BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Language 2' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

200,800 views ใƒป 2022-08-07

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:09
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
00:11
Gลdne mergen! Mรฉ lรญcap pรฉ tรณ mรฉtanne!
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ื’ื•ื“ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’! Mรฉ lรญcap pรฉ tรณ mรฉtanne!
00:14
I beg your pardon, Neil? Is something stuck in your throat?!ย 
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ื ื™ืœ? ืžืฉื”ื• ืชืงื•ืข ืœืš ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ?!
00:18
Are you speaking a foreign language?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื”?
00:20
Ha! Well, actually Georgina, I was saying, โ€˜Good morning, pleased to meet youโ€™ in English -ย 
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ื”ื! ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ืืžืจืชื™, 'ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ' ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช -
00:25
but not the English you and I speak. That was Anglo-Saxon, or Old English,ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ืช, ืื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:30
the earliest form of English, spoken in theย 
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™
00:32
Middle Ages โ€“ so, betweenย  the 5th and 15th century.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื - ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ืœืžืื” ื”-15.
00:36
It doesnโ€™t sound anything like the way people talk nowadays.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
00:40
No, but itโ€™s surprising how many of the words we use today have survivedย 
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ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืจื“ื•
00:44
from Old English โ€“ beer, wine, drink, fish, bread, butter, eye, ear, mouth,ย 
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ืžื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” - ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืฉืงื”, ื“ื’, ืœื—ื, ื—ืžืื”, ืขื™ืŸ, ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืคื”,
00:50
head, hand, foot, life, love, laughter,ย 
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ืจืืฉ, ื™ื“, ืจื’ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฆื—ื•ืง,
00:54
mother, daughter, sister, brother, son, father โ€“ all Anglo-Saxon words!
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ืืžื , ื‘ืช, ืื—ื•ืช, ืื—, ื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ื - ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ื•ืช!
01:00
Wow, so many everyday words! But what about the classics - Latin and Greek?ย 
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช! ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” - ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช?
01:05
I thought a lot of English
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื”
01:06
vocabulary came from there.
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ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื ืžืฉื.
01:08
Thatโ€™s also true, but the history of English is the history of invasions โ€“ you know,ย 
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช - ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
01:13
when the army of one country fights to enter and control another country.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:17
Like the Roman invasion of Britain?
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”?
01:19
Right, and later invasions too, by Norse- speaking Vikings and Germanic Saxons.ย 
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื™ื.
01:25
In fact, Georgina, that reminds me of my quiz question.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
01:29
Go on then, but in modernย  English if you donโ€™t mindโ€ฆ
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ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืื–, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœืš...
01:32
OK. Well, the year 1066 is remembered for a famous battle when the French-speakingย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ืช 1066 ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื›ืืฉืจ
01:37
Norman king, William the
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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ื™ืœื™ืื
01:39
Conqueror, invaded England โ€“
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ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ, ืคืœืฉ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” -
01:41
but what is the name of the famous battle? Is it:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
01:44
a) The Battle of Waterloo?,
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ื) ืงืจื‘ ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•?,
01:47
b) The Battle of Hastings?, or, c) The Battle of Trafalgar?
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ื‘) ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก?, ืื•, ื’) ืงืจื‘ ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ?
01:50
Hmm, my historyโ€™s not great, Neil, but I think
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ื”ืžืž, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ื ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
01:54
itโ€™s b) The Battle of Hastings.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘) ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.
01:56
OK, Georgina, weโ€™ll find out โ€˜laterโ€™ - another Old English word there!ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื ื’ืœื” 'ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ' - ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื!
02:01
But itโ€™s not just words that survive from Anglo-Saxon, itโ€™s word endings too โ€“ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืžื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื’ื ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื -
02:06
the suffix, or letters added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืžืช, ืื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”.
02:10
Right, like adding โ€˜sโ€™ to make something plural,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ 's' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:13
as in: one bird, two birds. Or the โ€˜nessโ€™
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ื›ืžื• ื‘: ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืื• ื”'ื ื—ื•ืช'
02:17
in โ€˜goodnessโ€™ and โ€˜happinessโ€™. And โ€˜domโ€™,
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ื‘'ื˜ื•ื‘' ื•ื‘'ืื•ืฉืจ'. ื•'ื“ื•ื',
02:20
as in, โ€˜freedomโ€™ and kingdomโ€™.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘'ื—ื•ืคืฉ' ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช'.
02:22
Poet Michael Rosen is fascinated by Old English.
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
02:25
Here he is talking about word suffixes to Oxford University
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
02:29
professor Andy Orchard forย BBC Radio 4โ€™s programme,
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ืื ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืฆ'ืจื“, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ BBC Radio 4,
02:33
Word of Mouth.
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ืžืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ.
02:34
Listen out for the proportion of modern English that comes from Anglo-Saxon.
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ืช.
02:39
โ€˜I walkedโ€™ โ€“ that โ€˜walkedโ€™, ย the โ€˜etโ€™ bit on the end.
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'ื”ืœื›ืชื™' - ื”'ื”ืœื›ืชื™' ื”ื–ื”, ย ื”-et' ืงืฆืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
02:42
Yeah, the โ€˜edโ€™ ending. Most modern verbs โ€“ if we were to
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื•ืฃ 'ืื“'. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื - ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•
02:45
say, you know, โ€˜I texted my daughterโ€™, I mean text is,
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, 'ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœื™', ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื•ื,
02:48
obviously - comes from Latin โ€ฆ 'I tweeted' - we still lapse
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ - ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช... 'ืฆื™ื™ืฆืชื™' - ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:52
to the Anglo-Saxon.
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ืœืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ืช.
02:53
And, generally, when Iโ€™m speaking, justย  letโ€™s do it in mathematical terms,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืง ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:57
what proportion can we say isย 
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื
03:00
Old English? Can we say, like, about 80% in common
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”? ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืจืš, ื›-80% ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช
03:04
parlance, sorry to use a French word there?
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, ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉื?
03:07
In speech it would be something like that โ€“
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ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” -
03:09
in the written language, less. Theyโ€™re the basic building
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
03:11
blocks of who we are and what we think.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:14
Professor Orchard estimates that 80 percent of spoken
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื•ืจืฆ'ืจื“ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช
03:17
English in common parlance comes from Anglo-Saxon.
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ืช.
03:21
'In common parlance' means the words and vocabulary that most people
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'ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
03:25
use in ordinary, everyday conversation.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
03:28
So Anglo-Saxon words are the building blocks of English -
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ืื– ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช -
03:32
the basic parts that are put together to make something.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:35
He also thinks that the languages we speak shape the way we see the world.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:39
Hereโ€™s Michael Rosen and Professor Andy Orchard discussing this idea
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ื”ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:44
on BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth:
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4, ืžืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ:
03:48
Can we say that English speakers today, as Iโ€™m speaking
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ
03:51
to you now, view the world through Anglo-Saxon eyes, through
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ืืœื™ื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ื•ืช, ื“ืจืš
03:55
Anglo-Saxon words? Can we say that?
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ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื? ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”?
03:57
Well, in Old English poetry it's always raining and I suppose itโ€™s always raining today.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:01
There is a retrospective element, that weโ€™re still inhabiting that worldview, those ideas;
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ื™ืฉ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”;
04:06
the same words, the same simple ideas that they inhabited.
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื›ืœืกื•.
04:09
And whatโ€™s extraordinary if you think about the history of English is despite the
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืจื•ืช
04:13
invasions by the Norse and by the Norman, and then despite the years of empire when weโ€™re bringing
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ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื, ื•ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
04:17
things back, the English that weโ€™re speaking today is still at its
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืื”.
04:22
root, Old English word, at its heart, Old English word, still very much English.
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ืฉื•ืจืฉ, ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”, ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
04:29
Michael Rosen asks if English speakers see
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืจื•ืื™ื
04:32
the world through Anglo-Saxon eyes.
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ื•ืช.
04:35
When we see something through someoneโ€™s eyes, we see it from their
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช
04:38
perspective,ย their point of view.
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ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•,ย ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•.
04:40
And Professor Orchard replies by saying that despite all the history of invasion and
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ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื•ืจืฆ'ืจื“ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”
04:45
empire, the English we speak today is still Old English 'at heart' โ€“
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, ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” 'ื‘ืœื‘' -
04:50
a phrase used to say what something is really like.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื”.
04:54
Wow! So much history crammed into six minutes!
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ื•ื•ืื•! ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื“ื—ืกื” ืœืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช!
04:57
And now, time for one more history fact.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช.
04:59
Do you mean your quiz question, Neil? Whatโ€™s the name of the famous battle of 1066?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื ื™ืœ? ืžื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ 1066?
05:05
What did you say, Georgina?
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ืžื” ืืžืจืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”?
05:07
I said b) The Battle of Hastings.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘) ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.
05:10
Which wasโ€ฆ the correct answer! The Battle of Hastings in
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช
05:13
1066 played a big part in the Norman Conquest and mixing
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1066 ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘
05:17
French words into the language.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืคื”.
05:19
And I also know how the English ruler, King Harold, died โ€“
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจื•ืœื“, ืžืช -
05:24
shot through the eye with an arrow!
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ื ื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฅ!
05:26
Ouch! OK, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary, some of which
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ืืื•ืฅ! ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืงื•
05:29
exists because of 'invasions' โ€“ when one country enters and controls another.
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ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ 'ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช' - ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื—ืจืช.
05:34
A suffix is added to the end of a word to make a new word.
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ืกื™ื•ืžืช ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคืช ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:38
The phrase 'in common parlance' means using ordinary, everyday words.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื‘ืฉืคื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
05:42
'Building blocks' are the basic parts used to make something.
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'ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ' ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.
05:46
'To see things through someoneโ€™s eyes' means, from their point of view.
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'ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•.
05:50
And finally, 'at heart' is used to say what something is really like.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, 'ื‘ืœื‘' ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื”.
05:55
Thatโ€™s all for this programme. Join us again soon at 6 Minute English butย ย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ
05:58
for now, โ€˜far gesund!โ€™ โ€“ thatโ€™s Old English for โ€˜goodbyeโ€™!
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ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, 'far gesund!' - ื–ื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ 'ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช'!
06:03
Far gesund!
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“!
06:10
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:13
And Iโ€™m Rob.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
06:14
Bonjour, Rob! Konโ€™nichiโ€™wa!
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ื‘ื•ื ื–'ื•ืจ, ืจื•ื‘! Kon'nichi'wa!
06:17
Excuse me?
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ืกืœื— ืœื™?
06:18
ยกHola! ยฟCรณmo estรกs?
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ืฉืœื•ื! ยฟCรณmo estรกs?
06:20
Oh, OK, I think Neilโ€™s saying โ€˜helloโ€™ in different languages โ€“ French, was it?ย 
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ืื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืœ ืื•ืžืจ 'ืฉืœื•ื' ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช - ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:26
And then.. Japanese? Andโ€ฆ Spanish? Is that right?
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ื•ืื–.. ื™ืคื ื™ืช? ื•ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:29
ยกSi, muy bien!
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ยกืกื™, ืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ!
06:32
The English are famously slow to learn otherย 
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ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
06:34
languages. But it seems that Rob and I -
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ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื•ืื ื™ -
06:37
and of course you - our global audience here at 6 Minute English -
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืชื” - ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 Minute English -
06:40
are good examples of polyglots โ€“ people who speak more than one language,
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ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ื™ื - ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืคื” ืื—ืช,
06:45
sometimes known as 'superlinguists'.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›'ืœืฉื ื™-ืขืœ'.
06:48
People who speak multiple languages benefit from many advantages, as weโ€™ll
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืคื™
06:52
be hearing in this programme.
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ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
06:54
That word 'polyglot' sounds familiar, Neil.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• 'ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜' ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื ื™ืœ. ื”ืื
06:56
Doesn't the prefix 'poly' mean โ€˜manyโ€™?
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ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช 'ืคื•ืœื™' ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช 'ืจื‘ื™ื'?
07:00
Thatโ€™s right, like 'polygon' โ€“ a shape with many sides.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• 'ืžืฆื•ืœืข' - ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
07:03
Or 'polymath' โ€“ someone who knows many things.
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ืื• 'ืคื•ืœื™ืžืืช' - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:07
And speaking of knowing things, itโ€™s time for my quiz question.
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
07:11
The word 'polyglot' comes from Greek and is made up of two parts:
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜' ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื:
07:15
'poly', which as Rob says, means โ€˜manyโ€™, and โ€˜glotโ€™. But what does โ€˜glotโ€™ mean?
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'ืคื•ืœื™', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ 'ืจื‘ื™ื' ื•'ื’ืœื•ื˜'. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ื’ืœื•ื˜'?
07:20
What is the meaning of the word 'polyglot'?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜'?
07:23
Is it: a) many words, b) many sounds or c) many tongues?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื‘) ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื• ื’) ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
07:28
Well, thereโ€™s three syllables in โ€˜polyglotโ€™, Neil, so I reckon itโ€™s b), many sounds.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘'polyglot', ื ื™ืœ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื‘), ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
07:35
OK, Rob, weโ€™ll find out if thatโ€™s right at the end of the programme. But leaving asideย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจื•ื‘, ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื ื™ื— ื‘ืฆื“
07:40
the origins of the word, what exactly does being a polyglot involve?
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ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜?
07:45
British-born polyglot, Richard Simcot speaks eleven languages.ย 
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืกื™ืžืงื•ื˜, ื™ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืคื•ืช.
07:50
Listen to his definition as he speaks to BBC World Service programme,
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service,
07:54
The Documentary:
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The Documentary:
07:56
A polyglot for me can be anyone who identifies with that term โ€“
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A polyglot ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” -
08:00
itโ€™s somebody who learns languages that they donโ€™t necessarily need
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
08:04
for their lives, but just out of sheer enjoyment, pleasure or fascination with
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืืœื ืกืชื ื”ื ืื”, ื”ื ืื” ืื• ืงืกื ืžืฉืคื”
08:09
another language or culture.
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ืื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
08:12
For Richard, being a polyglot simply meansย 
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืคืฉื•ื˜
08:15
identifying with the idea - feeling that you are similar or closely connected to it.
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ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ - ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง.
08:21
He says polyglots learn languages not because they have to,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื,
08:24
but for the sheer enjoyment, which means, โ€˜nothing exceptโ€™ enjoyment.ย 
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ืฆืจื•ืคื”, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”, "ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“" ื”ื ืื”.
08:30
Richard uses the word sheer to emphasise how strong and pure this enjoyment is.
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฆืจื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื–ื• ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
08:35
As well as the pleasure of speaking other languages, polyglots are also better atย 
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ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:40
communicating with others. My favourite quote by South Africaโ€™s first black president, Nelson Mandela, is:
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ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื”, ื”ื•ื:
08:47
"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head.
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"ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื• ืœืจืืฉ.
08:52
If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart."
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื•, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืœื™ื‘ื•".
08:56
How inspiring, Rob โ€“ Iโ€™m lost for words! Hereโ€™s another: โ€˜To have another languageย 
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ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ืจื•ื‘ - ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื! ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“: 'ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช
09:02
is to possess a second soulโ€™.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”'.
09:05
So, language learning is good for the head, heart and soul โ€“
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืืฉ, ืœืœื‘ ื•ืœื ืฉืžื” -
09:10
a personโ€™s spirit or the part of them which is believed to continue existing
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ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื”ื ืืฉืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
09:15
after death.
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09:15
Yes โ€“ and whatโ€™s more, language learning is good for the brain too.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
ื›ืŸ - ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœืžื•ื—.
09:19
Thatโ€™s according to Harvard neuroscientist, Eveย Fedorenko.
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ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืื™ื‘ ืคื“ื•ืจื ืงื•.
09:24
Sheโ€™s researched the effects of speaking multiple languages
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
09:26
on the brains of growing children.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
09:29
Eve predicted that multilingual children would have hyperactive
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ืื™ื‘ ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื•
09:33
language brains. But what she actually found surprised her, as she
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ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื
09:38
explains here to BBC World Serviceโ€™s The Documentary:
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืœ-The Documentary ืฉืœ BBC World Service:
09:43
What we found โ€“ this is now people who already have proficiency in multiple
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• - ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ
09:47
languages - what we found is that their language regions
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ืฉืคื•ืช - ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื
09:50
appear to be smaller, and that was surprisingโ€ฆ and as people get better
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ื ืจืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข... ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:55
and better, more automatic at performing the task, the activations
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ื”ื”ืคืขืœื•ืช
09:59
shrink, so to speak, over time, so they become... it becomes so that you donโ€™t have to use
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ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช... ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
10:03
as much brain tissue to do the task as well, soย you become more efficient.
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ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:10
Eve was testing children who already haveย 
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ืื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
10:13
language proficiency โ€“ the skill and ability to do something,
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืคื” - ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
10:16
such as speak a language.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื”.
10:18
Her surprising discovery was that the languageย 
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ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
10:21
regions of these childrenโ€™s brains were shrinking
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ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•
10:24
โ€“ not because their speaking skills were getting worse,
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- ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื•,
10:27
but the opposite; as they learned and repeated language patterns, their brain
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ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš; ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืคื”, ืจืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื
10:31
tissue became more efficient โ€“ worked quicker and more effectively.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:35
Itโ€™s suggested that this increased efficiency is a result of exposure
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ืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื”
10:39
to different languages.
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ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
10:41
So, that proves it, Neil: speaking many languages
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืœ: ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
10:44
is good for the head, heart, mind and soul!
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืืฉ, ืœืœื‘, ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ืœื ืฉืžื”!
10:48
You took the words right out of my mouth!
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ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคื”!
10:51
And speaking of words, what does the โ€˜glotโ€™ in polyglot actually mean?
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ื”'ื’ืœื•ื˜' ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜?
10:56
Was my answer correct?
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ื”ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
10:58
Ah, thatโ€™s right. In my quiz question,
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ืื”, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
11:00
I asked you for the meaning of the word โ€˜polyglotโ€™.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜'.
11:04
I said b) many sounds.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘) ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
11:06
But, in fact, the correctย  answer was c) many tongues.ย 
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’) ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:10
You may be a polyglot, Rob, but youโ€™re not quite a polymath yet!
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ืืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜, ืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืคื•ืœื ื™!
11:14
OK, well, let me get my brain tissues working byย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
11:18
recapping the vocabulary, starting with polyglot โ€“
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ -
11:21
someone who speaks many languages.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:23
The language centres in a polyglotโ€™s brain are efficient
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ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
11:28
โ€“ they work quickly and effectively in an organised way.
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- ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช.
11:30
Proficiency means the skill and ability to do something well.
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:35
And if you identify with something, you feel you are
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื”
11:38
similar or closely connected to it.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง.
11:41
Polyglots learn languages for the sheer enjoyment of it โ€“ a word meaning โ€˜nothing exceptโ€˜
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ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื”ื ืื” ืฆืจื•ืคื” - ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” 'ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“'
11:46
which is used to emphasise the strength of feeling.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”.
11:49
So speaking many languages is good for mind and soul โ€“ a personโ€™s non-physical spirit
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ืื– ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ืœื ืฉืžื” - ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ืœื-ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
11:55
which some believe to continue after death.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
11:58
Thatโ€™s it for this programme, but to discover more about language learning, including some useful practical tips,
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
12:04
check out The Superlinguists series from BBC World Serviceโ€™s The Documentary!
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ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”-Superlinguists ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ BBC World Service!
12:09
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
12:10
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
12:16
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:20
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
12:21
Last weekend I was driving from London to Anglesey in Wales,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ืกืขืชื™ ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืœืกื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืก,
12:25
when I saw a road sign written in two languages. It said,
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื˜ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืคื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘
12:29
โ€˜Welcome to Walesโ€™ in English, and below that, it said โ€˜Croeso I Cymruโ€™ in Welsh.
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"ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืก" ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "Croeso I Cymru" ื‘ื•ื•ืœืฉื™ืช.
12:35
Yes, Welsh is spoken by many people in north Wales.
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืœืฉื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืœืก.
12:39
Itโ€™s the indigenous language โ€“ the language spoken by the people who
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช - ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•
12:43
originally lived in a place, rather than by others who
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื
12:47
moved there from somewhere else.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
12:49
Welsh is a good example of an indigenous language that has survived.
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ื•ื•ืœืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืคื” ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืฉืจื“ื”.
12:53
Some children speak Welsh in school and the local government has
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
12:56
encouraged its spread. But not all indigenous languages have been so lucky,
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ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคืฆืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ืœ,
13:01
as we'll be finding out in this programme.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
13:03
Of course, languages are more than just words โ€“ they carry peopleโ€™s history,ย ย 
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืžื™ืœื™ื - ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
13:08
culture, and identity. So, when an indigenousย ย 
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ
13:12
language disappears so too does the culture.
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ืฉืคื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื ืขืœืžืช ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืขืœืžืช.
13:16
Yes, the dominance of international languages,
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
13:19
including English, has endangered other less-spoken languages.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืกื™ื›ื ื” ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
13:23
So,ย hereโ€™s my quiz question, Sam. Did you know that nearly 7,000 different
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ืื–,ย ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืกื. ื”ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ 7,000
13:27
languages are spoken around the world? But how many of them are indigenous?
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ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื? ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื?
13:32
Is it: a) 3,000?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) 3,000?
13:34
b) 4,000? or c) 5,000?
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ื‘) 4,000? ืื• ื’) 5,000?
13:37
Hmmm, Iโ€™ll say b) 4,000 languages.
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ื”ืžืž, ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื‘) 4,000 ืฉืคื•ืช.
13:42
Ok, Sam, weโ€™ll find out the answerย  at the end of the programme.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
13:45
One indigenous language speaker is Mshkogaabwid Kwe. Sheโ€™s from Canada,
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงื•ื’ืืื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงื•ื•ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืงื ื“ื”,
13:51
or โ€˜Turtle Islandโ€™ as itโ€™sย  called by her tribe. She grewย 
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ืื• 'ืื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื' ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื
13:54
up speaking English instead of herย  native language, Anishinaabemowin,ย ย 
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœื”, Anishinaabemowin,
13:59
which she only learned later, as an adult.
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ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื“ื” ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
14:03
Listen to Mshkogaabwid speaking with BBC World Service programme,
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ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœ-Mshkogaabwid ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service,
14:06
The Conversation, about how she felt learning Anishinaabemowin
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The Conversation, ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช Anishinaabemowin
14:10
later in life.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”.
14:13
When I realised that the sounds that were coming out of my mouth were the same soundsย 
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื
14:17
that had come out of my ancestorsโ€™ mouths thousands
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ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื™
14:20
of years ago, I felt a deep sense of who I was and what it means to be
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
14:26
Anishinaabemowbec and it made me realise that my dream of learning this
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ืื ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืื‘ืžื•ื‘ืง ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช
14:30
language and passing it on to my children was now accessible,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉ,
14:34
was now reachable, attainable. And, you know,ย after a couple of months, I was
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ื”, ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”. ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,ย ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
14:39
able to understand one full prayer that was said at a ceremony feast and
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืœืื” ืฉื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ื˜ืงืก ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื”
14:44
the glee in me and the feeling of joy at being able to understand something
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ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•
14:50
in my own language,
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื™,
14:52
it was the most profound sense of confidence.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:57
Learning to speak the language of her ancestors
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ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”
15:00
gave Mshkogaabwid glee โ€“ a feeling of happiness, pleasure, or excitement.
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ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉืงื•ื’ืืื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืฉืžื—ื” - ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ, ืขื•ื ื’ ืื• ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
15:06
Although she didnโ€™t grow up speaking Anishinaabemowin she now wants
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืžื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ืขืช
15:10
to pass it on to her children. 'To pass something on' means
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”. 'ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืœืื”' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
15:13
to give it to someone, usually in your family, who lives on after you die.
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ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš, ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืช.
15:18
Mshkogaabwidโ€™s decision to raise her children speaking
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืฉืงื•ื’ืืื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
15:21
Anishinaabemowin turned out to be the right one, as she explained to BBC
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ืื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืžื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
15:26
World Service programme, The Conversation.
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC, The Conversation.
15:30
There are lots of bumps in the road but itโ€™s going very well.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
15:34
My daughter is turning four and she completely understands the language.
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ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”.
15:39
Being put back into day care, which sheโ€™s only been there maybe a month,
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ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืจืง ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
15:43
has really influenced her Englishโ€ฆ so I notice sheโ€™s speaking a lot of English
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”... ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
15:49
and so that was a little bit roughย  for the family, being an immersion home
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”
15:53
where we only speak Anishinaabemowin when in the home,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื• ืื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืžื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
15:55
for there to be so much English, and only recently, over the last week and a half,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
16:00
have we really noticed her switch and her shift back into using the language.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”.
16:04
Bringing up her children to speak her indigenousย 
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16:07
language wasnโ€™t easy and Mshkogaabwid said
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืงื•ื’ืืื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืืžืจื”
16:10
there were some bumps in the road - small problems or delays that slowed
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš - ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื˜ื•
16:14
down orย stopped things from developing.
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ืื• ืขืฆืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
16:16
To help, her family spoke only Anishinaabemowin at home,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืžื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
16:20
using a technique called immersion - the process of learning a language or
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” - ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ืื•
16:25
skill by using only that and nothing else.
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
16:29
This meant that Mshkogaabwidโ€™s children spoke both English -
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื•ื’ืืื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื’ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช -
16:33
at school - and Anishinaabemowin - at home. She noticed how they changed
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ - ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืžื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ - ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
16:37
between languages when speaking, something known as code-switching.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืงื•ื“.
16:42
Mshkogaabwid believes this not only helps her
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ืžืฉืงื•ื’ืืื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขื•ื–ืจ
16:44
childrenโ€™s development but also gives them a sense of
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืืœื ื’ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ
16:48
family history, as well as preserving her traditional culture...
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”...
16:53
โ€ฆa culture she hopes they will pass on to their children in turn.
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...ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื.
16:57
So while indigenous cultures are threatened by big global languages,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
17:01
thereโ€™s still hope that many will survive into the future. Which remindsย 
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ
17:06
me of your quiz question,ย  Neil. Was my answer, right?
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ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื ื™ืœ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:10
Ah yes, I asked Sam how many of the 7,000 languages
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš 7,000 ื”ืฉืคื•ืช
17:13
spoken around the world are indigenous.
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ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื.
17:15
And I thought it was b) 4,000 languages.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘) 4,000 ืฉืคื•ืช.
17:19
Which was the correct answer! And whatโ€™sย 
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื•ืžื”
17:22
amazing is that although indigenous peoples make up under
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ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž
17:25
6% of the global population, they speak more than 4,000
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-6% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื”ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-4,000
17:29
of the world's languages.
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ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:31
OK, Neil, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary from thisย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชย  ื”ื–ื•
17:34
programme on indigenous languages โ€“
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ืขืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื โ€“
17:36
languages spoken by the people who originally lived in a place
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ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื
17:40
ratherย than others who came later.
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ื•ืœื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:43
'Glee' is a feeling of happiness or excitement.
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'ืฉืžื—ื”' ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
17:47
If you 'pass something on', you give it to someone,
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ืื ืืชื” 'ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืœืื”', ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
17:50
usually in your family, who lives on after you.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš, ืฉื—ื™ ืื—ืจื™ืš.
17:54
'A bump in the road' is a small problem or delay that slows things down.
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'ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ' ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืžืื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘.
17:58
'Immersion' is the process of learning something, like a language or a skill,
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'ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”' ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื” ืื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช,
18:03
by using only that and nothing else
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
18:06
And finally, code-switching is the ability to change between two or more
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:10
languages when speaking.
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ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
18:12
Thatโ€™s all from us.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
18:13
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
18:14
Bye bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
18:20
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Rob.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
18:25
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
18:26
In this programme, weโ€™ll be unlocking the secrets of the ancient Egyptians, pyramidย 
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืื ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื,
18:31
builders and the inventors of hieroglyphs โ€“ a writing system which uses pictures andย 
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื - ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
18:36
symbols to represent words.
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ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
18:38
The meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphs remained a mystery
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
18:41
until 1799 when Napoleonโ€™s soldiers unearthed a dark, damaged rock
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1799, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืคื• ืกืœืข ืืคืœ ื•ืคื’ื•ืข
18:48
in the Egyptian coastal town of Rosetta.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”.
18:51
On the broken granite stone three scripts were faintly carved: Greek at the bottom,
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ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ื ื—ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ื: ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ,
18:56
Demotic in the middle and Hieroglyphs at the top.
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ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
18:59
Today, the Rosetta Stone is perhaps the most famous museum object in the world.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืคืฅ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
19:06
But whatโ€™s actually written on it is quite dull! In fact, the Rosetta Stone
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื! ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”
19:11
contains a tax break! It describes an agreement exempting priests from paying
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืช ืžืก! ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืžืจื™ื ืžืชืฉืœื•ื
19:16
taxes to the King.
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ืžืกื™ื ืœืžืœืš.
19:18
Ah, the famous Egyptian pharaohs!
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ืื”, ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื!
19:21
Exactly - but which one, Sam? Letโ€™s test your ancient Egyptian knowledge
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง - ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื, ืกื? ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื
19:26
with this quiz question: the writing on the Rosetta Stone is a tax agreement
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ืขื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•: ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืžืก
19:31
between the priests and which Egyptian pharaoh? Is it:
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจืขื” ืžืฆืจื™? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
19:34
a) Cleopatra, b) Ptolemy or c) Ramesses?
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ื) ืงืœื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื”, ื‘) ืชืœืžื™ ืื• ื’) ืจืขืžืกืก?
19:40
Iโ€™ll guess a) Cleopatra.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ื) ืงืœื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื”.
19:42
OK, Sam, Iโ€™ll reveal the answer to that mystery later on.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกืื, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
19:45
Before the discovery of the Stone, no scholar had been able to understand
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ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ืืฃ ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
19:50
the strange symbols carved on the great pyramids.
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ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
19:53
Egyptologist, Richard Parker, was in charge of the Rosetta Stone exhibition
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ื”ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคืจืงืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”
19:58
at the British Museum for twenty years.
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”.
20:01
Here he is, telling BBC Radio 4 programme, In Our Time,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4, In Our Time,
20:07
about circumstances before the discovery of the Stone:
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ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ:
20:11
People were exploring all sorts of means of trying to decipher,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืคืขื ื•ื—,
20:15
including trying to link the script with Chinese to see if that offered a
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืกื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข
20:20
parallel. It was known from the classical authors that the Egyptian script contained great,
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ื”ืงื‘ืœื” . ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ
20:25
mysterious pearls of wisdom from the Egyptian philosophers
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ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื
20:29
and people had hugely high expectations and all attempts to
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช
20:33
decipher, to get a grip on the script,ย I think, had really failed.
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ืœืคืขื ื—, ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉืœื•.
20:38
Before the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, no-one had managed to
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ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—
20:42
decipher hieroglyphs โ€“ to work out the meaning of writing
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ืœืคืขื ื— ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”
20:45
which is difficult to read.
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืงืจื™ืื”.
20:47
Experts hoped that the Egyptian script contained great pearls of wisdom -
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช -
20:52
wise words, sayings or advice.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืขืฆื•ืช.
20:56
As we know, the actual meaning of the text
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜
20:58
turned out to be quite dull. But it was the fact that the messages
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืžืฉืขืžืžืช ืœืžื“ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช
21:03
were written in three scripts, including Greek - a language scholars
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช - ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืฉืคื”
21:07
already knew - that provided the key to finally crack the code.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขื• - ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื— ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“.
21:12
In 1801, the race was on between Egyptologistsย 
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1801 ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
21:16
in Britain and France to be the first to translate
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื
21:19
the entire system of hieroglyphs.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื.
21:22
In the end, it was a young Frenchman named Jean-Franรงois Champollion
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื–'ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ
21:26
who became the first person to understand hieroglyphs since
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืื–
21:30
the ancient Egyptians themselves, nearly two thousand years earlier.
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ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
21:34
Hereโ€™s Penelope Wilson, Professor of Egyptian Archaeology at Durham
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ื”ื ื” ืคื ืœื•ืคื” ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื•ืจื”ืื
21:38
University, explaining more about this remarkable young Frenchman
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, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
21:43
to BBC Radio 4โ€™s, In Our Time:
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ืœืจื“ื™ื• 4 ืฉืœ ื”-BBC, In Our Time:
21:47
He was certainly a prodigy, I think as far as language is concerned, but also had aย 
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•
21:50
fascination for Egypt I think, and the story is he was taught Coptic by a Coptic priest,ย 
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ืงืกื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืžืจ ืงื•ืคื˜ื™,
21:55
and at that lecture was one of the first to argue that Coptic
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ืช
21:59
was related to ancient Egyptian.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
22:01
So, he was also encouraged in this by his older brother,
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ืื–, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ,
22:04
so, I think there was soon to be no holding him back, once he got the bug
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืื’
22:09
he was encouraged and he made great strides.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
22:12
When Penelope Wilson calls Champollion a prodigy,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื ืœื•ืคื” ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื,
22:15
she means someone young with a great natural talent for something,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
22:18
in this case, studying languages.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืคื•ืช.
22:21
Added to his natural abilityย was a fascination with Egypt
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืกืคื” ื”ืงืกื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื
22:25
and the encouragement of his brother, so Champollion soon got the bug โ€“
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ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื•, ืื– ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืื’ -
22:31
suddenly developed a strong enthusiasm for something.
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ืคืชืื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
22:34
In English, we often addย a noun to describe exactly what someone is
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
22:39
enthusiastic about โ€“ so, for example, the skiing bug, for someone
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ืžืชืœื”ื‘ - ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืื’ ื”ืกืงื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
22:44
who loves to ski.
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ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงื™.
22:45
Champollion was so enthusiastic, there was no holding him back โ€“
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ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืœื”ื‘, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• -
22:49
an idiom to say that you are doing something so eagerly, you cannot
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ื ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ
22:54
be stopped.
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš.
22:56
The story goes that he worked so hard deciphering hieroglyphs, when he
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื‘ืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืฉืกื•ืฃ
23:00
finally finished, he ran through the streets of Paris shouting,
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฆืขืงื•ืช,
23:03
โ€œIโ€™ve done it!โ€, before collapsing unconscious.
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"ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”!", ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจื”.
23:06
Rob, earlier you asked me which pharaoh ordered the Stone to be written.
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ืจื•ื‘, ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจืขื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ.
23:12
Yes. And what did you say?
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ื›ืŸ. ื•ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
23:14
I thought it was Cleopatra. Was I right?
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืงืœื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื”. ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
23:16
Well, Cleopatra was from the same dynasty but a little later
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืงืœื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช
23:21
than the correct answer, which was b) Ptolemy,
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ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘) ืชืœืžื™,
23:25
the pharaoh who ruled from around 300 BCE.
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ืคืจืขื” ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 300 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
23:29
OK. Letโ€™s recap the vocabulary weโ€™ve learned,ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•,
23:32
starting with hieroglyphs - symbols used represents words in ancient Egypt.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื - ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
23:39
The challenge was to decipher them โ€“ to uncover the meaning of
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื ื— ืื•ืชื - ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
23:43
writing which is difficult to read or understand.
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ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
23:46
Maybe they contained 'pearls of wisdom' - wise words, sayings or advice.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื• 'ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื”' โ€“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืขืฆื•ืช.
23:52
The hieroglyphic code was finally cracked by Jean-Franรงois Champollion โ€“ 'a prodigy'ย 
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ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ื ืคืฆื— ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–'ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ - 'ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื'
23:58
or young person with a great natural talent.
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ืื• ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
24:01
When Champollion got the bug, or suddenly became very enthusiastic about understandingย 
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืื’, ืื• ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื ืช
24:06
hieroglyphs, there was no holding him back โ€“ nothing could stop him from succeeding.
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ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื• - ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
24:12
And nothing can stop us from saying goodbye, because our six minutes are up!
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“, ื›ื™ ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•!
24:17
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
24:24
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Sam.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
24:28
And Iโ€™m Neil. How are you today, Sam?
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื?
24:30
Thanks for asking Neil, Iโ€™m fineโ€ฆ not!
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืฉืืœืช ืืช ื ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ... ืœื!
24:34
Sorry, so are you fine? Or notโ€ฆ?
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืื– ืืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื• ืฉืœืโ€ฆ?
24:37
Oh, did I confuse you? My bad!
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ืื”, ื‘ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš? ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™!
24:40
Sam is speaking English, just a very modern type of English, for example saying โ€˜my badโ€™,ย 
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ืกื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืžืจ 'ืจืข ืฉืœื™',
24:45
instead of โ€˜my faultโ€™ as a way of accepting that sheโ€™s wrong.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื 'ืืฉืžืชื™' ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื”.
24:48
Or adding โ€˜notโ€™ at the end of a sentence to show I really mean the opposite of whatย 
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ืื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ 'ืœื' ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื”
24:53
I said. Both are examples of small changes in English which have happened naturallyย 
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ืฉืืžืจืชื™. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
24:58
over the last decade or two.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
25:00
Changes like these happen because, unlike say, Latin, which no-one speaksย 
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ
25:04
day-to-day, English is a living language โ€“ a language people speak and use in theirย 
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ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื—ื™ื” - ืฉืคื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
25:10
ordinary lives.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
25:11
New bits of English are invented as peopleย 
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ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
25:13
use the language in new ways, but what happens when a language comes fromย 
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืฉืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”
25:17
an entirely different galaxy โ€“ somewhere like Qoโ€™noS, home planet of the Klingons?
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ืžื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ โ€“ ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• Qo'noS, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ื?
25:24
Yes, when sci-fi TV show, Star Trek, introduced alien characters called Klingons,ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ื,
25:29
the makers needed to invent a whole new language - Klingon.
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ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ - ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ืช. ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ
25:33
Entirely made-up and unrelated to any human language, Klingon has developedย 
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืคื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืคื™ืชื—
25:38
a life of its own. Today you can even study it at university. So, Neil, my quiz questionย 
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ื•ื ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืื–, ื ื™ืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
25:45
is this: in 2010, Klingon became the first invented language to do what? Is it:ย 
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื•: ื‘-2010, ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื”? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
25:52
a) have its own dictionary?, b) have an opera written? or
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ื) ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื•?, ื‘) ื”ืื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื•ืคืจื”? ืื•
25:57
c) be recognised as an official language by the United Nations?
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ื’) ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช?
26:01
Hmmm, every language needs vocabulary,ย 
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ื”ืžืž, ื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื,
26:04
so Iโ€™ll say a) Klingon was the first invented language to have its own dictionary.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื) ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”.
26:09
OK, Neil, Iโ€™ll reveal the answer later in theย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
26:11
programme. Klingon isnโ€™t the only made-up language invented for the movies. Davidย 
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“
26:16
Peterson is the creator of Dothraki, a language used in the fantasy TV show, Game of Thrones.
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ืคื™ื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ Dothraki, ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, "ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ืก".
26:22
From his home in Los Angeles, David spoke toย 
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ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื
26:25
Michael Rosen, presenter of BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth. They discussedย 
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4 , ืžืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ. ื”ื ื“ื ื• ื‘-
26:30
Saint Hildegard who created the very first made-up language in the 12th century:
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Saint Hildegard ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12:
26:35
What she had was an entire list of nouns, a whole list of nouns โ€“ many of them godly,ย 
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื, ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื - ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื,
26:40
many of them not, and she would drop them into songs using Latin grammar and otherย 
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื
26:46
Latin words, so itโ€™s not a language proper in the way that we understand it now, becauseย 
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ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื– ื–ื• ืœื ืฉืคื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™
26:52
really when we talk about a language itโ€™s not just the vocabulary, itโ€™s the grammar โ€“ย 
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง โ€“
26:56
nevertheless we still kind of look on her as the patron saint of modern conlanging.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
27:03
Saint Hildegard invented new nouns but used Latin grammar, so David doesnโ€™t thinkย 
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ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืœื“ื’ืจื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ื ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื”
27:08
her invention is a proper language.ย 
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ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืจืื•ื™ื”.
27:11
Nevertheless, Saint Hildegard is considered the patron saint of made-up languages.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืœื“ื’ืจื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
27:15
'The patron saint' of something refers to a Christian saint who is believed to giveย 
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'ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ' ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ
27:19
special help to a particular activity. Here, the activity is inventing a conlang, short forย 
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ืขื–ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ืงื•ื ืœื•ื ื’, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ
27:25
constructed language โ€“ artificially invented languages, like Klingon and Dothraki.
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ืฉืคื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” - ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ , ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืชืจืืงื™.
27:30
Another famous constructed language,ย 
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ืฉืคื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืื—ืจืช,
27:33
Esperanto, was invented in 1887 by Polish doctor, Ludwik Zamenhof. He wanted to makeย 
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ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื•, ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1887 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™, ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืง ื–ืžื ื”ื•ืฃ. ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื”
27:40
it easier for people who spoke different languages to communicate with each other.
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ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
27:44
Listen as David Peterson speaks Esperanto with Michael Rosen and tests how much heย 
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ื”ืื–ืŸ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืคื™ื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ืขื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื
27:49
understands for BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth:
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4, Word of Mouth:
27:53
You are an English speaker from Western Europe, and in the 19th Century โ€˜universalโ€™ย 
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ืืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 'ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™'
28:00
meant โ€˜able to be understood by people from Western Europeโ€™.ย 
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื' ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”'.
28:05
And so, for example to say, โ€˜I speak Esperantoโ€™, โ€˜mi parolas Esperantonโ€™.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื•ืžืจ, 'ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื•', 'ืžื™ parolas Esperanton'.
28:11
Yes, I might have got that one โ€“ the โ€˜parleโ€™ bitย 
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ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” - ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข 'ืคืจืœ'
28:14
from its Latin root, and โ€˜meโ€™, obviously. Try me again.
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ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื•'ืื ื™', ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื ืกื” ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘.
28:17
Kiel vi fartas?
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Kiel vi fartas?
28:19
Who is my father? No, โ€˜Where am I travellingโ€™? Er, no, I got stuck on that one!
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ืžื™ ื–ื” ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™? ืœื, 'ืœืืŸ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข'? ืื”, ืœื, ื ืชืงืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”!
28:25
Like Spanish, Italian and other modern European languages, Esperanto is based onย 
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ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช , ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ
28:30
Latin. Michael guessed the meaning of the Esperanto word
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ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื ื™ื—ืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื•
28:34
โ€˜parolasโ€™ from its Latin root โ€“ the origin or source of a language.
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'ืคืจื•ืœื”' ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื” - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”.
28:39
But the second sentence of Esperanto isnโ€™tย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ืœื ื›ืœ
28:42
so easy. Michael gets stuck on that one โ€“ he canโ€™t answer because itโ€™s too difficult.
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ื›ืš ืงืœ. ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ืชืงืข ืขืœ ื–ื” - ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™.
28:47
I think Iโ€™d probably get stuck on that as well. But at least Esperanto was inventedย 
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืืชืงืข ื‘ื–ื” . ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ื”ื•ืžืฆืื”
28:51
for humans, not alien creatures from outer space!
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ!
28:54
And speaking of creatures from outer space, did I get the right answer
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ื”ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
28:57
to your quiz question, Sam?
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืกืื?
28:59
So, I asked Neil about an unusual first achieved by the made-up alien language, Klingon.
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ืื–, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืฆืืช, ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ืช.
29:06
I guessed it was the first invented language to have its own dictionary.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”.
29:10
Which wasโ€ฆ the wrong answer, Iโ€™m afraid, Neil. Incredibly, the correct answer was b) - in 2010ย 
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ื ื™ืœ. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘) - ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื‘ื™ืฆืขื”
29:16
a company of Dutch musicians and singers performed the first ever Klingon opera! Theย 
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื!
29:22
story must have been hard to follow but Iโ€™m sure the singing was out of this world!
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”!
29:27
MajQa! Thatโ€™s Klingon for โ€˜greatโ€™, apparently. OK, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary from our discussion aboutย 
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MajQa! ื–ื” ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ 'ื ื”ื“ืจ', ื›ื ืจืื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ
29:33
invented languages, also called constructed languages, or conlangs for short.
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ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื•, ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ conlangs.
29:38
A 'living language', like English, is a language that people still speak and use in theirย 
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'ืฉืคื” ื—ื™ื”', ื›ืžื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
29:42
ordinary lives.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
29:44
The phrase 'my bad' originated in the United States but is also used in Britain as anย 
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื”ืจืข ืฉืœื™' ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
29:49
informal way to say โ€˜my faultโ€™ or to tell someone that youโ€™ve made a mistake.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืืฉืžืชื™' ืื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช.
29:54
A 'patron saint' is someone believed to giveย 
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'ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ' ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ
29:57
special help and protectionย  to a particular activity.
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ืขื–ืจื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
30:00
The 'root' of a language means its origin or source.
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ื”'ืฉื•ืจืฉ' ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืงื•ืจื” ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื”.
30:03
And finally, if you 'get stuck on something', youโ€™re unable to complete it because itโ€™sย 
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืืชื” 'ื ืชืงืข ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•', ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื–ื”
30:08
too difficult.
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ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™.
30:09
Thatโ€™s all the time we have for this programme about invented languages.ย 
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื•ืžืฆืื•ืช.
30:12
โ€˜Gis revido baldauโ€™- thatโ€™s Esperanto for โ€˜see you again soonโ€™.
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'Gis revido baldau'- ื–ื” ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ 'ื ืชืจืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘'.
30:17
In other words, โ€˜Qaplaโ€™, which is how Klingons say โ€˜goodbyeโ€™, I think. Qapla!
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, 'ืงืคืœื”', ื›ืš ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช', ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘. ืงืคืœื”!
30:22
Qapla!
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ืงืคืœื”!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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