Meet the flavourists - 6 Minute English

117,272 views ใƒป 2022-11-03

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:07
Hello. This is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Sam. ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
00:11
And Iโ€™m Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:12
In this programme weโ€™re finding out all about food flavours.
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
00:15
Althoughย everyone knows what food they like the taste of,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื•,
00:19
the science behind flavours is complex.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
00:22
Flavour involves much more than tasting with the tongue โ€“ itโ€™s also influenced by how
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ื˜ืขื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ - ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื’ื ืžืื™ืš ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ
00:27
food looks, smells, and even how itโ€™s described.
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ื ืจืื”, ืžืจื™ื— ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ.
00:31
In this programme weโ€™ll be meeting the flavouristsย โ€“ scientists who combine
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ืย - ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื
00:35
different natural and artificial ingredients to create the flavours
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื
00:39
we love to taste in our food. And of course, weโ€™ll be learning some new
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืœืžื“
00:43
vocabulary as well.
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ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:45
Sounds delicious, Neil, but first I have a question for you. No-one really knows
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ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ืขื™ื, ื ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข
00:49
why, butย certain flavours seem to work well together. Some scientists think
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ืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
00:54
classic combinations likeย  lemon and lime, or strawberries and cream
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ืฉืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืื• ืชื•ืชื™ื ื•ืฉืžื ืช
00:59
are so popular is because their chemicals overlapย in special ways.
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ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
01:04
Sometimes this creates new, interesting and unusual flavours. So, what weirdly
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืื– ืื™ื–ื”
01:09
popular combination was invented by British chef, Heston Blumenthal?
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืฉืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžื ื˜ืœ? ื”ืื
01:14
Was itโ€ฆ a) dark chocolate and sea salt? b) milk chocolate and chilli? or,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”... ื) ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ ื•ืžืœื— ื™ื? ื‘) ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืฆ'ื™ืœื™? ืื•,
01:20
c) white chocolate and caviar?
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ื’) ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ืืจ?
01:22
Well, Iโ€™ve tried sea salt and chocolate andย I think it tastes great, so Iโ€™ll say a).
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืžืœื— ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ืขื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื).
01:27
OK, Neil. Iโ€™ll reveal the correctย  answer at the end of the programme.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ. ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:31
Nowadays, the flavour industry is big business.ย Flavourists work in high-tech
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื˜ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง
01:37
laboratories and every new ice-cream, crisp or toothpasteย flavour is the result
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ื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื“ื”, ืคืจื™ืš ืื• ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื”
01:42
of years of scientific research. But it wasnโ€™t always like that.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ื”.
01:46
Hereโ€™s food historian, Dr Nadia Berenstein, describing the beginnings of
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื“"ืจ ื ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ
01:51
the flavour industryย in the 19th century to Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื•ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ, ืžื’ื™ืฉืช
01:56
World Service programme, The Food Chainโ€ฆ
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ...
01:59
There's really only a handful of people and maybe a dozen or so companies
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ืงื•ืžืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
02:04
that are really involved,ย and at that point they really are kind of working with
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื
02:08
secret recipes that were kept very secure,ย and sometimes passed down
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ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืจื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื•
02:13
within families from father to son, so it really seemed like a guildย structure from
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื™ืœื“ื”
02:20
the Middle Ages at that point.
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ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
02:23
Was it seen as some kind of dark art?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืืคืœื”?
02:26
Yes, the term black art does come up in some of the early writing of people who
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:34
were producing flavours at this point.
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”.
02:37
To begin with, there were only around a dozen,ย thatโ€™s twelve, companies
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื›ืชืจื™ืกืจ,ย ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
02:43
experimenting with food flavours. The recipes they used wereย kept secret
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ืฉื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื“
02:47
and only shared with family or trusted friends. Dr Berenstein compares these
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ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืจืง ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื. ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช
02:52
companies to a guild - an organization of people who do the same job or have
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื’ื™ืœื“ื” - ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™
02:58
the same interests.
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ืื•ืชื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:59
Because it was so secretive and mysterious, people saw making flavours
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื
03:03
as a dark art - a method ofย  achieving something in a clever but
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ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืืคืœื” - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืืš
03:08
dishonest or wicked way. But this all changed after the Secondย World War,
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ืœื ื™ืฉืจื” ืื• ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
03:13
when the invention of processed food which could be bought in supermarkets,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜ื™ื,
03:17
andย kept fresh at home in the fridge, increased the demand for new and
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
03:21
exciting flavours.
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ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
03:22
Hereโ€™s Dr Berenstein again, explaining the work of present-day flavourists to
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•
03:28
BBCย World Service programme, The Food Chainโ€ฆ
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ...
03:30
So, essentially becoming a flavourist todayย is still an apprenticeship process.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื“ื•ืช.
03:36
There's no academic path to it, right. Your training isย on-the-job, working
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœืšย ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
03:42
alongside a master flavourist at a flavour and fragrance company, or at
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ืœืฆื“ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ืื• ื‘ื›ืžื”
03:49
some of the bigger food companies will have their own flavour divisions.
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:53
Itโ€™s a scientificย profession for sure. You have to know a lot about
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ
03:58
chemistry, but it is a creative profession. Atย the very heart of this industrial food
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ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
04:06
system, there are these craft artisans who are essentiallyย designing molecule
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, ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
04:12
by molecule, the flavours that shape the way food is made to taste.
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ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”, ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื.
04:19
Todayโ€™s flavourists learn their art by serving an apprenticeship โ€“
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื” -
04:23
a period of time spent workingย  for a skilled master, often for low
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ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืืฆืœ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
04:28
payment, in order to learn their skills.
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ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ืžื•ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื.
04:30
Althoughย a background in chemistry is important, you canโ€™t study flavours at university โ€“
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืงืข ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” -
04:36
the training happens on-the-job, at your place of work, while you are working.
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ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:41
Dr Berenstein calls flavourists craft artisans โ€“ people doing skilled work
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ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื™ื - ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช
04:46
withย their hands, and she describes their creations as the marriage of science
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ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข
04:51
and art.
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ื•ืืžื ื•ืช.
04:52
Yes, I love the idea of the flavourist as a magician, adding a pinch of this flavour,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ืงื•ืกื, ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื•ืจื˜ ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื”,
04:57
or a drop of that oil to create the perfect, magical taste!
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ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ื”ืงืกื•ื!
05:01
I wonder if thatโ€™s what Britishย chef, Heston Blumenthal, was trying to doโ€ฆ
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžื ื˜ืœ, ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช...
05:05
In my question, I asked what popularย  flavour combination was invented by chef, Heston Blumenthal?
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ื‘ืฉืืœืชื™, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืฃ, ื”ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžื ื˜ืœ?
05:12
I said it was a) dark chocolate and sea salt. So, was I right?
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื) ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ ื•ืžืœื— ื™ื. ืื–, ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
05:16
Well, itโ€™s true that sweet and salty flavours go together well, but
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืื‘ืœ
05:19
the correctย answer wasโ€ฆ white chocolate and caviar, a combination
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ืืจ, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
05:24
described by Swiss master flavourist,ย  Franรงois Benzi, as โ€œweird
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ืฉืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™, ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื‘ื ืฆื™, ื›"ืžื•ื–ืจ
05:29
but wonderfulโ€. Right, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary weโ€™ve learned,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืคืœื". ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•,
05:32
starting with a dozen which means twelve.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”.
05:35
Something described as a dark art refersย to a method of achieving
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืžื ื•ืช ืืคืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
05:39
something in a clever but dishonest way.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืืš ืœื ื™ืฉืจื”.
05:42
A guild is an organization of people who do the same job.
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ื’ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:45
An apprenticeship is the period of time an apprentice spends watching and
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ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืœืžื“ ืžื‘ืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื”
05:50
working with aย skilled master in order to learn their skills.
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ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•.
05:53
When you do something on-the-job it happensย in the workplace, while you are working.
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”ย ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
05:58
And finally, an artisan is a person doingย  skilled work with their hands.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
06:03
Once again, our six minutes are up. Bye for now!
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:05
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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