BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Famous People' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

247,773 views ใƒป 2023-01-15

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:06
Hello. This is 6 Minute English fromย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
00:08
BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:09
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:10
People in the UK are enjoying a four-day holiday as part of the celebrations
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ
00:15
for Queen Elizabeth IIโ€™s Platinum Jubilee.
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
00:18
Aย jubileeย celebrates the anniversary of a special event, and the word is mostly
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื”
00:24
associated with the Royal Family. In 2022, Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her
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ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืืช
00:30
Platinum Jubilee, commemorating 70 years since she became Queen in 1952.
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืœื”, ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 70 ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952.
00:36
People are doing all kinds of things to celebrate, from large events at
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’, ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:40
Buckingham Palace and St Paulโ€™s Cathedral, to smaller street parties in towns
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ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื ื’ื”ืื ื•ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืขื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช
00:44
and cities up and down the country, and abroad. In this programme, we look at
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ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ
00:49
the Platinum Jubilee in an unusual way, by hearing about a cake competition
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
00:54
to make the official jubilee cake - the Platinum Pudding. And, as usual,
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ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช - ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื. ื•ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ,
01:00
weโ€™ll be learning some related vocabulary as well.
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ื ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ.
01:02
This isnโ€™t the first celebrationย of Queen Elizabethโ€™s reign
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช
01:06
โ€“ the period of time when a monarch rules a country. In 1977, the Queen
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- ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื ืจืš ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977,
01:12
celebrated her Silver Jubilee, marking 25 years as queen, followed by her Golden
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ื—ื’ื’ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžืœืืช 25 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื”
01:18
Jubilee in 2002, and her Diamond Jubilee in 2012.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002, ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012.
01:24
But whatโ€™s so special about this yearโ€™s Platinum Jubilee is that Queen Elizabethย II
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
01:29
is the first British monarch ever to spend 70 years on the throne.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช 70 ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช.
01:33
And I have a question about it, Sam.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”, ืกืื.
01:35
Queen Elizabeth II is Britainโ€™s longest-ever reigning monarch,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
01:39
but who was the previous longest-reigning before her?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ืš ืœืคื ื™ื”?
01:43
Was it: a) Henry VIII?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™?
01:45
b) Elizabeth I?
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ื‘) ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”?
01:47
or c) Queen Victoria?
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ืื• ื’) ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”?
01:50
I know itโ€™s c) Queen Victoria.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื’) ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:53
OK. Iโ€™ll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. As the first monarchย ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื’ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:57
ever to have a platinum jubilee, many celebrations are being planned for the Queen.ย 
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืœื›ื”.
02:03
These include an officialย birthday parade, Troopingย 
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืฆืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืจืฉืžื™, Trooping
02:06
the Colour, which ends with jet planes flying over Buckingham Palace,ย ย 
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the Colour, ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืกื™ื ืžืขืœ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื ื’ื”ืื,
02:10
and the Platinum Pageant - a live concert in front of the palace,ย ย 
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ื•ืืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื - ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื—ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ,
02:14
featuring music and dancing, puppets of the Queenโ€™sย ย 
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ
02:17
favourite pets - her corgi dogs - and a performance by Ed Sheeran.ย 
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื”ย ย  - ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื’ื™ ืฉืœื” - ื•ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื“ ืฉื™ืจืŸ.
02:21
And thatโ€™s just in London. Allย across the UK street partiesย 
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘
02:25
are being held for people toย eat and drink with friendsย 
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
02:28
and neighbours. Thereโ€™s aย tradition of inventing a newย 
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ื•ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื
02:31
food dish to commemorateย jubilees, going all the wayย 
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ืžื ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”
02:35
back to the Victoria sponge,ย a cake named after Queenย 
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ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืœื›ื”
02:38
Victoria. This year a competitionย was held to find a newย 
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ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืืช
02:43
dish to become the officialย pudding of the jubilee. Hereโ€™sย 
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ืžื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ. ื”ื ื”
02:46
BBC reporter, Daniella Relph, to explain more.
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ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”-BBC, ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ืจืœืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:50
First, there was a Victoria sponge, thenย coronationย chicken, now we have a
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืกืคื•ื’ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืชืจื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
02:56
Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Pudding. The winning lemonย Swiss roll
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ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸย ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ืจื•ืœ
03:01
and amaretti trifle isย a twist onย a traditionalย trifle,ย with layers of Swiss roll,ย 
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ื•ืืžืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืย ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ย ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืคืœ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,ย ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ืจื•ืœ,
03:06
jelly, custard, mandarins,ย amaretti biscuits and cream.ย 
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ื’โ€™ืœื™, ืจืคืจืคืช, ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืช,ย ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื˜ื™ ื•ืงืจื.
03:11
In 1953, a mix of chickenย and curry cream sauce called,ย 
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953, ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืงืจื ืขื•ืฃ ื•ืงืืจื™ ื‘ืฉื,
03:16
coronation chicken, wasย invented to celebrate Queenย 
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ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืชืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช
03:19
Elizabethโ€™sย coronationย โ€“ the ceremony at which she was made queen.ย 
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ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช' - ื”ื˜ืงืก ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื›ืชืจื” ืœืžืœื›ื”.
03:23
This year, competition winner, Jemma Melvin, has invented a lemon and Swiss rollย ย 
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ื”ืฉื ื”, ื–ื•ื›ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื’'ืžื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื”
03:29
amaretti trifle as the official jubilee cake.ย Trifleย isย ย 
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ื–ื•ื˜ืช ืืžืจื˜ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื›ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช. ื˜ืจื™ืคืœย ื”ื•ื
03:34
a sweet, cold pudding made of three layers โ€“ aย ย 
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ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืชื•ืง ื•ืงืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช โ€“
03:37
layer of fruit and cake, a layer of custard, and a top layer of cream.ย 
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ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื’ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืจืคืจืคืช ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื.
03:43
Jemmaโ€™s jubilee trifle isย aย twist onย a traditional trifle.ย 
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ื–ื•ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ืžื” ื”ื™ืย ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ย ืขืœย ื–ื•ื˜ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.
03:47
When talking about food,ย people use the phraseย a twistย 
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ,ย ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ย ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜
03:51
onย something to describe aย new variation of a traditionalย 
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ืขืœย ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจย ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ
03:55
recipe, using different, exciting ingredients.
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ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
03:58
Jemma learned her winning recipe from her grandmothers. She wants her trifle toย ย 
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ื’'ืžื” ืœืžื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืฉืœื” ืžืกื‘ืชื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื–ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”
04:03
be โ€œthe peopleโ€™s puddingโ€, something to be enjoyed by everyone. Here isย ย 
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ื™ื”ื™ื” "ื”ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื", ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืžื ื•. ื”ื ื”
04:08
Jemma Melvin describing how she felt to discoverย ย 
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ื’'ืžื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
04:11
her trifle had been chosen as the official Platinum Pudding:ย 
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ืฉื”ื–ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™:
04:16
I cannot believe it! Everythingย that I was up againstย 
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ! ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื•
04:19
was just the most beautiful desserts and pudding with beautiful stories.... thisย ย 
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื...
04:25
quiteย humbleย trifle has won is a bit surreal.ย 
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคืœ ื”ืฆื ื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
04:30
Jemma describes her trifle asย humbleย โ€“ modest, and not proud.ย ย 
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ื’'ืžื” ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื” ื›ืฆื ื•ืข - ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ื’ืื”.
04:36
Although the pudding contains ingredients like amaretti biscuits and cream,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืžื ืช,
04:41
which are good enough for a queen, sheย wanted to base it on a humbleย 
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ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืœื›ื”, ื”ื™ืย ืจืฆืชื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ
04:45
trifle, something everyoneย around the country can make.ย 
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ื–ื•ื˜ืชย ืฆื ื•ืข, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœืย ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ.
04:48
Enjoying a bowl of Jemmaโ€™s Platinum Pudding sounds like a great way for
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ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืงืขืจืช ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืžื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
04:52
some to celebrate the Queenโ€™s seventy-year reign.
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ื—ืœืงื ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื”.
04:55
Which reminds me of your question, Neil. We know Elizabeth II has reigned for
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ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืš, ื ื™ืœ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš
05:00
70 years, but who was the second longest-serving monarch?
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70 ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“?
05:05
I said it was c) Queen Victoria.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื’) ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
05:07
Iโ€™m glad you were so sure, because you were correct.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื›ื™ ืฆื“ืงืช.
05:10
Victoria was queen for almost 64 years which is a long time, but not as long
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ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 64 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื
05:15
as Elizabeth.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช.
05:16
OK, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary from this programme about the Queenโ€™sย jubilee
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœย ื”ืžืœื›ื”
05:21
โ€“ a celebration of the anniversary of a special event, usually involving
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- ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื•
05:26
the Royal Family.
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ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”.
05:27
A king or queenโ€™sย reignย means the period of time they rule a country.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืื• ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:31
Aย coronationย is the ceremony at which someone is made monarch
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ื”ื›ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืงืก ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืžืœืš
05:35
โ€“ the king or queen.
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- ื”ืžืœืš ืื• ื”ืžืœื›ื”.
05:37
Trifleย is a popular puddingย made of a layer of fruit and cake, a layer of
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ื˜ืจื™ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื›ื‘ืช โ€‹โ€‹ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื’ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืช
05:41
custard,ย and a top layer of cream.
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ืจืคืจืคืช ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื.
05:44
If you say a food dish isย aย twist onย something, you mean itโ€™s a variation of
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ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืย ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ
05:49
aย traditional recipe, using new and exciting ingredients.
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ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
05:53
And finally, someone who isย humbleย is modest, and not proud.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื™ ืฉืฆื ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืœื ื’ืื”.
05:57
If you were inspired by this recipe, why not try making it.
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ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
06:01
But thatโ€™s allย from us. Goodbye for now.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
06:03
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
06:09
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Sam.ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
06:14
And Iโ€™m Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:15
Have you ever played the game, Cluedo, Neil? The idea is that the person
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื™ื—ืงืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ืงืœืื•ื“ื•, ื ื™ืœ? ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื
06:19
playing detective discovers who the murderer is, where the crime took place,
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืœืฉ ืžื’ืœื” ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื—, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืคืฉืข
06:24
and which weapon was used.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื ืฉืง ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
06:26
The last time I played Cluedo it was Professor Plum, in the library, with the dagger!
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ืงืœืื•ื“ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื–ื™ืฃ, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”, ืขื ื”ืคื’ื™ื•ืŸ!
06:32
Cluedo is based on a very popular type of bookโ€“ the murder mystery,
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Cluedo ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ - ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืจืฆื—,
06:37
sometimes called a whodunnitย โ€“ a story aboutย a murder which doesn't revealย 
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื whodunnit - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ
06:42
who the murderer is until the end.
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ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
06:45
The queen of murder mysteries is a British writer who was born in 1890.
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ืžืœื›ืช ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื— ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1890.
06:51
Herย books are read all over the world and have been translatedย  into
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ืกืคืจื™ื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœ
06:55
a 103 different languages. Her name is Agatha Christie.
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-103 ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™.
06:59
To date over 2 billion copies of her crime novels have been sold worldwide,
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื™ ื”ืคืฉืข ืฉืœื”, ืžื”
07:04
making her the best-selling novelist of all timeโ€ฆ and theย subject of this programme.ย 
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืกื•ืคืจืช ื”ื ืžื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื... ื•ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
07:11
Perhaps her best-known storyย is โ€˜Murder on the Orientย 
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื 'ืจืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜
07:13
Expressโ€™, a whodunnit featuring her most famous detective, Hercule Poirot,
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ืืงืกืคืจืก', ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”, ื”ืจืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืืจื•,
07:18
who starred in 33 of Agatha Christieโ€™s books.ย 
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ืฉื›ื™ื›ื‘ ื‘-33 ืžืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™.
07:21
More about that later but asย usual I have a quiz questionย 
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ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
07:25
for you, Neil.
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ืืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ.
07:26
Poirot mayย be Agatha Christieโ€™s most famous detective, but heย isnโ€™t her only one
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ืคื•ืืจื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”
07:32
โ€“ so who is Agatha Christieโ€™s otherย fictional detective?
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- ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™?
07:37
Is it:
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07:37
a) Hetty Wainthropp?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”:
ื) ื”ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืค?
07:39
b) Jessica Fletcher? or,
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ื‘) ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ืคืœื˜ืฉืจ? ืื•,
07:41
c) Miss Marple?
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ื’) ืžื™ืก ืžืจืคืœ?
07:43
Iโ€™ll guess itโ€™s a) Hetty Wainthropp.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื) ื”ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืค.
07:45
OK, Neil. Iโ€™ll reveal the answerย at the end of the programme.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ. ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
07:48
As mentioned, one of Agatha Christieโ€™s most famous books is
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ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื
07:52
โ€˜Murder on the Orient Expressโ€™. The story takes place
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'ืจืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืงืกืคืจืก'. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
07:55
on a train travelling from Istanbul in Turkey to Calais in northern France.
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ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขืช ืžืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืœืงืืœื” ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช.
08:00
Listen as writer and Agatha Christie superfan, Harriet Gilbert,
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ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฅ-ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜,
08:04
summarises the story for BBC World Service programme, World Book Club.
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ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, World Book Club.
08:10
Poirot is on the train, headingย back home to England fromย 
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ืคื•ืืจื• ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”
08:13
Syria, when two unconnectedย events take place. In aย 
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ืžืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืคืช
08:17
snowstorm in Croatia, theย train comesย grinding to a haltย ย 
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ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื”,ย ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืขืฆืจืช
08:22
and in one of the sleepingย berths, a passenger is murdered.ย 
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ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืจื’ืฉื™ย ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื ื•ืกืข ื ืจืฆื—.
08:26
Since itโ€™s impossible for anyoneย to have reached the isolatedย 
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•ย ื”ื’ื™ืข
08:29
snow-trapped train or toย have escaped from it withoutย 
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ืœืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื’ืช ืื•ย ื‘ืจื— ืžืžื ื” ืžื‘ืœื™
08:32
leavingย telltaleย footsteps in the snow,ย ย 
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ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจย ืฆืขื“ื™ืย ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื’,
08:34
the killer can only be one of the dozen people sharingย ย 
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ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช
08:37
Poirotโ€™s coach. Yet as he starts to investigate itย ย 
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ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
08:41
seems that each of them has anย alibiย for the time of the murder.ย ย 
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืจืฆื—.
08:45
Impossible? Well, Poirotโ€™s certainlyย perplexedโ€ฆย 
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืคื•ืืจื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ...
08:50
During a snowstorm, the express train comes toย a grinding halt
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื, ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฆืจืช
08:55
โ€“ it slows down until it stops altogether. Then, someone is murdered!ย 
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- ื”ื™ื ืžืื˜ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื•ืื–, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืจืฆื—!
09:00
The murderer canโ€™t have escaped without leavingย telltaleย footprints in the snow.
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ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจย ืขืงื‘ื•ืชย ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื’.
09:05
When something is described asย telltale, itย reveals information which allowsย 
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ
09:10
a secret to be uncovered.ย For example, lipstick on yourย 
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ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืกื•ื“. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืคืชื•ืŸ ืขืœ
09:13
husbandโ€™s shirt could be aย telltaleย sign heโ€™s having an affair.ย 
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ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ.
09:17
The murder victim is foundย in bed stabbed with a knife.ย 
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ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ.
09:21
Poirot begins to investigate,ย but as he questions theย 
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ืคื•ืืจื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช
09:25
train passengers one byย one, it seems that everyoneย 
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ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“
09:28
has anย alibiย - proof that they were somewhere else when a crime was committed.ย 
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ื™ืฉ ืืœื™ื‘ื™ - ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืคืฉืข.
09:33
Naturally, this leaves theย Belgian detectiveย perplexed,ย ย 
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ,
09:37
orย confused because somethingย is difficult to understandย 
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ืื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:40
or solve.
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ืื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:41
I wonโ€™t spoil the story by telling you what happens next, Neil.ย ย 
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœืš ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื ื™ืœ.
09:45
But letโ€™s just say that, as usual, Poirot uncovers the murderer using his
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืคื•ืืจื• ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
09:50
incredible powers of observation.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
09:52
In her stories, Agatha Christie describes Hercule Poirot as a very strange
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”, ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืืจื• ื›ืื“ื ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“
09:57
or eccentric man.
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ืื• ืืงืกืฆื ื˜ืจื™.
09:59
The author, Sophie Hannah, has written several new Poirot stories based on the
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ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช, ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืื ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืืจื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ
10:04
characters invented by Agatha Christie before her death in 1976.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื” ื‘-1976.
10:09
Here she is describing more of Hercule Poirotโ€™sย ย 
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:12
strange characteristics to BBC World Service Programme,
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ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืืจื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC,
10:16
World Book Club
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World Book Club.
10:18
Thereโ€™s the sort of the outward things,ย ย 
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
10:20
his appearance which is very striking and very unusual,ย ย 
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ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
10:24
and his sort of, I supposeย foiblesย is the best thing to call them,ย ย 
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœื•, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชย ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื,
10:28
he likes neatness, he likes order,ย ย 
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืกื“ืจ,
10:30
he approaches thing very methodically, heโ€™s very proud of his
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืื” ื‘ืฉืคื
10:34
luxuriant moustaches, you know, all of that.
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ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ืฉืœื• , ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
10:39
Sophie calls Poirotโ€™s unusualย behaviour hisย foiblesย -ย 
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ืกื•ืคื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืืจื• ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• -
10:42
habits or characteristicsย which are considered strangeย 
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ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
10:45
or foolish but which harm no-one.ย 
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ืื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉ.
10:47
Yes, unlike the fictionalย murderers he uncovers, Poirotโ€™sย ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ, ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืืจื•
10:51
foiblesย do no harm, but itย makes me wonder if Agathaย 
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ืื™ื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื–ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื
10:55
Christieโ€™s other famous detectiveย also had unusual habits.ย 
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ืœื‘ืœืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
11:00
Well, first youโ€™ll have to revealย the answer to your quiz question,ย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš,
11:03
Sam. You asked me for the nameย of Agatha Christieโ€™s otherย 
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ืกื. ื‘ื™ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื™ ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™
11:06
famous detective, and I guessed
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, ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™
11:09
it was a) Hetty Wainthropp.
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ืฉื–ื” ื) ื”ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืค.
11:11
Well, Iโ€™m afraid that was theย wrong answer!
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”!
11:14
In fact, Miss Marple was the name ofย Agatha Christieโ€™s second most famous
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ืก ืžืืจืคืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™
11:18
character - although Hetty Wainthropp is a fictional detective on TV.
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- ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืค ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
11:23
Well. now that weโ€™ve solved the murder and revealed the correct answer,
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ื ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื— ื•ื—ืฉืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
11:27
letโ€™s recap the vocabulary starting withย whodunnitย -ย ย 
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ย whodunnitย -
11:30
a murder story which does not tell you who the murderer is until the end.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
11:35
In the whodunnit, Murder onย the Orient Express, the trainย 
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ื‘-whodunnit, ืจืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืงืกืคืจืก, ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
11:39
comes toย a grinding haltย โ€“ it slowsย down until it stops altogether.
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ื ืขืฆืจืชย - ื”ื™ื ืžืื˜ื”ย ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
11:45
Aย telltaleย signย reveals hidden information so that a secret can be revealed.
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ืฉืœื˜ย ืžื•ื“ื™ืขย ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืกืชืจ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืกื•ื“.
11:50
Anย alibiย is proof that youย were somewhere else whenย 
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ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ
11:52
a crime was committed.
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ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืคืฉืข.
11:54
To beย perplexedย means toย beย confused because somethingย 
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื”ื•
11:57
is difficult to understand.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
11:59
And finally,ย ย 
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11:59
someoneโ€™sย foiblesย are their strange but harmless habits or behaviour.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชย ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•ย ื”ื ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืš ื”ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•.
12:04
Thatโ€™s all for our six-minuteย investigation into theย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ
12:07
mysterious world of Agathaย Christie. Goodbye for now.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
12:10
Goodbye.
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.
12:17
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Sam.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
12:21
And Iโ€™m Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:22
In this 6 Minute Englishย weโ€™re celebrating the life ofย 
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ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ
12:25
one of modern South Africaโ€™s founding fathers
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
12:28
โ€“ the icon and Nobel laureate, Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
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- ื”ืกืžืœ ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•.
12:33
Archbishop Tutu was one the leaders of the non-violent movement to end the system
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืœื ืืœื™ืžื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช
12:38
of racial segregation known as apartheid. Apartheid was enforced against the
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ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“. ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื ืื›ืฃ ื ื’ื“
12:43
black population of South Africa by the white minorityย government from 1948
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1948
12:47
until 1991.
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ืขื“ 1991.
12:49
Itโ€™s impossible to imagineย South Africa's difficult journey to freedom without
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืœื
12:54
Archbishop Desmond Tutu. While other anti-apartheid leaders, like his close friend
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“, ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
12:59
Nelson Mandela, were imprisoned or even killed, Archbishop Tutu was there
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ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื”, ื ื›ืœืื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื”ืจื’ื•, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื
13:04
at every step of the struggle - the rebellious priest speaking out against
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง - ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“
13:08
the injustices of apartheid. Archbishop Tutu was a hero of the 20th century.ย 
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ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“. ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
13:13
He died in December 2021 and was laid to rest in Cape Town in
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ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ
13:17
a state funeral on New Yearโ€™s Day. In this programme,ย weโ€™ll hear about some
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ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,ย ื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื”
13:22
important moments from his life and, as usual, learn some related vocabulary
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ืจื’ืขื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ
13:27
as well. But first I have a question for you, Neil.
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. ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ.
13:30
Nelson Mandela was sometimes affectionately calledย by his clanโ€™s name, Madiba,ย ย 
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ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื” ื ืงืจื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ืžืื“ื™ื‘ื”,
13:36
but do you know what nicknameย Archbishop Desmond Tutu was given?ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•?
13:40
Was it:
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
13:41
a) The Des?
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ื) The Des?
13:43
b) The Bish?
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ื‘) ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ?
13:45
or c) The Arch?
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ืื• ื’) ื”ืงืฉืช?
13:47
I donโ€™t know, but Iโ€™ll guess his nickname was c) the Arch.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื’) ื”ืงืฉืช.
13:51
OK, Neil. Weโ€™ll find out ifย thatโ€™s the correct answer at the end of the programme.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ. ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
13:56
Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in 1931 in the town of Klerksdorp in northern
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ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ืžืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1931 ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงืœืจืงืกื“ื•ืจืค ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ
14:02
South Africa.
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
14:03
In this 2014 interview with BBC World Service programme, Outlook, he looks back onย ย 
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ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ืช 2014 ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, Outlook, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ
14:08
some of his earliest childhood memories:ย ย 
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ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•:
14:12
I had a very happy childhood. I am a boy child between two girls.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืžืื•ื“. ืื ื™ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช.
14:20
My sisters sometimes thought that our motherย ย 
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ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื ื•
14:25
ratherย spoiledย me,ย pamperedย me. My mother was not educated much but she had anย 
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ื“ื™ ืžืคื ืงืช ืื•ืชื™, ืคื™ื ืงื” ืื•ืชื™. ืืžื™ ืœื ื—ื•ื ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”
14:34
incredible loving for people and was very generous.
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ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
14:43
Part of my own unhappiness was precisely that anyone could want to
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
14:48
take advantage ofย such a gracious, gentle, generous person.
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ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืื“ื ื›ื” ืื“ื™ื‘, ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘.
14:57
As a child, Desmond Tutuโ€™s mother wouldย pamperย him โ€“ give him special treatment
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื ืงืช ืื•ืชื• - ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ื™ื—ืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
15:01
and make him feel special by doing nice things for himย 
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื.
15:05
He also says hisย motherย spoiledย him โ€“ let him do orย 
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื• ืคื™ื ืงื” ืื•ืชื• - ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•
15:08
have whatever he wanted. Spoiling a child usually has a bad effect on theirย ย 
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”. ืœืคื ืง ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ
15:14
character as they grow up, but this doesnโ€™t seem to be true for Desmond Tutu.
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ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•.
15:18
What upset the young Desmond was how his motherย 
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ื– ืืช ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืš ืืžื•
15:21
was treated by some whiteย South Africans who wouldย ย 
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ื˜ื•ืคืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืœื•
15:24
take advantage ofย her - treat herย unfairly for their own benefit.
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ืื•ืชื” - ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
15:28
In 1955 Desmond Tutu married his wife, Leah. They had children and the family
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืืฉืชื•, ืœืื”. ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
15:33
moved to London for a time, before returning toย South Africa when Desmondย 
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ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“
15:37
was made Dean of Johannesburg.
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ืžื•ื ื” ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’.
15:39
He knew that returning to a racially segregated South Africa would be
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื”
15:43
difficult for his family.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
15:45
In this interview with BBC Worldย ย 
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ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World
15:47
Service programme, Outlook,
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Service, Outlook,
15:49
Archbishop Tutu remembers one terrifying incident involving his wife, Leah,ย ย 
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืชืงืจื™ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืืฉืชื•, ืœื™ืื”,
15:54
who had gone to the Johannesburg traffic department to renew a car licence:ย 
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ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘:
16:00
โ€ฆthey handcuffed her, andย they walked with her in theย 
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โ€ฆื”ื ืื–ืงื• ืื•ืชื”, ื•ย ื”ืœื›ื• ืื™ืชื”
16:04
streets, she was paraded, and then when the court case was heard my wifeย ย 
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชย  , ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืฆื’ื”, ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ืง ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืืฉืชื™
16:11
wasย acquitted -ย but they had done what they wanted to doย ย 
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ื–ื•ื›ืชื” โ€“ย ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
16:16
which wasย humiliateย her, and in the processย ย 
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ื•ื–ื”ย ื”ืฉืคื™ืœย ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
16:22
hit at me. I have to say that I found those actions near unforgivable, because I wasย 
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ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื™. ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกืœื—ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
16:33
the one who was out in the forefront...
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช...
16:36
although Leahโ€ฆ sheโ€™s aย toughie!ย (laughs).
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืื”... ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื”! (ืฆื•ื—ืง).
16:42
Police officers arrested and handcuffed Leahย 
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืฆืจื• ื•ืื–ืงื• ืืช ืœืื”
16:45
toย humiliateย her โ€“ make herย feel ashamed and stupid.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” - ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคืฉื”.
16:49
When she went to court, Leah wasย acquittedย โ€“ declared not guilty of
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœืื” ื–ื•ื›ืชื” - ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืฉืžื”
16:53
committing a crime. But the police continued to harass her, even though his wife was,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืฉืข. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืง ืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
16:59
in his own words, aย toughieย โ€“ someone who is tough and determined.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ืงืฉื•ื—ื” - ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื”.
17:03
Archbishop Tutu describes theย event as โ€œnear unforgivableโ€ย 
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›"ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกืœื—",
17:08
but, in fact, he did forgiveย the white police officers, andย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืกืœื— ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘
17:11
in 1991, at the end ofย apartheid, he started the Truthย 
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-1991, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช
17:16
and Reconciliation Commission as a way of healing divisions between
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ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
17:20
black and white communities.
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ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
17:22
What an inspirational life!ย But we still donโ€™t know what his nickname was, Sam!
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ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”! ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืกืื!
17:26
Right, in my question I asked Neil what Archbishop Desmond Tutuโ€™s nickname was.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื ื™ืœ ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•.
17:32
I guessed it was, The Arch.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื”, ื”ืงืฉืช.
17:34
Which was the correct answer! Affectionately known as The Arch, Desmond Tutu
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงืฉืช, ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•
17:39
will be remembered as a man of peace and forgiveness.
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ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
17:43
Right, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary weโ€™ve learned in this programme,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
17:47
starting withย pamperย โ€“ toย giveย someone special treatment.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื™ื ื•ืง - ืœืชืช ื™ื—ืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
17:50
If youย spoilย a child, you letย them do whatever they want, but be carefulย ย 
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืคื ืง ื™ืœื“, ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ
17:54
because they mightย take advantage ofย you โ€“ treat you badly for their own benefit.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชืš - ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ืš ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื.
17:59
Toย humiliateย someone means to make them feel ashamed or stupid.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœย ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉ.
18:04
If you areย acquittedย of a crime, it is judged that you are not guilty.
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ืื ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืžืคืฉืข, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืืฉื.
18:08
And finally, aย toughieย is a slang word to describe someone,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ืกืœื ื’ ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
18:12
like Archbishop Desmond Tutu or his wife, Leah, who is tough and determined.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ืื• ืืฉืชื•, ืœืื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื”.
18:17
Once again, our six minutes are up. Goodbye for now!
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
18:20
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
18:27
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Sam.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
18:31
And Iโ€™m Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
18:33
In this programme, weโ€™re talking about a famous leader and teaching
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื
18:37
you some useful vocabularyโ€ฆ ..like โ€˜chancellorโ€™ โ€“ theย person in the highest positionย 
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ืื•ืชืš ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™... ื›ืžื• 'ืงื ืฆืœืจ' - ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:41
in a government or aย university โ€“ and especially theย 
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ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” - ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
18:44
title for the head of the government in someย ย 
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ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘- ื—ืœืง
18:46
European countries.
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ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
18:48
A country such as Germany,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
18:50
Itโ€™s a position like the prime minister in the UK.
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ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
18:54
And one of Germanyโ€™s longestย serving chancellors wasย 
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืงื ืฆืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
18:56
Angela Merkel, who led theย country from 2005 until theย 
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ืื ื’ืœื” ืžืจืงืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื•ืขื“
19:00
recent elections in September 2021.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2021.
19:03
Well, weโ€™re going to find out more about her soonย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜,
19:06
but not before Iโ€™ve challenged you to answer this question, Neil.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• , ื ื™ืœ.
19:10
Who was Germanyโ€™s first ever chancellor?
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื ืฆืœืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”?
19:13
Was it: a) Otto von Bismarck,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ืื•ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง,
19:17
b) Helmut Schmidt
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ื‘) ื”ืœืžื•ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜
19:19
or c) Franz von Papen?
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ืื• ื’) ืคืจื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืคืŸ?
19:22
Well, my knowledge of German history isnโ€™t great but I'll go for
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืขืœ
19:25
a) Otto von Bismarck, sounds quite likely.
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ื) ืื•ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง, ื ืฉืžืข ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™.
19:29
OK, Iโ€™ll reveal the answerย later on. But letโ€™s talk moreย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
19:33
about Angela Merkel now.ย ย 
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ืขืœ ืื ื’ืœื” ืžืจืงืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
19:35
She was in office for 16 years โ€“ โ€˜in officeโ€™ means โ€˜in powerโ€™ย ย 
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ 16 ืฉื ื™ื - 'ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ'
19:40
or โ€˜in chargeโ€™, until she stepped down last month.
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ืื• 'ืื—ืจืื™', ืขื“ ืฉืขื–ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
19:44
Yes, thatโ€™s a long time โ€“ which meant that she had to make lots of decisions,ย ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ - ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
19:48
popular with some people and not with others.
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ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
19:51
Over that time, sheโ€™s gainedย a nickname โ€“ โ€˜muttiโ€™ โ€“ย 
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ - 'ืžื•ื˜ื™' -
19:54
German for โ€˜motherโ€™. Thisย could be seen as a complimentย 
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœ'ืืžื'. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื—ืžืื”
19:58
but started life as more of anย insult, as BBC correspondentย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”-BBC
20:02
Damien McGuinness, explainedย on the BBC Radio programme,ย 
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ื“ืžื™ืืŸ ืžืงื’ื™ื ืกย ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”-BBC,
20:06
From Our Own Correspondentโ€ฆ
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ืžื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉืœื ื•...
20:09
The โ€˜mummy Merkelโ€™ image in fact, started off as an insult
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 'ืืžื ืžืจืงืœ' ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ
20:13
from conservative rivals. It was made up during her first term in office
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“
20:16
byย hardlineย conservatives in her predominantly male party.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ย ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.
20:20
A patronisingย put downย behind her back.
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ืžื•ื ื—ย ืžืชื ืฉืย ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื”.
20:23
to put her in her placeย as a woman,ย possibly even meant toย 
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ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื›ืื™ืฉื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžื•ืจื”
20:26
be hurtful, given that inย reality she has no children.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
20:30
Oh dear, so the nicknameย of โ€˜motherโ€™ was really usedย 
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ื”ื•, ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ืื– ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ย ืฉืœ 'ืืžื' ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ
20:33
as an insult to start with,ย probably invented by the menย 
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ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”,ย ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
20:37
in her political party โ€“ย described as theย hardlineย ย 
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ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื” โ€“ย ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื
20:40
conservatives โ€“ ones withย traditional and strict beliefsย 
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ื›ืฉืžืจื ื™ืย ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ืย โ€“ ื›ืืœื” ืขืย ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช
20:45
that canโ€™t be changed.
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ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
20:47
Yes, the nickname was usedย as aย put downย โ€“ thatโ€™s anย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉย ื›ืฉื›ืฉื•ืšย โ€“ ื–ื”
20:50
insult, used to make someoneย feel stupid or embarrassed.ย 
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ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•ย ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืื• ื ื‘ื•ืš.
20:54
And the intention was toย ย 
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
20:55
make her feel less important โ€“ or toย put her in her place.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” - ืื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”.
20:59
Well, politics is full of insultsย and critics, but it soundsย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืœืื” ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข
21:02
rather cruel, and Damien McGuinness does go on to say that this image
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ื“ื™ ืื›ื–ืจื™, ื•ื“ืžื™ืืŸ ืžืงื’ื™ื ืก ืื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
21:07
is really a โ€˜media mythโ€™ and not quite accurate.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช 'ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™' ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
21:11
The media has not alwaysย been negative about Angelaย 
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ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ื’ืœื”
21:14
Merkel. She is the longest serving amongst current EU leaders and participated in anย ย 
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ืžืจืงืœ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื”ื ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘
21:19
estimated 100 EU summits. She has often been labelledย ย 
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-100 ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื™ื’ื”
21:23
as "the only grown-up in the room". So, the mediaย ย 
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ื›"ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ". ืื–, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
21:26
has also labelled her โ€˜The Queen of Europeโ€™.
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ื’ื ืชื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” 'ืžืœื›ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”'.
21:29
What is true is that followingย the recent elections in Germany,ย 
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ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชย ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
21:32
her successor โ€“ the person who became chancellor - will lack the experience andย ย 
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ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• โ€“ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืงื ืฆืœืจ โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—
21:38
gravitas that Merkel has gained over her 16 years as chancellor.
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ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ืžืจืงืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 16 ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืงื ืฆืœืจื™ืช.
21:42
But Damien McGuinness, in his report for the BBCโ€™sย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ืืŸ ืžืงื’ื™ื ืก, ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”-BBC ืฉืœ ื”-BBC
21:45
From Our Own Correspondent programme, concludes that many people arenโ€™t sure
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From Our Own Correspondent, ืžืกื™ืง ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
21:49
which of her nicknames is accurate.ย ย 
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื‘ืื™ื–ื•
21:51
What word does he use to mean โ€˜phrases or ideas that have become meaninglessย ย 
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ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช 'ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
21:56
because theyโ€™ve been overusedโ€™?ย 
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ'?
21:59
But the confusion aroundย theseย clichesย does point toย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ย ืงืœื™ืฉืื•ืชย ืืœื”ย ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ
22:02
another truth - The Chancellorย is discreet, to the pointย 
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ืืžืช ืื—ืจืช - ื”ืงื ืฆืœืจย ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
22:05
of sometimes being invisible.ย So, there's a fascinationย 
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”. ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืงืกื
22:09
about what's really going onย behind thatย deadpanย exterior.ย 
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”ย ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ย ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
22:13
Angela Merkel may have been in power for more than a decade and a half,
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ืื ื’ืœื” ืžืจืงืœ ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™,
22:17
but people are still not really sure they know who she is.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื™ื.
22:21
He used the wordย clichesย to mean โ€˜phrases or ideas that have become
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”ย ืงืœื™ืฉืื•ืชย ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€˜ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื•
22:25
meaningless because theyโ€™ve been overused.โ€™ People are unsureย which description
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ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื–ื.โ€™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืย ืื™ื–ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ
22:30
of her is true because she is discreetย โ€“ she keeps quiet aboutย 
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ืฉืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืชย โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™
22:35
things so as not to attract attention.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
22:38
Yes, itโ€™s hard to know whatย she is thinking becauseย 
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ื›ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ย ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™
22:40
she looksย deadpanย โ€“ that means she looks serious and doesnโ€™t show
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืชย ืžื•ื˜ื”ย โ€“ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืจืื”
22:44
expression or emotion.
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ื”ื‘ืขื” ืื• ืจื’ืฉ.
22:47
Hmmm, I wonder if Germanyโ€™s first ever chancellor had aย deadpanย exterior?
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ื”ืžืž, ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ืœืงื ืฆืœืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™?
22:53
Ah yes, earlier you asked me who that was, and I said it was Otto von Bismarck.
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืžื™ ื–ื”, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืžืจืง.
22:57
Was I right?
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ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
22:59
Yes, you were โ€“ well done.
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืช - ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
23:02
Wunderbar! Now itโ€™s time to recap some of the vocabulary weโ€™ve mentioned today,
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Wunderbar! ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
23:07
starting withย chancellorย - the person in the highest position in a government n some countries.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืงื ืฆืœืจ - ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
23:11
in some countries.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
23:12
Hardlineย describes someone with traditional and strict beliefs
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Hardlineย ืžืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช
23:16
that canโ€™t be easily changed.
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
23:19
A put downย is an insult, used to make someone feel stupid or embarrassed.
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ื”ื ื—ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืื• ื ื‘ื•ืš.
23:24
When someone isย put in their place, they are made to feel less important
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ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
23:28
than they are.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื.
23:30
Clichesย are phrases or ideas that have become meaningless
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ืงืœื™ืฉืื•ืชย ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
23:33
because theyโ€™ve been overused. And deadpan describes
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ื›ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ. ื•-deadpan ืžืชืืจ
23:36
someoneโ€™sย serious facial expression that shows no emotion.
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ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžืจืื” ืฉื•ื ืจื’ืฉ.
23:41
Thanks, Neil. Thatโ€™s all forย now but donโ€™t forget thereย 
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ื ื™ืœ. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—
23:44
are lots more 6 Minute English programmes to enjoy on our website
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
23:48
at bbclearningenglish.com.
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ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช bbclearningenglish.com.
23:51
You can also find us on social media and on our free app.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
23:55
And if you enjoy topicalย discussion, like in 6 Minute English, why not
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื ื”ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื•ืŸย ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื
23:59
try one ofย our other podcasts? In News Review we take a bigย ย 
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ืชื ืกื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•? ื‘-News Review ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื
24:02
international story, discuss the vocabulary used in the headlines,ย ย 
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช,
24:06
and teach you how to use it in yourย ย 
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ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
24:08
everyday English.
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
24:10
Thatโ€™s News Review from BBC Learning English. Try it out!
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ื–ื• ืกืงื™ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื”!
24:14
Thank you for listening and goodbye.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช.
24:16
Goodbye.
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.
24:22
Hello. This is 6 Minute English and I'm Rob.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
24:25
And I'm Dan.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ืŸ.
24:26
Now, Dan do you know who Michelle Obama is?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื–ืืช ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”?
24:29
Er, yeah. Maybe the most famous woman in the world? Former First Lady,
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ืื”, ื›ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื? ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
24:35
which means she was the wife of the President of the United States of America.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
24:39
That is correct. She's just published her autobiography and has been talking in the UK
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
24:44
about her life. Before we find out more,ย ย 
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
24:47
here is this weekโ€™s question.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
24:49
When did the title First Lady first become used for the wife of the US president?
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ืžืชื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืฉืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘? ื”ืื
24:54
Was it in the:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘:
24:56
a) 18th Century
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ื) ื”ืžืื” ื”-18
24:58
b) 19th Century
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ื‘) ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
25:00
or c) 20th Century? Any ideas, Dan?
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ืื• ื’) ื”ืžืื” ื”-20? ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืŸ?
25:03
This could be a trick question. The first US presidents were in the 18th Century,
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ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœืช ื˜ืจื™ืง. ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18,
25:08
and they had wives, but I think the actual term may only have been introduced
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืจืง
25:13
much later โ€“ so I'm going to take a wild guess and say the 20th Century.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ - ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ื—ื•ืฉ ืคืจื•ืข ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
25:19
OK. Well, I'll have theย answer later in the programme.ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
25:22
Michelle Obamaโ€™s visit toย the UK was covered on BBCย News
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืกื•ืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”-BBC.
25:26
According to this report,ย where did she visit thatย 
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
25:29
she had visited before?
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ?
25:32
The former First Ladyย spoke openlyย about a number ofย issues and one of her mainย 
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”
25:37
messages was aboutย empowerment.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื”.
25:39
Earlier in the day Mrs Obama revisited a school in north London,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื’ื‘ืจืช ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
25:43
a place where she says sheย was firstย inspiredย to focus on education during her time
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื”
25:49
as the First Lady.
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ื›ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
25:51
So, where did she revisit on this trip?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
25:54
She went to a school in north London. She said it was at this school that she was
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื”
25:59
firstย inspiredย to focus on education. If you areย inspiredย to do something, you get a
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”ย ื”ืฉืจืื”ย ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ
26:05
strong feeling thatย you want to do something, you feel a strong motivation to
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื”
26:08
achieve something particular, often because of something someone else
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
26:12
has said or achieved.
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ืืžืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื™ื’.
26:14
The report also mentioned that sheย spoke openlyย about a number of issues.
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ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื’ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
26:19
Toย speak openly about somethingย is when you discuss a subject, often a difficult
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืœืจื•ื‘
26:24
subject, without trying to hide the facts or your feelings. Itโ€™s a phrase that is used
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ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•
26:29
when people talk about things in their life that they find difficult or embarrassing.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื.
26:33
One of the things sheย spoke openlyย about was her own feeling that she didnโ€™t
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื
26:37
really belong, that she didnโ€™t have the skills or talent to be doing whatย 
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื”
26:41
she was doing and that sheย didnโ€™t deserve her position.ย 
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”.
26:44
There is a name for that. Itโ€™s calledย imposter syndrome
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฉื. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื”
26:47
โ€“ that feeling where you think one day everyone will realise thatย you're
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- ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื”
26:51
really not very good at what you do.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
26:53
I get that feeling all the time!
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ!
26:55
I wonder why? Because the thing with thisย imposter syndromeย is that it isnโ€™t justified.
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืย ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื”ย ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง.
27:01
Itโ€™s more a lack of confidence or a result of the way society labels us.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ื’ืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
27:06
Well, anyway, back to the report. Michelle Obama was also keen to talk aboutย the topic
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื—. ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื˜ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœย ื ื•ืฉื
27:12
ofย empowerment. That's giving people theย strength, confidence and powerย 
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ื”ืขืฆืžื”. ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืชย ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—
27:16
to achieve what they want in life by themselves.
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
27:20
Letโ€™s hear from Michelle Obama herself now talking about how we sometimes
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืžืข ืžืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื
27:24
judge people based on their class rather than their individual abilities.
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ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
27:29
Thatโ€™s often the mistake that we make, weย assumeย ย 
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืื ื•ย ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื
27:32
that working-class folks areย not highly giftedย in theirย 
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ืย ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื
27:36
own rightย when a lot ofย times yourย station in lifeย isย 
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ื‘ืขืฆืžืย ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ืย ื”ืขืžื“ื”ย ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
27:39
limited by the circumstancesย that you find yourself in.
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืชย ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชย ืฉื”ื ืืชื ื ืงืœืขื™ื.
27:44
She says here that weย assumeย things about peopleย 
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•ย ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืย ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
27:47
based on their social statusย orย station in life. Toย assumeย ย 
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ย ืื•ย ืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื ื™ื—
27:52
means 'to make a judgement which is not based on the facts
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
27:55
but on what we think is true'.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ'.
27:57
She uses the phraseย in theirย own right. When you sayย 
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื. ื›ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ
28:00
that someone is talentedย inย their own right, it meansย 
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื›ืฉืจย ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
28:03
that their talent comes from their own skills and abilities
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•
28:06
and not because of any connection with any organisation, individualย or class
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืื“ื ืื• ื›ื™ืชื”
28:10
that they happen to be associated with.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
28:12
Before we wrap up, time to get the answer to this weekโ€™s question.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
28:16
When didย the title First Lady first become used for the wife of the US president?
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ืžืชื™ย ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘? ื”ืื
28:22
Was it in the:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘:
28:23
a) 18th Century
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ื) ื”ืžืื” ื”-18
28:25
b) 19th Century
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ื‘) ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
28:27
or c) 20th Century
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ืื• ื’) ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
28:30
And Dan, you said?
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ื•ื“ืŸ, ืืžืจืช?
28:32
I thought it was the 20th Century.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
28:34
Well, you were right.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฆื“ืงืช.
28:36
Yay!
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ื™ืฉ!
28:37
But let me finish.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื. ืฆื“ืงืช
28:38
You were right in that it was later than the 18th Century, which was when the first
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ
28:43
US presidents held theirย positions, but it wasnโ€™t as late as the 20th Century.
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
28:48
It was the second half of the 19th Century when theย  title First Lady began to be used.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ.
28:53
Now letโ€™s review todayโ€™s vocabulary.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
28:56
We started with the phraseย to talk openlyย about something.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
29:00
This means toย discuss something, usually a difficult subject, without
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื”, ืžื‘ืœื™
29:04
hiding your feelings, emotions or facts about that subject.
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ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
29:07
Then there was the nounย empowerment. This is the process of
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืขืฆืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ
29:12
giving people the feeling that they are in control of their lives,
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ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืžื”
29:15
making people more confident in their rights and abilities.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
29:19
The verbย inspireย was next.
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœย ื”ืฉืจืื”ย ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื.
29:21
If youย inspireย people, you give them the feeling that theyย ย 
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื
29:24
want to and can do something,ย ย 
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
29:26
something difficult or creative. If you have that feeling yourself, you areย inspired.ย 
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฉื” ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžืš, ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
29:32
Next there was the verbย to assume something.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœย ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื•.
29:35
To assumeย means 'to make a judgement about someone or something
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ืœื”ื ื™ื—ย ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•
29:39
not based on proof, but on things you think or believe to be true'.
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ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ืืœื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื'.
29:44
The next phrase wasย in their own right. If someoneย 
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
29:47
is successfulย in their ownย right, for example, it meansย 
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ืžืฆืœื™ื—ย ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
29:50
their success is because ofย their own skills and abilities,ย 
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ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœย ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
29:53
and not because of who theyย work for, or work with orย 
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื™ ื”ื•ืย ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืื•
29:57
which social group theyย come from.
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ืžืื™ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื•ืย ื‘ื.
30:00
And finally there was the noun phraseย stationย in life.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ืชื—ื ื”ย ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
30:03
Yourย station in life is your position in societyย โ€“ your social status.
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ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” - ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœืš.
30:07
And that brings us to the endย of this weekโ€™s programme.ย 
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืกื•ืฃย ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
30:10
Weโ€™ll be back soon and inย the meantime you can findย 
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื
30:12
us on Instagram, Facebook,ย Twitter, YouTube our appย 
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ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,ย ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, YouTube ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
30:15
and of course the website bbclearningenglish.com.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ bbclearningenglish.com.
30:18
Bye bye for now.
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
30:20
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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