How and why is the environment protected? - BBC Learning English

130,216 views ใƒป 2021-10-18

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
People are facing a threat we've never faced before:
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืื™ืชื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ:
00:04
environmental disasters.
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ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
00:07
This programme will show you how the law is adapting
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืชืจืื” ืœืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืกืชื’ืœ
00:10
to keep the world itself safe, by protecting our environment.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืฆืžื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:15
Does nature have any legal rights?
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ื”ืื ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ?
00:19
How can laws developed for humans be adapted to protect nature?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข?
00:24
We'll show how laws are increasingly being used to protect our environment.
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ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:37
The environment is being threatened like never before.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืžื• ืžืขื•ืœื.
00:41
Human activity is changing the world around us,
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:45
warming the air and sea.
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ืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื.
00:49
Extreme floods, droughts and wildfires are increasingly common
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ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:54
and affect all continents and oceans.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
00:59
Can the law help?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
01:02
Laws are basically an agreement between people.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:06
How can you have an agreement with something that's not a person โ€“
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืื“ื -
01:11
a tree for example?
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ืขืฅ ืœืžืฉืœ?
01:13
We depend on the world around us:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•:
01:17
we need clean air, clean water
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™, ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื
01:20
and clean earth to live.
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ื•ืื“ืžื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:24
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
01:27
says everyone has the right to life and security.
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
01:31
We can't have either life or security without a healthy environment.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
01:37
So, that's where the law comes in.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:40
Environmental laws started really being developed
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืืžืช
01:43
in the middle of the last century.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
01:46
With more and more countries agreeing treaties โ€“ international agreements โ€“
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช - ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื -
01:51
there is greater willingness to engage in conversations
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
01:55
about how to prevent environmental disasters.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
02:00
Rizwana Hasan, a climate lawyer from Bangladesh,
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ืจื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ื” ื—ืกืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืืงืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
02:04
explained some of the laws keeping the environment safe.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:08
There are UN-sponsored international laws
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ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื
02:11
to deal with issues like climate change,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
02:14
ozone layer depletion, protection of biological diversity,
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ื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื’ื ื”
02:18
protection of international watercourses,
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ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:20
protection of endangered species,
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ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”,
02:23
regulation on persistent organic pollutants.
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ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื.
02:26
There are also laws that are made by regional organisations,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:30
like the European Union targeting the European environment.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
02:35
Many laws come from global organisations,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื,
02:38
others from regional bodies like the European Union.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
02:43
They cover a huge range of areas.
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ื”ื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื.
02:46
But what kind of laws are they and what power do they have?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื?
02:50
There are soft laws and there are hard laws.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
02:53
Soft laws are mere political commitments; they are not binding.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ; ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื.
02:57
Hard laws are binding: so, if a state ratifies a hard law
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื: ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืืฉืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืงืฉื”
03:02
and then does something that is against
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ื•ืื– ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช
03:04
the letters and spirits of the law,
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ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
03:07
then you can actually file a case against the state.
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ืื– ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:10
There are two main types of law:
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง:
03:13
soft laws, which are more like political commitments or aims,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:18
and hard laws.
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
03:20
You can be punished for breaking a hard law.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืงืฉื”.
03:23
Rizwana explained how environmental law
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ืจื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:27
features in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
03:31
In one article, where it says that states have to endeavour
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืื—ื“, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ
03:35
to improve all aspects of industrial and environmental hygiene.
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช. ื™ืฉ
03:40
We do have two covenants:
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ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืืžื ื•ืช:
03:42
one covenant deals with the civil and political rights
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ืืžื ื” ืื—ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:45
and the other covenant deals with the economic, social and cultural rights.
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ื•ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:49
They do not expressly talk about environmental rights,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช,
03:54
but protection of environment is linked to enjoyment
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืื”
03:58
of your civil, political, social and economic rights.
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ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
04:01
Similarly, the enjoyment of your social, political, economic
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
04:05
and cultural rights also depend on
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ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื’ื
04:08
your enjoyment of environmental rights.
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ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœืš ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:11
So, the big human rights laws
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ืื–, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
04:13
don't actually say very much about the environment.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:18
But many of your rights depend on it:
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš:
04:21
without a safe environment, we couldn't enjoy our rights.
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ืœืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:26
Are there any laws that give us a safe environment?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”?
04:30
It was this year only, that in March 2021,
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ืจืง ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021,
04:34
69 countries have agreed to work together
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69 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“
04:38
to ensure that there is an international law
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
04:41
that will recognise people's right to help the environment.
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ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:45
The work is about to begin. The major obstacle...
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ. ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™...
04:48
the major obstacles remain lack of political commitment.
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
04:53
Although there is an agreement to make a law
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง
04:56
to recognise your right to help the environment,
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ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
05:00
the big problem is getting people to follow it.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ื•.
05:04
We saw how, despite there not being much law
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืื™ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืง
05:08
directly about the environment,
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
05:11
many of your rights depend on it.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
05:14
Is that enough to help in the real world?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™?
05:17
Climate change is harming people now.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช.
05:21
In 2018, more than 35,000 people were forced to flee their homes
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-35,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื
05:27
in the Mekong Delta every day.
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ื‘ื“ืœืชื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
05:31
The Mekong River is the agricultural heartland of Vietnam
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ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื
05:35
and home to 20% of the country's population.
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ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื 20% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:41
But the Mekong river doesn't just flow through Vietnam.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ ืœื ื–ื•ืจื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื.
05:45
It starts in the Tibetan plateau,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืช,
05:48
also going through China, Myanmar,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืื ืžืจ,
05:52
Laos, Thailand and Cambodia.
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ืœืื•ืก, ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.
05:55
So, to prevent people in Vietnam fleeing their homes,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื,
05:59
we need an international agreement.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
06:04
Another river, another problem, and a fresh legal approach.
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ืขื•ื“ ื ื”ืจ, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืจืขื ื ื”.
06:09
The Ganges in India: viewed as holy by millions of people,
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ื”ื’ื ื’ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•: ื ืชืคืก ื›ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:14
but it's also very polluted.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ื”ื.
06:17
To protect it, the river was, for 109 days,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–, ื‘ืžืฉืš 109 ื™ืžื™ื,
06:22
declared a legal person by a court in the state of Uttarakhand.
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ื›ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ื˜ืืจืงื”ืื ื“.
06:28
It was given the same rights as a child:
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ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“:
06:32
as it couldn't speak for itself, a board was appointed to speak for it.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื•ื ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื”.
06:38
The Government eventually said this couldn't go on,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืžืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš,
06:42
as the river went beyond the limits of Uttarakhand.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ื˜ืืจืงื”ืื ื“.
06:46
So, can the law protect the environment,
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
06:49
as well as the people who are affected by it?
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžื ื•?
06:53
We spoke to Francesco Sindico,
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขื ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืงื•,
06:55
a law professor from the University of Strathclyde,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ืจื˜ืงืœื™ื™ื“,
06:59
who works on the Climate Change Litigation Initiative,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
07:03
and asked if there were laws directly protecting the environment.
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื’ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:08
We have a lot of smaller laws, if you want,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
07:12
that protect specific aspects of the environment โ€“
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ืฉืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” -
07:15
for example, rivers; for example, wetlands or biodiversity โ€“
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื”ืจื•ืช; ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ -
07:20
but there is no such thing as one big law
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:24
for every single country of the world
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:27
that protects the whole environment.
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ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:29
Now, having said that, if you think
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
07:32
that climate change encapsulates everything,
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื”ื›ืœ,
07:36
then the answer is slightly different.
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:38
There is a law called the Paris Agreement
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–
07:41
that does try to deal with everything.
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืœ.
07:45
There are lots of small laws that deal with specific things,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
07:49
and there is also the Paris Agreement on climate change โ€“
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื -
07:53
a major international agreement.
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ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:56
But what does it actually do?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื”?
07:59
So, the Paris Agreement does something very tricky, in a way:
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ืื–, ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื:
08:05
it tells the states that they can choose
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
08:10
how to protect their environment and with...
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืขื...
08:14
by doing so, climate change.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
08:16
Before the Paris Agreement, international law told countries:
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช:
08:21
'You have to do this!'
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'ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”!'
08:23
While now, with the Paris Agreement,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืขืช, ืขื ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–,
08:25
international law is saying to the countries:
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช:
08:28
'Tell me what you can do
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'ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื™ ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:30
and then we will all work together towards that goal.'
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ื•ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื•'.
08:34
The Paris Agreement doesn't set laws or tell countries what to do.
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ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ืœื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:39
It set goals for climate change,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
08:42
but allows countries to decide how to meet them.
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ืืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื.
08:46
But, with a specific problem โ€“
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช -
08:48
for example, flooding on the Mekong River โ€“
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืฆืคื” ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ -
08:52
how could the law help?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
08:54
So, if a neighbouring country from Vietnam
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ืื– ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื ื” ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื
08:58
causes something that leads to a flood,
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ,
09:01
which is significant, which creates a lot of damage,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื–ืง,
09:06
then Vietnam does have something in its weaponry, if you want:
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ืื– ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•:
09:10
it can sue. It can bring to court that other state.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
09:15
But, if the... if the question is
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื”... ืื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื
09:17
'how do we prevent that from happening?'
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'ืื™ืš ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช?'
09:20
then it's a much more difficult thing to ask.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
09:23
One country can sue another if they can prove they have caused something,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
09:28
like damaging flooding.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฆืคื•ืช.
09:30
He also explained how giving a river legal rights
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื ื”ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช
09:35
might not be such a strange idea.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ.
09:38
So, while in India it may not have worked,
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ืื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืขื‘ื“,
09:41
in other countries it has worked.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
09:43
So, in Colombia for example, a river has been given rights.
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ืื–, ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื”ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:47
But the reason it has worked is that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื
09:51
in addition to giving rights to the river,
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจ,
09:55
a commission has been created of guardian of the river
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ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื”ืจ,
10:00
and it's this institution, this taking it forward,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
10:04
that is proving successful
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ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืฆืœื™ื—
10:06
in providing a better environment for the river
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ืœืกืคืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ืจ.
10:10
and for the people who rely on the river.
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
10:13
Other rivers have been protected this way.
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
10:16
This was made more effective by also having a team of guardians
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื
10:20
to protect their rights.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
10:23
The law might not have much direct power to protect the environment,
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ืœื—ื•ืง ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
10:28
but our human rights are used to help keep it safe.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื”.
10:33
We've also seen how the Paris Agreement
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–
10:35
encourages countries to take action:
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืขื•ืœื”:
10:39
an example of laws keeping us
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•
10:41
and future generations safe.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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