Do trees have memories? - 6 Minute English

157,949 views ใƒป 2021-12-30

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:08
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
00:10
BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:12
And I'm Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:13
Over the past 18 months, we've heard
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 18 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืขื ื•
00:15
a lot about the human immune
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
00:17
system - the cells in our bodies
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- ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•
00:19
that fight diseases like coronavirus.
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ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
00:22
We know that in humans the blood
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
00:23
stream carries immune cells
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ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ื ื•ืฉื ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:25
around our body.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
00:26
But what about trees and plants?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื?
00:29
They don't have blood, so how
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ื, ืื– ืื™ืš
00:31
do they protect themselves?
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ื”ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื?
00:32
That's a good question, Sam, and
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืกื,
00:34
the answer involves memory. Us,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื•,
00:36
humans, store memories in our brain,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
00:39
but our body also remembers things,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:41
including stressful situations
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ
00:43
from the past, which it stores
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ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื’ืจ
00:45
in our genes. The information
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ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
00:46
gets passed on to our
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ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ
00:48
children genetically.
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
00:49
But surely trees don't have
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืœืขืฆื™ื ืื™ืŸ
00:51
memories, Neil! I mean, do
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืœ! ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
00:53
you think a tree can remember
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช
00:54
being young or what it
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ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื• ืžื” ื”ื•ื
00:56
was doing last year?
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ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”?
00:57
Well, not exactly, but trees
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื™ื
00:59
grow rings - a layer of wood
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ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช - ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืขืฅ
01:01
for each year of growth.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
01:03
That could be a kind of memory.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:05
In this programme, we'll be
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,
01:06
asking whether trees can
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ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
01:07
remember - and if so, does
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ - ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื
01:09
it make them stronger and
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
01:11
better able to fight disease?
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช?
01:13
But before that I have a
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™
01:14
question for you, Sam. As I
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ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ืกื. ื›ืคื™
01:16
said, trees grow a new ring
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ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
01:19
every year and by counting
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืชื
01:20
them we can estimate their
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช
01:22
age. One of Earth's longest
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ื’ื™ืœื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:24
living trees is The Great
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ื”ื•ื
01:26
Bristlecone Pine, found on
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ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืœืงื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฆื
01:27
the west coast of America.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:29
But how long can these
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
01:30
trees live? Is it:
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
01:32
a) over 1,000 years?
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ื) ืžืขืœ 1,000 ืฉื ื™ื?
01:34
b) over 3,000 years? or
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ื‘) ืžืขืœ 3,000 ืฉื ื”? ืื•
01:37
c) over 5,000 years?
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ื’) ืžืขืœ 5,000 ืฉื ื™ื?
01:39
Wow, it'd be a job to count
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช
01:41
the rings on those trees! I'll
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”! ืื ื™
01:43
say b) over 3,000 years.
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ืื’ื™ื“ ื‘) ืžืขืœ 3,000 ืฉื ื”.
01:46
OK, Sam, we'll reveal
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื, ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ
01:47
the correct answer later.
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:49
Unlike us, trees don't have
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื ื•, ืœืขืฆื™ื ืื™ืŸ
01:51
blood and bones to protect them
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ื“ื ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื
01:53
from outside attacks, so how
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ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื– ืื™ืš
01:55
exactly does a tree's
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
01:56
immune system work?
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ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ?
01:58
That's what BBC World Service
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC
02:00
programme, CrowdScience, asked
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, CrowdScience, ืฉืืœื” ืืช
02:02
bioscientist, Jurriaan Ton.
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ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, Jurriaan Ton.
02:04
Here's what he said:
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ:
02:06
Plants in particular need to
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:07
have a very efficient immune
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“
02:09
system for two important reasons.
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ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:11
Firstly, they sit at the bottom
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช
02:13
of the food chain so there
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš
02:14
are a lot of opportunistic
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:16
organisms out there, including
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ
02:17
insect herbivores and microbial
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื
02:19
pathogens who want to tap
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ื•ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช
02:21
into that biochemical energy
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:23
that is stored in plants.
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ืฉืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
02:24
The other reason is plants
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื
02:26
are rooted to the ground -
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ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข -
02:27
they cannot escape from the
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืชื ืื™
02:29
stressful conditions in
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื
02:30
their environment.
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.
02:33
It's hard for trees to protect
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ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ
02:34
themselves. Unlike animals, they
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ืขืฆืžื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื
02:36
can't run away, and they're
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื
02:38
at the bottom of the food
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช
02:40
chain - the plants and animals
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ - ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:42
linked in a chain of eating
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ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช
02:43
weaker things and then being
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื–
02:45
eaten by stronger ones.
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ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
Rabbits eat grass and,
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ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื“ืฉื,
02:48
in turn, are eaten by foxes.
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื ืื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื.
02:51
Right. If you are at the
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ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืื ืืชื”
02:52
bottom of the food chain,
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:53
everything wants to eat you,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš,
02:55
including opportunistic animals.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:57
If something is opportunistic,
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™,
02:59
it takes advantage of a
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ
03:00
situation to gain some
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ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
03:02
benefit for itself. Tree
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ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:04
leaves are opportunities for
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ืขืœื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ
03:05
hungry insects and
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ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื
03:07
caterpillars to eat.
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.
03:08
So, trees need immunity
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ืื–, ืขืฆื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช
03:10
because they're under attack,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื,
03:11
either from disease or from
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ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•
03:13
living things wanting to
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ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื
03:14
eat them. But what
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
03:15
about memory, Sam?
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ืขื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืกื?
03:17
If trees can remember stress -
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ืื ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืชื— -
03:19
types of insects that eat it,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
03:20
for example - they might be
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ืœืžืฉืœ - ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:22
better prepared in future.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
03:24
For me, stress is a work
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื•ื
03:25
deadline or moving house,
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ืžื•ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”,
03:27
but for trees it's more basic,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
03:29
something like not
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื
03:30
getting enough water.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื.
03:31
Dr Estrella Luna-Diez believes
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ื“"ืจ ืืกื˜ืจืœื” ืœื•ื ื”-ื“ื™ื– ืžืืžื™ื ื”
03:33
trees record stress in their
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ืฉืขืฆื™ื ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:35
rings. A small ring, showing
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. ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ืžืจืื”
03:37
that the tree didn't grow
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ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืœื ื’ื“ืœ
03:38
much that year, indicates
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ
03:40
some outside stress. She
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ืžืชื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื”ื™ื
03:42
explained more to BBC World
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World
03:44
Service programme, CrowdScience:
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Service, CrowdScience:
03:47
Our hypothesis would be that,
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื”
03:50
depending on the level of
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ืฉื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืžืช
03:51
that stress - if it was a
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื” - ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
03:53
really long-lasting drought
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื”
03:55
of a few years, then maybe
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืื– ืื•ืœื™
03:58
the tree can remember it for
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ื”ืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”
04:00
a long time because it needs
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš
04:01
to adapt to that hostile
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ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืื•ืชื”
04:03
environment. Now, maybe the
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™
04:05
hypothesis would be the other
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืชื”ื™ื”
04:07
way around, maybe if it was
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ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
04:09
a very dry July for instance,
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ื™ื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžืื•ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:12
maybe the tree is not even
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืœ
04:14
that bothered and then it
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ื›ืš ืžืคืจื™ืข ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื
04:15
forgets within one year
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ื™ืฉื›ื— ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช
04:17
because that memory of
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ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ
04:19
stress is gonna be holding
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ืœื—ืฅ ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ
04:20
it back on its growth,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื•,
04:22
for instance.
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ืœืžืฉืœ.
04:24
Dr Luna-Diez has a hypothesis -
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ืœื“"ืจ ืœื•ื ื”-ื“ื™ื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืขืจื” -
04:26
an idea that explains how or
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื•
04:29
why something happens which
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ืœืžื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื”
04:30
has yet to be tested to
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื‘ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™
04:32
see if it's correct.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:33
Her hypothesis is that trees
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืฆื™ื
04:35
remember stressful outside
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื™ื
04:37
events, something like a
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, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
04:38
drought - a long period of
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช - ืคืจืง
04:40
time with little or no rain.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืื• ืœืœื ื’ืฉื.
04:42
For a tree which has lived
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืฉื—ื™
04:44
for hundreds of years it
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ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
04:45
might be useful to remember
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
04:46
that 1947 was a
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ืฉืฉื ืช 1947 ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
04:48
very dry summer.
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ืงื™ืฅ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžืื•ื“.
04:49
On the other hand, maybe
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช
04:50
that stressful year is
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื”ื™ื
04:52
best forgotten. Maybe the
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. ืื•ืœื™
04:53
tree is not bothered - not
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ื”ืขืฅ ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ - ืœื
04:55
worried or concerned
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืื• ืžื•ื“ืื’
04:56
because it's not
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื
04:57
important to it.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•.
04:58
So, trees do have memories -
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ืื–, ืœืขืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช -
05:00
but they don't let it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื–ื”
05:01
get them stressed!
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ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืฅ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ืชื!
05:03
Maybe that's the secret to
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื“
05:04
a long life! But what's
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื! ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
05:06
the answer to your
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05:06
question, Neil?
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืœืฉืืœืชืš, ื ื™ืœ?
05:07
Ah yes, I asked you how long
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
05:09
Earth's oldest trees, Great
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:11
Bristlecone Pines, can live.
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ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
05:13
I said b) over 3,000 years.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘) ืžืขืœ 3,000 ืฉื ื”.
05:16
Was I right?
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ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
05:17
You were wrong, I'm
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ืืชื” ื˜ืขื™ืช, ืื ื™
05:18
afraid, Sam. They live
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ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ืกื. ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื
05:19
even longer - over 5,000 years,
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ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5,000 ืฉื ื”,
05:22
in fact all the way
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
05:23
back to the Bronze Age.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”.
05:24
What memories those trees must
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ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:26
have - if only they could speak!
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- ืื™ืœื• ืจืง ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ!
05:29
Right, let's recap the vocabulary
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
05:31
we've learned, starting with
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ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
05:32
immune system - the body's way
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช - ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
05:34
of fighting infection
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ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื
05:36
and disease.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
05:37
A food chain describes the
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช
05:38
ways plants and animals get
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ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื
05:39
eaten and eat each other.
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
05:41
Opportunistic people
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื
05:42
take advantage of
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ืžื ืฆืœื™ื
05:43
a situation to get some
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ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ
05:45
benefit for themselves.
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ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื.
05:46
A hypothesis is an idea to
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ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
05:48
explain how or why something
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื• ืœืžื”
05:50
happens that hasn't been
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื
05:52
tested to see if it's correct.
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ื ื‘ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:54
A drought is a long period
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืคืจืง
05:55
of time with little or no rain.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืื• ืœืœื ื’ืฉื.
05:57
And finally, if you're not
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืืชื” ืœื
05:59
bothered about something,
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ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืžืžืฉื”ื•,
06:00
you're not worried because
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ืืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื›ื™
06:01
it's not important to you.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืš.
06:03
Our six minutes are over.
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ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•.
06:05
Bye for now!
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06:05
Bye!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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