Mars: Mysteries of the Red Planet - 6 Minute English

60,715 views ใƒป 2022-03-17

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:02
Hello.
0
2560
5720
ืฉืœื•ื.
00:08
This is 6 Minute English
1
8280
1290
ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:09
from BBC Learning English.
2
9570
1719
ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:11
I'm Neil.
3
11289
1020
ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:12
And I'm Sam.
4
12309
1000
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:13
In this programme we'll be
5
13309
1000
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ื•ืŸ
00:14
discussing our closest neighbour
6
14309
1781
ื‘ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
00:16
in the solar system - the
7
16090
1460
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ -
00:17
planet Mars.
8
17550
1420
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืื“ื™ื.
00:18
Often called the 'Red Planet',
9
18970
2300
ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช 'ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื',
00:21
Mars has been in the news a
10
21270
1550
ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:22
lot recently with three separate
11
22820
2269
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ
00:25
missions being sent to explore
12
25089
1990
ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
00:27
the planet's surface in 2021.
13
27079
3260
ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021.
00:30
Our fascination with
14
30339
1000
ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœื ื•
00:31
the Red Planet
15
31339
1000
ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
00:32
has given birth to
16
32339
1000
ื”ื•ืœื™ื“
00:33
some interesting art over the
17
33339
1341
ื›ืžื” ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš
00:34
years.
18
34680
1000
ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
00:35
This includes music,
19
35680
1000
ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
00:36
such as David Bowie's 1973
20
36680
1810
ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1973
00:38
hit, Life on Mars?, and countless
21
38490
2580
, Life on Mars?, ื•ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ
00:41
films, from 1938's, Mars Attacks!,
22
41070
2960
ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-38, Mars Attacks!,
00:44
to the 2015 blockbuster,
23
44030
2110
ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ืž-2015,
00:46
The Martian.
24
46140
1000
The Martian.
00:47
But human interest in Mars
25
47140
1620
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
00:48
goes back much earlier.
26
48760
2350
ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
00:51
Ancient civilisations, like the
27
51110
1470
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื•
00:52
Maya of central America observed
28
52580
2270
ื”ืžืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืฆืคื•
00:54
the planet's colour and recorded
29
54850
1840
ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ืจืฉืžื• ืืช
00:56
its movements, just like modern
30
56690
1920
ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•
00:58
astronomers - scientists who
31
58610
1990
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื - ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
01:00
study the universe
32
60600
1050
ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:01
and the stars,
33
61650
1580
ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:03
planets and suns within it.
34
63230
1590
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
01:04
Yet despite this, many questions
35
64820
1960
ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:06
remain unanswered.
36
66780
1970
ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืœื ืžืขื ื”.
01:08
What caused
37
68750
1000
ืžื” ื’ืจื
01:09
the marks and scars on
38
69750
1000
ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืฆืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™
01:10
the planet's surface?
39
70750
1359
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
01:12
And the biggest question of all:
40
72109
1811
ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ
01:13
is there life on Mars?
41
73920
2140
ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
01:16
But before we go on, I have
42
76060
1239
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื™
01:17
another question which needs
43
77299
1341
ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
01:18
answering, Sam.
44
78640
1689
ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ืกืื.
01:20
The ancient
45
80329
1000
01:21
Romans were also interested
46
81329
1110
ื’ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•
01:22
in Mars.
47
82439
1000
ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:23
They even considered
48
83439
1000
ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืื•
01:24
the planet to be a god - but
49
84439
1871
ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื›ืืœ - ืื‘ืœ
01:26
god of what?
50
86310
1500
ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”?
01:27
Was Mars
51
87810
1000
ื”ืื ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื”
01:28
the Roman god of:
52
88810
1000
ื”ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ:
01:29
a) Love?
53
89810
1369
ื) ืื”ื‘ื”?
01:31
b) Fire? or c) War?
54
91179
3031
ื‘) ืืฉ? ืื• ื’) ืžืœื—ืžื”?
01:34
Well, Mars is the 'Red Planet',
55
94210
2769
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื 'ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื',
01:36
so I guess the answer is
56
96979
1660
ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
01:38
b) the Roman God of Fire.
57
98639
2620
ื‘) ืืœ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™.
01:41
OK, Sam.
58
101259
1311
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื. ืืช
01:42
We'll find out the
59
102570
1030
01:43
answer at the end
60
103600
1000
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
01:44
of the programme.
61
104600
1980
ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:46
Whatever the Romans thought,
62
106580
1679
ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื,
01:48
civilisations throughout
63
108259
1280
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš
01:49
history have described looking
64
109539
1890
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื™ืืจื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
01:51
into the night sky and seeing
65
111429
1911
ืืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช
01:53
a bright, red light.
66
113340
2459
ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
01:55
But where
67
115799
1000
ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข
01:56
does Mars' characteristic
68
116799
1131
ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืื“ื™ื
01:57
colour come from?
69
117930
1959
?
01:59
Someone who can answer that
70
119889
1000
ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”
02:00
is Dr Michael Meyer.
71
120889
2340
ื”ื•ื ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžืื™ื™ืจ.
02:03
As lead
72
123229
1000
ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ
02:04
scientist on NASA's Mars
73
124229
1180
ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื
02:05
Exploration Programme, he
74
125409
1471
, ื”ื•ื
02:06
spent years observing and
75
126880
2040
ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ
02:08
recording the Red Planet.
76
128920
2320
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื.
02:11
Listen to Dr Meyer in
77
131240
1290
ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื™ืจ
02:12
conversation with BBC World
78
132530
1710
ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World
02:14
Service programme, The Forum.
79
134240
2400
Service, The Forum.
02:16
Try to hear the explanation
80
136640
1730
ื ืกื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ
02:18
he gives for Mars's
81
138370
1619
ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
02:19
unusual colour.
82
139989
3110
.
02:23
One of the distinctive things
83
143099
1191
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
02:24
about Mars is that it's red
84
144290
1470
ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื
02:25
so you can see it and
85
145760
1030
ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
02:26
identify it.
86
146790
1640
ืื•ืชื•.
02:28
It looks red
87
148430
1000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืื“ื•ื
02:29
because of rust - iron oxide
88
149430
2419
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” - ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ
02:31
on the surface, which is red
89
151849
1521
ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื”
02:33
and, interestingly that look
90
153370
3509
, ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ื”
02:36
can change.
91
156879
1000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:37
And we saw that
92
157879
2161
ื•ืจืื™ื ื•
02:40
in 2018 when there was a
93
160040
1000
ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”
02:41
global dust storm - Mars,
94
161040
2000
ืกื•ืคืช ืื‘ืง ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช - ืžืื“ื™ื,
02:43
instead of looking red
95
163040
1330
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื“ื•ื
02:44
looked a little orange,
96
164370
2320
ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืชื•ื,
02:46
and that changing of colour
97
166690
3040
ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข
02:49
might have made the
98
169730
2570
ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื
02:52
civilisations watching Mars
99
172300
2469
ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
02:54
maybe uneasy to see
100
174769
1881
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœืจืื•ืช
02:56
something immutable in our
101
176650
1720
ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”
02:58
night sky changing colours.
102
178370
4640
ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
03:03
Dr Meyer calls Mars's red
103
183010
1880
ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืจื ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
03:04
colour distinctive - easy to
104
184890
2450
ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ - ืงืœ
03:07
recognise because it's different
105
187340
1450
ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”
03:08
from everything else.
106
188790
1119
ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
03:09
But did
107
189909
1000
ืื‘ืœ
03:10
you hear why it's red in
108
190909
1291
ืฉืžืขืช ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืื“ื•ื
03:12
the first place, Sam?
109
192200
1970
ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืกืื?
03:14
Yes - it's red
110
194170
1080
ื›ืŸ - ื–ื” ืื“ื•ื
03:15
because of rust -
111
195250
1790
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” -
03:17
a reddish chemical substance
112
197040
1740
ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืื“ืžื“ื
03:18
called iron oxide that occurs
113
198780
2750
ื‘ืฉื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
03:21
when metals react with
114
201530
1550
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื
03:23
water and air.
115
203080
2040
ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:25
The colour of this rust can
116
205120
1270
ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ
03:26
change slightly, from red to
117
206390
1590
ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜, ืžืื“ื•ื ืœื—ื•ื
03:27
brown to orange, and Dr Meyer
118
207980
2080
ืœื›ืชื•ื, ื•ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื™ืจ
03:30
thinks these changing colours
119
210060
1789
ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:31
may have worried ancient
120
211849
1170
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ืื™ื’ื•
03:33
astronomers who believed Mars
121
213019
1601
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžืื“ื™ื
03:34
was immutable, or
122
214620
1449
ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื•
03:36
never changing.
123
216069
1441
ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”.
03:37
Unlike ancient civilisations,
124
217510
2209
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
03:39
modern astronomers have sent
125
219719
1440
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื•
03:41
satellites to land on Mars
126
221159
1800
ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
03:42
and explore its surface.
127
222959
2670
ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•.
03:45
And although no human has
128
225629
1381
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื
03:47
set foot on the Red Planet
129
227010
1550
ื“ืจื›ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
03:48
so far, we know a lot
130
228560
2330
, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:50
about conditions there.
131
230890
1519
ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื.
03:52
So, in the words of
132
232409
1000
ืื–, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ
03:53
David Bowie: is there
133
233409
1200
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืื™: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ
03:54
life on Mars?
134
234609
1390
ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
03:55
Well, that all depends on
135
235999
1671
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช
03:57
finding water.
136
237670
1000
ืžื™ื.
03:58
Water is life,
137
238670
2250
ืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:00
and as Dr Meyer told BBC
138
240920
1870
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื™ืจ ืืžืจ ืœ-BBC
04:02
World Service's, The
139
242790
1309
World Service, The
04:04
Forum, with water
140
244099
1970
Forum, ืขื ืžื™ื
04:06
anything is possible.
141
246069
2700
ื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™.
04:08
And from all that we have
142
248769
1110
ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžื”
04:09
learned from astrobiology,
143
249879
2310
ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:12
life is amazingly adaptable,
144
252189
3110
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
04:15
but it still needs water.
145
255299
2071
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื.
04:17
So that's why water
146
257370
1000
ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื™ื
04:18
is the key.
147
258370
1010
ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื—.
04:19
So, finding liquid water
148
259380
2200
ืื–, ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
04:21
on Mars, whether or not
149
261580
1000
ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื
04:22
it's now or whether or
150
262580
1000
ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื”
04:23
not it's in the past,
151
263580
1420
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื,
04:25
tells you that you
152
265000
1740
ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš
04:26
potentially have a
153
266740
1130
ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
04:27
habitable environment,
154
267870
1770
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื,
04:29
some place that
155
269640
1000
ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ
04:30
could support life and
156
270640
1330
ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™
04:31
perhaps even Martian life.
157
271970
2890
ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:34
Dr Meyer says that life is
158
274860
1640
ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื
04:36
amazingly adaptable - able
159
276500
1970
ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” - ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
04:38
to change in order to survive
160
278470
2060
ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“
04:40
in new situations.
161
280530
2430
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:42
Finding liquid water could
162
282960
1100
ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”
04:44
make the Red Planet habitable -
163
284060
2859
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื -
04:46
good enough to live on.
164
286919
1970
ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
04:48
And
165
288889
1000
ื•ืขื
04:49
with billionaire businessmen
166
289889
1000
ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื
04:50
like Elon Musk planning
167
290889
1131
ื›ืžื• ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื
04:52
manned missions to space,
168
292020
2250
ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ,
04:54
who knows how long it could
169
294270
1290
ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
04:55
be before we see
170
295560
1000
ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืจืื”
04:56
a human on Mars?
171
296560
1380
ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
04:57
And who knows what they'd
172
297940
1020
ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื
04:58
find there!
173
298960
1000
ื™ืžืฆืื• ืฉื!
04:59
Tiny worms?
174
299960
1010
ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช?
05:00
Little green men?
175
300970
1169
ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื?
05:02
Or maybe a Roman god...?
176
302139
1451
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™...?
05:03
Ah yes, in your quiz question
177
303590
2190
ืื” ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš
05:05
you asked what Mars was the
178
305780
2280
ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื”ื•ื
05:08
Roman god of.
179
308060
1660
ื”ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
05:09
I guessed
180
309720
1000
ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™
05:10
b) the Roman God of Fire.
181
310720
1530
ื‘) ืืœ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™.
05:12
Which was the wrong answer,
182
312250
2110
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
05:14
I'm afraid.
183
314360
1000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ.
05:15
In fact, the
184
315360
1380
ืœืžืขืฉื”,
05:16
Romans considered Mars their
185
316740
1280
ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ืืช
05:18
God of War, and sacrificed
186
318020
1899
ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืœื•
05:19
wild animals to him such
187
319919
1611
ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ
05:21
as wolves, bears and,
188
321530
2560
ื›ืžื• ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
05:24
strangely, woodpeckers!
189
324090
1640
ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื ืงืจื™ื!
05:25
OK, Neil let's recap the
190
325730
2390
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ
05:28
vocabulary from this
191
328120
1000
ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
05:29
programme on the Red Planet,
192
329120
2040
ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
05:31
Mars, starting with
193
331160
1720
ืžืื“ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ
05:32
astronomer - someone who
194
332880
1610
ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ
05:34
studies the stars, planets
195
334490
1951
ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช
05:36
and moons in our universe.
196
336441
1848
ื•ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:38
If something is distinctive,
197
338289
1741
ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื ื™ืชืŸ
05:40
it's easily recognisable
198
340030
1500
ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
05:41
because it's different
199
341530
1009
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”
05:42
from everything else.
200
342539
1551
ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
05:44
Rust, or iron oxide, is
201
344090
2440
ื—ืœื•ื“ื”, ืื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื
05:46
a red coloured chemical
202
346530
1550
ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื
05:48
that occurs when metals
203
348080
1700
ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื•ืช
05:49
react with water and air.
204
349780
2690
ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
05:52
Immutable means
205
352470
1000
ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืขื•ืœื
05:53
never changing.
206
353470
1199
ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”.
05:54
Something which is adaptable
207
354669
1280
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ
05:55
can easily change to deal
208
355949
1571
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
05:57
with new circumstances.
209
357520
1769
ืขื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:59
And finally, habitable means
210
359289
1731
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
06:01
good enough to live in.
211
361020
1859
ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
06:02
That's all we have time for.
212
362879
1441
ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
06:04
Bye for now!
213
364320
2430
ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:06
Goodbye!
214
366750
2160
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7