Personalised diets - 6 Minute English

110,736 views ใƒป 2022-01-20

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:03
Hello.
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ืฉืœื•ื.
00:08
This is 6 Minute English from
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
00:10
BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English.
00:11
I'm Sam.
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ืื ื™ ืกืื.
00:13
And I'm Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:14
In recent years new diets with names
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช
00:16
like 'vegan', 'keto' and 'paleo' have
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ื›ืžื• 'ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™', 'ืงื˜ื•' ื•'ืคืœืื•'
00:19
become very popular.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
00:20
Are you a
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ืืชื”
00:22
vegetarian, Neil?
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ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™, ื ื™ืœ?
00:23
Do you follow
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ
00:24
any particular diet?
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ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช?
00:25
Well, I eat lots of fresh fruit
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช
00:28
and vegetables and only a little
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ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืจืง ืžืขื˜
00:30
meat from time to time.
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ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
00:32
Well, while many diets claim to
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื•ืช
00:34
improve health or help you
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš
00:36
lose weight, recent research
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ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื
00:38
shows that what counts is not
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ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื
00:40
what you eat but how
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืืœื ืื™ืš
00:41
your body reacts.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš ืžื’ื™ื‘.
00:43
Yes, and that reaction doesn't
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื
00:45
happen where you might think - not
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ - ืœื
00:47
in the brain, or tongue, or even
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ื‘ืžื•ื—, ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื•
00:49
the stomach, but in the gut - another
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื -
00:52
name for the intestines - the
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ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืœืžืขื™ื™ื -
00:54
long tube inside your body
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš
00:56
which digests food.
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ื”ืžืขื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
00:58
Inside everyone's gut are millions
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™
01:00
of microbes - tiny living organisms,
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื - ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:03
too small to see without a
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืœื
01:05
microscope.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
01:06
Some of them are good
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ื—ืœืงื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:07
for us, some bad.
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ืœื ื•, ื—ืœืงื ืจืขื™ื.
01:10
Microbes help digest food, but
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ
01:11
they influence our bodies more
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ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:13
than we know.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
01:14
Think of them as
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžืคืขืœื™ื
01:15
chemical factories that cause our
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ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
01:17
individual reaction to
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ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:18
the food we eat.
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ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
01:20
This mix of gut microbes is
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื
01:21
unique and different for everyone,
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ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื,
01:24
even identical twins.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
01:26
And it's the reason why some
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข
01:27
doctors now recommend a
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ
01:29
personalised diet, one that
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ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื–ื•
01:31
perfectly fits your own unique
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื
01:33
combination of microbes.
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ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื›ื.
01:34
We'll hear more soon, but first
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื ืฉืžืข, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื
01:37
I have a question for you, Neil,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ,
01:39
and it's about the gut - the
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ -
01:41
tube which includes the large and
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช
01:43
small intestine.
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ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื•ื”ื“ืง.
01:45
It's very
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ื–ื”
01:46
long - but how long exactly is
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ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ - ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื
01:47
the average adult's gut?
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ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข?
01:50
Is it:
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ื”ืื ื–ื”:
01:51
a) 3 and a half metres?
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ื) 3 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื?
01:52
b) 5 and a half metres?
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ื‘) 5 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ?
01:54
or,
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ืื•,
01:55
c) 7 and a half metres?
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ื’) 7 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื?
01:57
Well, everybody is different
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:59
of course, but I'll say on average
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
02:01
the gut is b) 5 and
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ืฉื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘) 5 ื•ื—ืฆื™
02:03
a half metres long.
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ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:04
OK, Neil, I'll reveal the answer
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
02:06
later in the programme.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
02:08
Among the first to investigate gut
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื•
02:10
microbes was Dr Tim Spector, author
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื“"ืจ ื˜ื™ื ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ
02:12
of bestselling book, The Diet Myth.
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ืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื”.
02:15
He wanted to check whether the
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื
02:17
dietary advice he had heard and
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ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืข ื•ื”ืืžื™ืŸ
02:19
believed, advice like 'eat little
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ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• 'ืื›ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜
02:21
and often' or 'avoid fat',
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช' ืื• 'ื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื•ืžืŸ',
02:22
was really true.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
02:24
Listen as Dr Spector explains
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื“"ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ
02:26
how he started to doubt some of
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืฆื•ืช
02:28
this advice - 'food myths', he
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ื”ืืœื” - 'ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ืื•ื›ืœ', ื”ื•ื
02:30
calls them - to BBC Radio 4
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ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ื - ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4
02:33
programme, The Life Scientific:
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, The Life Scientific:
02:36
All these so-called myths that
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ
02:38
I'd believed, whether it was
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ืฉื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
02:40
about calories, about fats,
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ืขืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื,
02:42
when to eat, how to eat, were
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ืžืชื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
02:43
based on flimsy or no evidence,
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ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœืœื ืจืื™ื•ืช,
02:46
very old, very poor quality,
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ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”,
02:48
and had been repeated so much
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:50
that people didn't
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื
02:51
think to question them.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื”ื.
02:53
One of the food myths Dr Spector
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ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื“"ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ
02:55
questioned was counting calories - the
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ืฉืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืช ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช -
02:57
units which measure the amount
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ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช
02:59
of energy food provides.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืง.
03:02
He discovered that much of
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:03
the dietary advice he had
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ืžื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช
03:05
heard was either incorrect or
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ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•
03:07
based on flimsy evidence.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:10
If
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ืื
03:11
evidence is flimsy, it's
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ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืŸ
03:12
weak and unconvincing.
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ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช.
03:14
As Dr Spector questioned these
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ื›ืฉื“"ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง
03:16
food myths, he remembered an
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ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ
03:17
earlier study involving
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœืœ
03:19
identical twins, pairs of brothers
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ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื
03:22
or sisters with the same genes.
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ืื• ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื.
03:24
It was the surprising differences
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื
03:26
in weight between one twin and
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ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื•ื ืื—ื“
03:29
another that made Dr Spector
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ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• ื”ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื“"ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ
03:30
realise that no two people
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:33
have the same gut - even
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื™ - ืืคื™ืœื•
03:35
identical twins' guts are different.
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ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:38
But, as he told BBC Radio 4's,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœืจื“ื™ื• 4 ืฉืœ ื”-BBC,
03:41
The Life Scientific, the discovery
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The Life Scientific, ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช
03:43
came in a very smelly way - by
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืจื™ื—ื” - ื‘ื›ืš
03:45
asking his volunteers to send
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ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื—
03:47
samples of their poo in the post!
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ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืงื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜!
03:51
We collected lots of these
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ืืกืคื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ
03:52
samples, sequenced them,
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ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื”, ืจืฆืคื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ
03:54
and looked at twins where
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื
03:55
one was overweight and one
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ืื—ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืื—ื“
03:57
was skinny... and we found
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ืจื–ื”... ื•ืžืฆืื ื•
03:58
in every case, the skinnier
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
04:01
twin had a more diverse
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ืœืชืื•ื ื”ืจื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:03
microbiome, greater numbers
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, ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:04
of different species and
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื
04:06
they also nearly always had
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ื’ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•
04:08
high numbers of a couple
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื”
04:09
of microbes that just
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜
04:11
stuck out of the crowd - and
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ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ื• ืžื”ืงื”ืœ - ื•ืื—ื“
04:13
one was called christensenella
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ื ืงืจื ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื ืกื ืœื”
04:15
and the other was
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™
04:16
called akkermansia.
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ื ืงืจื ืืงืจืžื ืกื™ื”.
04:18
Although genetically identical,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื”ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
04:20
one twin was overweight, while
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ืชืื•ื ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“
04:21
the other twin was skinny,
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ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื–ื”,
04:23
or very thin.
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ืื• ืจื–ื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:25
Because the weight difference
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
04:26
could not be explained
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ
04:27
genetically, Dr Spector
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื“"ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ
04:29
suspected the microbes in
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ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™
04:30
the skinnier twin's gut
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ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ืจื–ื”
04:32
held the answer: the more
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
04:33
diverse someone's microbes,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:35
the better their gut was at
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ื›ืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:37
digesting food, regulating
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ืœืขื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื•ืกืช
04:39
fat and maintaining health.
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ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
04:41
Two microbes, christensenella
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื ืกื ืœื”
04:43
and akkermansia, were especially
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ื•ืืงืจืžื ืกื™ื”, ื”ื™ื•
04:45
effective.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:46
Dr Spector says these
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ื“"ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจ
04:47
microbes stuck out of the crowd,
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืคืœื˜ื• ืžื”ืงื”ืœ,
04:50
meaning they were easy to notice
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื
04:52
for their positive effect.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
04:54
And since everyone's microbes are
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื
04:56
different, it follows that a
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข
04:57
personalised diet which selects
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ืฉืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจืช
04:59
the friendliest food for
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ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ
05:00
your gut, is best.
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ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:02
Right,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:03
and all this talk of eating
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœื”
05:04
is making me hungry, so tell me,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ ืœืจืขื‘, ืื– ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื™,
05:06
Sam, was my answer
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ืกื, ื”ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
05:07
to your question, right?
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ืœืฉืืœืชืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:09
Ah yes, I asked about the
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™
05:11
length of the gut in
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ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืขื™ ืืฆืœ
05:13
the average adult.
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ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
05:14
I said it was 5 and
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” 5
05:15
a half metres.
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ.
05:16
Which was... the correct answer!
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
05:19
Well done, Neil - that took 'guts',
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื ื™ืœ - ื–ื” ืœืงื— 'ืื•ืžืฅ',
05:21
which is the second meaning
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
05:22
of the word: courage.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”: ืื•ืžืฅ.
05:24
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
05:27
learned starting with gut - an
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ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื -
05:29
informal word for the intestines,
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ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืขื™ื™ื,
05:31
the tube which digests
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื›ืœ
05:33
food from the stomach.
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ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื”.
05:35
Microbes are microscopic organisms
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื
05:37
living inside the body.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:39
A calorie is a unit measuring
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ืงืœื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ืช
05:41
how much energy food provides.
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:44
If an argument or evidence is
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ืื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื• ืจืื™ื”
05:46
flimsy, it's weak
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ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ื—ืœืฉ
05:47
and hard to believe.
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
05:49
A skinny person is very thin.
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ืื“ื ืจื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื–ื”.
05:52
And finally, if something
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืžืฉื”ื•
05:53
sticks out of the crowd,
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ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžื”ืงื”ืœ,
05:55
it's noticeable in a good way.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
05:58
Unfortunately, our six minutes
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:59
are up, but remember:
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ื ื’ืžืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืจ:
06:01
look after your gut, and
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ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืš,
06:02
your gut will look after you!
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ืš!
06:06
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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