Do trees have memories? - 6 Minute English

157,949 views ใƒป 2021-12-30

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:08
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
00:10
BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:12
And I'm Sam.
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็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:13
Over the past 18 months, we've heard
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้ŽๅŽป 18 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ใ€
00:15
a lot about the human immune
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00:17
system - the cells in our bodies
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00:19
that fight diseases like coronavirus.
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ใ‚ณใƒญใƒŠใ‚ฆใ‚คใƒซใ‚นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็—…ๆฐ—ใจๆˆฆใ†ไฝ“ๅ†…ใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบ้–“ใฎๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ณใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:22
We know that in humans the blood
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ไบบ้–“ใงใฏใ€่ก€
00:23
stream carries immune cells
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ๆตใŒๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒž
00:25
around our body.
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ใ‚’ไฝ“ใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใซ้‹ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:26
But what about trees and plants?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœจใ‚„ๆค็‰ฉใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:29
They don't have blood, so how
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ก€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›
00:31
do they protect themselves?
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ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:32
That's a good question, Sam, and
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ใ„ใ„่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ตใƒ 
00:34
the answer involves memory. Us,
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ใ€‚ใใฎ็ญ”ใˆใซใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใก
00:36
humans, store memories in our brain,
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ไบบ้–“ใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’่„ณใซ่“„ใˆใพใ™
00:39
but our body also remembers things,
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ใŒใ€ไฝ“ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ
00:41
including stressful situations
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„็Šถๆณใชใฉใฎใ“ใจใ‚‚
00:43
from the past, which it stores
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่จ˜ๆ†ถใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’้บไผๅญใซ่“„ใˆ
00:45
in our genes. The information
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑ
00:46
gets passed on to our
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ใฏ
00:48
children genetically.
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้บไผ็š„ใซๅญไพ›ใŸใกใซๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใŒใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
But surely trees don't have
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ใงใ‚‚็ขบใ‹ใซๆœจใซใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใชใ‚“ใฆใชใ„
00:51
memories, Neil! I mean, do
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ใ‚ˆใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผ ใคใพใ‚Š
00:53
you think a tree can remember
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ใ€ๆœจใฏ
00:54
being young or what it
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่‹ฅใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚„ๆ˜จๅนดไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:56
was doing last year?
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ใ‹?
00:57
Well, not exactly, but trees
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ๆญฃ็ขบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆœจ
00:59
grow rings - a layer of wood
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ใฏๅนด่ผชใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใพใ™ - ๆˆ้•ทใฎๅนดใ”ใจใซๆœจใฎๅฑค
01:01
for each year of growth.
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ใ€‚
01:03
That could be a kind of memory.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:05
In this programme, we'll be
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€
01:06
asking whether trees can
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ๆœจใŒ่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ€‚
01:07
remember - and if so, does
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœจ
01:09
it make them stronger and
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ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใใ—ใ€
01:11
better able to fight disease?
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็—…ๆฐ—ใจ้—˜ใ†่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚ใพใ™ใ‹?
01:13
But before that I have a
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ใงใ‚‚ใใฎๅ‰ใซ
01:14
question for you, Sam. As I
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ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ•ใ‚“ใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ…ˆใปใฉใ‚‚
01:16
said, trees grow a new ring
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่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆœจใฏๆฏŽๅนดๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅนด่ผชใ‚’็”Ÿใฟ
01:19
every year and by counting
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ใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹
01:20
them we can estimate their
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ใ“ใจใงๆจน้ฝขใ‚’ๆŽจๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
01:22
age. One of Earth's longest
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้•ทใ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœจใฎ 1 ใคใฏ
01:24
living trees is The Great
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01:26
Bristlecone Pine, found on
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01:27
the west coast of America.
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ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ่ฅฟๆตทๅฒธใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ–ใƒชใ‚นใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒณ ใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:29
But how long can these
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœจใฏใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
01:30
trees live? Is it:
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ใพใ™ใ‹? ใใ‚Œใฏ:
01:32
a) over 1,000 years?
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a) 1,000ๅนดไปฅไธŠ?
01:34
b) over 3,000 years? or
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b) 3000ๅนดไปฅไธŠ๏ผŸ
01:37
c) over 5,000 years?
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c) 5,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠ๏ผŸ
01:39
Wow, it'd be a job to count
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ใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€
01:41
the rings on those trees! I'll
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœจใฎๅนด่ผชใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ ใ‚ใ†!
01:43
say b) over 3,000 years.
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b) 3,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠใ€‚
01:46
OK, Sam, we'll reveal
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏๅพŒใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซ
01:47
the correct answer later.
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:49
Unlike us, trees don't have
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็งใŸใกใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€ๆจนๆœจใซใฏๅค–้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ‹ใ‚‰
01:51
blood and bones to protect them
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่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹่ก€ใ‚„้ชจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
01:53
from outside attacks, so how
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01:55
exactly does a tree's
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใงใฏใ€ๆจนๆœจใฎๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ
01:56
immune system work?
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ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
01:58
That's what BBC World Service
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€BBC ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น
02:00
programme, CrowdScience, asked
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€CrowdScience ใŒ
02:02
bioscientist, Jurriaan Ton.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฎ Jurriaan Ton ใซๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:04
Here's what he said:
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ๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
02:06
Plants in particular need to
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็‰นใซๆค็‰ฉใฏ
02:07
have a very efficient immune
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02:09
system for two important reasons.
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ใ€2 ใคใฎ้‡่ฆใช็†็”ฑใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้žๅธธใซๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:11
Firstly, they sit at the bottom
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็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใฎๆœ€ไธ‹้ƒจใซไฝ็ฝฎ
02:13
of the food chain so there
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆค็‰ฉ
02:14
are a lot of opportunistic
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02:16
organisms out there, including
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02:17
insect herbivores and microbial
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02:19
pathogens who want to tap
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ใซ่“„ใˆ
02:21
into that biochemical energy
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ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ็”ŸๅŒ–ๅญฆ็š„ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผ
02:23
that is stored in plants.
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ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ๆ˜†่™ซใฎ่‰้ฃŸๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚„ๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉ็—…ๅŽŸไฝ“ใชใฉใ€ๅคšใใฎๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ™.
02:24
The other reason is plants
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ๆค็‰ฉ
02:26
are rooted to the ground -
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ใŒๅœฐ้ขใซๆ นใ‚’ไธ‹ใ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ๆค็‰ฉใฏ็’ฐๅขƒ
02:27
they cannot escape from the
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ใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„ๆกไปถใ‹ใ‚‰้€ƒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
02:29
stressful conditions in
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02:30
their environment.
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ใ€‚
02:33
It's hard for trees to protect
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ๆœจใŒ่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„
02:34
themselves. Unlike animals, they
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ใ€‚ ๅ‹•็‰ฉใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€
02:36
can't run away, and they're
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้€ƒใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใš
02:38
at the bottom of the food
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ใ€้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใฎๆœ€ไธ‹้ƒจใซไฝ็ฝฎใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:40
chain - the plants and animals
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02:42
linked in a chain of eating
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02:43
weaker things and then being
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ๅผฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’
02:45
eaten by stronger ones.
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้ฃŸในใ€ๅผทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†้€ฃ้Ž–ใงใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆค็‰ฉใจๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
02:47
Rabbits eat grass and,
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ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฏ่‰ใ‚’
02:48
in turn, are eaten by foxes.
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้ฃŸในใ€ใ‚ญใƒ„ใƒใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
Right. If you are at the
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ๅณใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
02:52
bottom of the food chain,
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้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใฎๆœ€ไธ‹้ƒจใซใ„ใ‚‹
02:53
everything wants to eat you,
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใŒใ‚Šใพใ™
02:55
including opportunistic animals.
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.
02:57
If something is opportunistic,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹
02:59
it takes advantage of a
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็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
03:00
situation to gain some
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€็Šถๆณใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จ
03:02
benefit for itself. Tree
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ใ—ใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใซๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:04
leaves are opportunities for
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ๆœจใฎ่‘‰ใฏใ€
03:05
hungry insects and
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็ฉบ่…นใฎๆ˜†่™ซใ‚„
03:07
caterpillars to eat.
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ๆฏ›่™ซใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใงใ™ใ€‚
03:08
So, trees need immunity
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆœจใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใ‚„ใ€ๆœจใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ
03:10
because they're under attack,
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ๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ…็–ซใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
03:11
either from disease or from
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03:13
living things wanting to
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03:14
eat them. But what
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
03:15
about memory, Sam?
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ใ€่จ˜ๆ†ถใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ?
03:17
If trees can remember stress -
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ๆœจใŒใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐ
03:19
types of insects that eat it,
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ๆ˜†่™ซใฎ็จฎ้กž๏ผ‰ใ‚’่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใใ‚Œ
03:20
for example - they might be
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ใฐ
03:22
better prepared in future.
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ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:24
For me, stress is a work
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็งใซใจใฃใฆใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใจใฏไป•ไบ‹ใฎ
03:25
deadline or moving house,
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็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใ‚„ๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใงใ™
03:27
but for trees it's more basic,
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ใŒใ€ๆจนๆœจใซใจใฃใฆใฏใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช
03:29
something like not
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ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€
03:30
getting enough water.
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ๅๅˆ†ใชๆฐดใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ“ใจใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
03:31
Dr Estrella Luna-Diez believes
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Estrella Luna-Diez ๅšๅฃซใฏใ€
03:33
trees record stress in their
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ๆจนๆœจใฏๅนด่ผชใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’่จ˜้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:35
rings. A small ring, showing
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ใ€‚
03:37
that the tree didn't grow
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ใใฎๅนดใ€ๆœจใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆˆ้•ทใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’
03:38
much that year, indicates
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็คบใ™ๅฐใ•ใชใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใฏใ€
03:40
some outside stress. She
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ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๅค–้ƒจใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณ
03:42
explained more to BBC World
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ใฏ BBC ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰
03:44
Service programme, CrowdScience:
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ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
03:47
Our hypothesis would be that,
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03:50
depending on the level of
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CrowdScience ใซๆฌกใฎ
03:51
that stress - if it was a
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Ž
03:53
really long-lasting drought
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03:55
of a few years, then maybe
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03:58
the tree can remember it for
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04:00
a long time because it needs
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ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:01
to adapt to that hostile
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ใใฎๆ•ตๅฏพ็š„ใช็’ฐๅขƒใซ้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
04:03
environment. Now, maybe the
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:05
hypothesis would be the other
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ไปฎ่ชฌใฏ
04:07
way around, maybe if it was
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้€†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
04:09
a very dry July for instance,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ7ๆœˆใŒ้žๅธธใซไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰
04:12
maybe the tree is not even
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ๆœจใฏ
04:14
that bothered and then it
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ใใ‚Œใปใฉๆฐ—ใซใ›ใš
04:15
forgets within one year
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1ๅนดไปฅๅ†…ใซๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใŒๆœจใ‚’ๅฆจใ’ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
04:17
because that memory of
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
04:19
stress is gonna be holding
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04:20
it back on its growth,
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04:22
for instance.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใใฎๆˆ้•ทใ€‚
04:24
Dr Luna-Diez has a hypothesis -
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Luna-Diez ๅšๅฃซใซใฏไปฎ่ชฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ
04:26
an idea that explains how or
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใชใœ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹
04:29
why something happens which
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04:30
has yet to be tested to
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ใฏใพใ ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
04:32
see if it's correct.
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ใ€‚
04:33
Her hypothesis is that trees
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฎไปฎ่ชฌใฏใ€ๆœจใ€…
04:35
remember stressful outside
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ใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„ๅค–็š„
04:37
events, something like a
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ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ€ๅนฒใฐใคใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€
04:38
drought - a long period of
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04:40
time with little or no rain.
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ใคใพใ‚Š้›จใŒใปใจใ‚“ใฉใพใŸใฏใพใฃใŸใใชใ„้•ทๆœŸ้–“ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:42
For a tree which has lived
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ไฝ•็™พๅนดใ‚‚็”ŸใใฆใใŸๆœจใซใจใฃใฆใ€
04:44
for hundreds of years it
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04:45
might be useful to remember
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04:46
that 1947 was a
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1947ๅนดใŒ
04:48
very dry summer.
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้žๅธธใซไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใŸๅคใ ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใฏๆœ‰็›Šใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.
04:49
On the other hand, maybe
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ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€
04:50
that stressful year is
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ใใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„ๅนดใฏ
04:52
best forgotten. Maybe the
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ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒไธ€็•ชใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€
04:53
tree is not bothered - not
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ๆœจใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ -
04:55
worried or concerned
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04:56
because it's not
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ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ‚‚ๅฟƒ้…ใ‚‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
04:57
important to it.
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.
04:58
So, trees do have memories -
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆœจใซใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
05:00
but they don't let it
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05:01
get them stressed!
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:03
Maybe that's the secret to
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ้•ท็”Ÿใใฎ็ง˜่จฃใ‹ใ‚‚
05:04
a long life! But what's
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๏ผ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
05:06
the answer to your
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05:06
question, Neil?
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏไฝ•
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ?
05:07
Ah yes, I asked you how long
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ใใ†ใใ†ใ€
05:09
Earth's oldest trees, Great
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ๅœฐ็ƒๆœ€ๅคใฎๆœจใงใ‚ใ‚‹
05:11
Bristlecone Pines, can live.
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ใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใ‚นใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒณ ใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„็”Ÿใใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:13
I said b) over 3,000 years.
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็งใฏใ€b) 3,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
05:16
Was I right?
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็งใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:17
You were wrong, I'm
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆ
05:18
afraid, Sam. They live
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ใ„ใŸใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
05:19
even longer - over 5,000 years,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ้•ท็”Ÿใใ—ใพใ™ - 5,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠ
05:22
in fact all the way
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ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›
05:23
back to the Bronze Age.
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ใซใฏ้’้Š…ๅ™จๆ™‚ไปฃใพใงใ•ใ‹ใฎใผใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:24
What memories those trees must
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœจใซใฏใฉใ‚“ใชๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
05:26
have - if only they could speak!
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ใ‚“ใ‹ - ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐ!
05:29
Right, let's recap the vocabulary
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็งใŸใกใŒๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:31
we've learned, starting with
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05:32
immune system - the body's way
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ๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† - ไฝ“ใŒ
05:34
of fighting infection
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ๆ„ŸๆŸ“ใ‚„็—…ๆฐ—ใจๆˆฆใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™
05:36
and disease.
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.
05:37
A food chain describes the
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้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใฏใ€
05:38
ways plants and animals get
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ๆค็‰ฉใจๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ
05:39
eaten and eat each other.
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ใŠไบ’ใ„ใซ้ฃŸในใŸใ‚Š้ฃŸในใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:41
Opportunistic people
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ๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹ไธป็พฉ่€…
05:42
take advantage of
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ใฏ
05:43
a situation to get some
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ใ€็Šถๆณใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จ
05:45
benefit for themselves.
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ใ—ใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:46
A hypothesis is an idea to
196
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ไปฎ่ชฌใจใฏใ€
05:48
explain how or why something
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05:50
happens that hasn't been
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05:52
tested to see if it's correct.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใชใœ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚
05:54
A drought is a long period
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ๅนฒใฐใคใจใฏใ€
05:55
of time with little or no rain.
201
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้›จใŒใปใจใ‚“ใฉใพใŸใฏใพใฃใŸใ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„้•ทๆœŸ้–“ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:57
And finally, if you're not
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357680
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ‚‚ใ—ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๆ‚ฉใพใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
05:59
bothered about something,
203
359120
1440
06:00
you're not worried because
204
360560
1200
ใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›
06:01
it's not important to you.
205
361760
1520
ใ‚“.
06:03
Our six minutes are over.
206
363280
1760
6ๅˆ†ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:05
Bye for now!
207
365040
800
06:05
Bye!
208
365840
500
ใพใŸใญ๏ผ
ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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