Optimists vs pessimists - 6 Minute English

242,916 views ใƒป 2022-03-31

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:08
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:11
Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:12
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:13
We often hear phrases such as, โ€˜dream bigโ€™
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• 'ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ'
00:16
or, โ€˜reach for the starsโ€™ which reflect
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ืื• 'ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื' ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื
00:18
an optimistic view of life.
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ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:20
Are you an optimist, Sam?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™, ืกื?
00:22
I hope so!
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”!
00:23
I try to see the positive side
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
00:25
of life, even when something bad happens.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงื•ืจื”.
00:28
It sounds like youโ€™re a glass-half-full person โ€“
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืœื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก -
00:31
someone who always thinks
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
00:32
that good things will happen.
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•.
00:34
How about you, Neil?
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ืžื” ืื™ืชืš, ื ื™ืœ?
00:36
Are you optimistic?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™?
00:37
Look, things go wrong all the time -
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ืชืจืื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ -
00:39
thatโ€™s a fact of life.
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:40
Call me a pessimist
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ืชืงืจืื• ืœื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™
00:41
if you like but Iโ€™m just being realistic.
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™.
00:43
Hmm, it sounds like Neil is more
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ื”ืžืž, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืŸ
00:45
of a glass-half-empty person, but the
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ืื“ื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก ืจื™ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ
00:48
truth is that the age-old debate between
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:51
optimism and pessimism is
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช
00:52
more complex than we think.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:54
Yes, whether youโ€™re a sunny
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืฉ
00:55
optimist or a gloomy pessimist may
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ืื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ ืงื•ื“ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™
00:58
be determined more by your birthplace
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš
01:00
and your age than your attitude, as weโ€™ll
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ื•ื’ื™ืœืš ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื”
01:02
be finding out in this programme.
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
01:04
Great. Iโ€™ve got a good feeling about this, Neil!
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืœ!
01:07
But first, as usual, I have a question for you, Sam.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ืกืื.
01:10
Psychologists define optimism as an attitude
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื™ืฉื”
01:13
which overestimates the chances of good
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ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:15
things happening to you, while underestimating
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ื™ืงืจื• ืœืš, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ
01:18
the chances of bad things occurring.
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ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื™ืงืจื•.
01:20
So, what proportion of the British population,
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,
01:23
do you think, describe themselves as optimistic?
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื?
01:27
Is it: a) 20 percent?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) 20 ืื—ื•ื–?
01:28
b) 50 percent?
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ื‘) 50 ืื—ื•ื–?
01:29
or, c) 80 percent?
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ืื•, ื’) 80 ืื—ื•ื–?
01:31
Iโ€™ll choose the largest โ€“ 80 percentโ€ฆ
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ืื ื™ ืื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ - 80 ืื—ื•ื–...
01:33
OK, Sam. Weโ€™ll find out if your optimistic
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื. ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืš
01:36
answer is the correct one later in
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš
01:38
the programme.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:39
Someone who probably wouldnโ€™t agree with you,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชืš,
01:41
though, is BBC World Service listener, Hannah.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ BBC World Service, ื”ืื ื”.
01:44
Hannah grew up in Germany
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ื”ืื ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
01:45
before moving to the United States.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
01:48
She thinks Americans tend to be more
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:50
optimistic than people back home
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
01:52
in Germany, as she told BBC World Service
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ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service
01:55
programme, CrowdScience:
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, CrowdScience:
01:57
Well, I think the stereotypical perceptions
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช
01:59
of Germans is that weโ€™re quite pessimistic
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:01
and that kind of tends to come across
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
02:04
as being a bit of a Debbie Downer,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืจ,
02:06
when in actuality, Germans just tend
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ื›ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื
02:09
to be avid planners for all eventual negative
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:11
eventualities as wellโ€ฆ so thatโ€™s kind of
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... ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
02:14
us being pessimistic but actually being
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื
02:17
cautious, as opposed to for example,
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ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืœ
02:19
what Iโ€™ve notice in America that a lot
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ืœืžื” ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื”
02:21
of people tend to be hyper-optimistic.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
02:24
Iโ€™ve always admired how Americans
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืจืฆืชื™ ืื™ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
02:26
tend to be able to sugarcoat everything.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœ.
02:29
As a stereotypical pessimist,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืกื™ืžื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช,
02:30
Hannah sometimes feels like a Debbie Downer.
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ื”ืื ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืจ.
02:33
This expression is American slang for someone who
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกืœื ื’ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื
02:36
makes others feel bad by focussing
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช
02:39
on the depressing aspects of things.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:41
Americans, on the other hand,
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
02:42
are typically seen as optimists
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ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:44
who tend to sugarcoat things โ€“
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ื”ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื -
02:47
make things seem better than they really are.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช.
02:49
According to Hannah, many
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื ื”,
02:50
Americans are hyper-optimistic.
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
02:52
She uses the prefix hyper to say that
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช hyper ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
02:55
there is too much of a certain quality.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
02:59
Hyper-sensitive people are too sensitive;
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™;
03:02
a hyper-optimist is too optimistic.
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ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžื“ื™.
03:04
Besides your country of birth, age
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืจืฅ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื’ื™ืœ
03:07
is another consideration in the optimism debate.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:09
When weโ€™re young we have our whole life ahead of us,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
03:12
and itโ€™s easier to optimistically believe
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ื•ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
03:14
that everythingโ€™s going to be alright.
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ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:16
The belief that everythingโ€™s
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ
03:17
going to be fine is called โ€˜the optimism biasโ€™.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื ืงืจืืช 'ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช'.
03:21
It isnโ€™t fixed but changes as we age -
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื -
03:23
something neuroscientist,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:25
Professor Tali Sharot, explained to
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
03:27
BBC World Service programme, CrowdScience:
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BBC World Service, CrowdScience:
03:30
So itโ€™s quite high in kids and teenagers โ€“
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ืื– ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ -
03:33
they think, โ€˜Oh, everythingโ€™s going to be fineโ€™, you know,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, 'ืื”, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ', ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
03:35
and then it goes down, down, down
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“, ื™ื•ืจื“, ื™ื•ืจื“
03:37
and it hits rock bottom in your midlife
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
03:40
at which point the optimism bias is
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ืื– ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
03:41
relatively small, and then it starts
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ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”
03:43
climbing up again and itโ€™s quite high
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ืœื˜ืคืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
03:46
in the elderly population, and that
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื”
03:48
goes absolutely against our view of
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ื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ
03:50
the grumpy old man, or woman.
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ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•ืขืคืช.
03:53
After starting out high in children,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
03:55
the optimism bias hits rock bottom โ€“
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืคืœ -
03:58
the lowest possible level โ€“ in middle age,
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ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช - ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
04:00
often because of work pressures,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:02
family responsibilities or caring for elderly parents.
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
04:05
But optimism seems to increase
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช
04:08
again as we get older.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
04:10
This is surprising
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ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข
04:11
as it goes against the image we have
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
04:13
of the grumpy old man โ€“ a phrase to
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ืขืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืขืฃ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
04:15
describe someone who complains a lot,
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ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:18
is moody and gets easily annoyed.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
04:21
Optimistic women, meanwhile,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
04:23
can look forward to longer, healthier lives.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:26
Good news for you then, Sam!
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ืื– ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ืกื!
04:27
But Iโ€™m sticking with my pessimism.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
04:29
If I anticipate things going wrong
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ืื ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื,
04:32
I donโ€™t get disappointed when they do!
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืื›ื–ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”!
04:34
Thatโ€™s actually a fairly positive
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™
04:36
way of looking at things, Neil, but
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ
04:38
Iโ€™m not sure if most people would
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
04:40
agree with you โ€“ or maybe they wouldโ€ฆ
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ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชืš - ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•...
04:42
It depends on the answer to your questionโ€ฆ
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืชืš...
04:44
Right. I asked Sam what proportion
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง
04:47
of British people describe themselves as optimistic.
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ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
04:50
And optimistically, I said it was c) 80 percent.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื’) 80 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:54
Which wasโ€ฆ the correct answer!
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
04:56
Of course it was.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื”.
04:58
Whether you expect good or bad things to happen
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื ื™ืงืจื•
05:00
to you, youโ€™re probably right.
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ืœืš, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง.
05:03
So why not focus on the sunny side of life, Neil?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืœ?
05:05
That way, youโ€™ve got nothing to lose!
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ื›ื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“!
05:07
OK, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
05:10
from this programme, Sam.
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ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืกื.
05:11
Youโ€™re certainly a glass-half-full person โ€“
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ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืœื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก -
05:13
someone with an optimistic attitude to life.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
05:16
And youโ€™re something of a Debbie Downer -
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืจ -
05:19
American slang for someone who brings
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ืกืœื ื’ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืคื™ืœ ืืช
05:21
everyone down by talking about the
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ
05:23
negative side of things.
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:25
If you sugarcoat something, you
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื”
05:27
make it appear more positive than it really is.
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช.
05:29
The prefix hyper is used before
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ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช hyper ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืคื ื™
05:32
an adjective to show having too
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ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ
05:35
much of that quality, for example
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ
05:37
hypercritical means being too critical.
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hypercritical ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืžื“ื™.
05:41
If something hits rock bottom it
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื
05:43
reaches its lowest possible level.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
05:45
And finally, the phrase grumpy old
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
05:47
man can be used to describe someone
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื ืจื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
05:49
who always complains, is intolerant
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ, ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™
05:52
and gets annoyed easilyโ€ฆ a bit like Neil!
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ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช... ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืœ!
05:57
Unfortunately our six minutes are up,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•,
05:59
but join us again soon for more
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
06:01
trending topics and useful vocabulary
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ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื’ืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
06:03
here at 6 Minute English.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
06:05
Goodbye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:08
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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