโ€™s correct byย 
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
05:38
carefully re-examining it. One way scientists do this is toย 
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื
05:42
duplicate, or repeat exactly, an experiment.
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ืœืฉื›ืคืœ, ืื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
05:46
The idiom โ€˜cross the tโ€™s and dot the iโ€™sโ€™ means to pay closeย 
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”-t's ื•ืœื ืงื“ ืืช ื”-i' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ื
05:50
attention to the details of what you are doing.
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ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
05:53
And finally, if you regurgitate facts, you just repeat them withoutย 
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืืชื” ืžืขืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™
05:57
properly understanding them โ€“ something a true scientistย 
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ - ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื“ืขืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™
06:01
would never do!
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”!
06:02
Once again, our six minutes are up. Goodbye for now!
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:05
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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