World Space Week: War in space

13,216 views ใƒป 2021-10-06

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
War in space...
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ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ...
00:02
it's something just in Hollywood movies, right?
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:05
We'll show you how the law is designed to prevent conflicts
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ื ืจืื” ืœืš ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื
00:08
and ask if it's good enough to do it.
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ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
00:12
How the Cold War shaped today's laws for exploring space...
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ...
00:16
If someone disobeys a law, then they lose too.
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง, ืื– ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ื“.
00:22
So, this is the core principle
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”
00:25
that urges countries to behave in space.
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
00:30
What happens after Donald Trump formed a new space military?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื”ืงื™ื ืฆื‘ื ื—ืœืœ ื—ื“ืฉ?
00:40
We've been sending people and spacecraft into orbit for decades.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:44
But why has that โ€“ so far โ€“ remained peaceful?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื” - ืขื“ ื›ื” - ื ืฉืืจ ืฉืœื™ื•?
00:51
July 1975...
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ื™ื•ืœื™ 1975...
00:56
two men shake hands in space.
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ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:00
One was American Brigadier General Thomas Stafford.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืชื•ืžืก ืกื˜ืคื•ืจื“.
01:05
The other was cosmonaut Alexei Leonov.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืœืื•ื ื•ื‘.
01:10
This historic handshake symbolised improving relations
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ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ืกื™ืžืœื” ืืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
01:13
in the long-running Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union,
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
01:19
but their conflict was far from over.
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ืืš ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื.
01:22
The two countries competed for superiority after World War Two.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:27
Their efforts to get to space were part of that:
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ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”:
01:31
this was known as the space race.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ.
01:34
So, what was to stop one country
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
01:37
from launching nuclear weapons from a spacecraft
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ืœืฉื’ืจ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืœืœื™ืช
01:40
or claiming the Moon as a military base?
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ืื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™?
01:44
The Outer Space Treaty, signed in 1967,
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืชืžื” ื‘-1967,
01:47
was an international effort to make that kind of thing illegal.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื.
01:51
Space lawyer Deepika Jayakodi told us what you're banned from doing.
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ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื“ื™ืคื™ืงื” ื’'ื™ืืงื•ื“ื™ ืืžืจื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:56
The Outer Space Treaty bans placing weapons of mass destruction,
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
02:01
or nuclear weapons, around the Earth's orbit,
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ืื• ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:05
or on the Moon and celestial bodies.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.
02:08
The Outer Space Treaty also bans establishing military bases,
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืจืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื,
02:14
building forts, testing weapons
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืฉืง
02:19
and also conducting military manoeuvres
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื
02:25
in the celestial bodies or on the Moon.
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ื‘ื’ืจืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
02:29
The Outer Space Treaty, or OST,
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืื• OST,
02:32
bans weapons of mass destruction on the Moon or other celestial bodies.
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ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื• ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:37
It also means that building military bases is not allowed either.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื.
02:41
So, was it just about stopping nuclear war
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง โ€‹โ€‹ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
02:43
between the Soviet Union and America?
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”?
02:46
The international community wanted to ensure that...
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉ...
02:50
that rivalries on Earth were not extended into space.
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืœื—ืœืœ.
02:56
The Outer Space Treaty was also brought at a time
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”
02:59
when many countries were gaining freedom from the colonial powers.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
03:04
So, in essence, this law was meant to avoid conflicts in space
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘
03:11
and to ensure that the activity's for the benefit of humanity as a whole.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:15
The OST was created to avoid conflict in space
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ื”-OST ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ
03:19
and to make sure that space was for the benefit of all humanity.
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ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:25
So, what would happen if a country broke the treaty?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืคืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื”?
03:29
Nothing really stops any country from disobeying the Outer Space Treaty.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื ืข ืžืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
03:35
In general, space is a special field.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:38
It is for everyone.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
03:40
So, if someone disobeys a law, then they lose too.
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ืื– ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืคืกื™ื“.
03:46
So, this is the core principle
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”
03:50
that urges countries to behave in space.
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
03:55
Although there's nothing to stop a country disobeying the OST,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœ-OST,
03:58
if they break a rule, it impacts them too.
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ืื ื”ื ืžืคืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:02
So, is the treaty good enough for today?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืืžื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื?
04:04
The principles in the Outer Space Treaty are as valid
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืชืงืคื™ื
04:09
as the were a few decades ago.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:12
Having said that, there are some ambiguities and gaps in the law,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง,
04:17
because of new technologies and developments,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:20
and there are a lot of efforts that are going on
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ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:23
to fill the gaps in the existing laws.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:27
The OST was created a long time ago
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ื”-OST ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
04:31
so there are some gaps in the laws,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
04:34
but the principles are still valid.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงืคื™ื.
04:36
Let's have a look at a very real example of how the situation has changed
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืชื ื”
04:41
since America signed the Outer Space Treaty.
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ืžืื– ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ. ืกื’ืŸ
04:45
Former US Vice President Mike Pence in 2019.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื™ืง ืคื ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019.
04:49
As the President has said,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจ,
04:52
we all recognise โ€“ it's been frankly true for decades โ€“
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื - ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื -
04:56
in his words, space is a war-fighting domain.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืœื•ื—ื ืžืœื—ืžื”.
04:59
The United States Space Force will ensure that our nation is prepared.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื”.
05:04
America launched a new space military service,
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื—ืœืœ ื—ื“ืฉ,
05:07
the Space Force, later that year.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”.
05:10
Although it sounds like something straight out of Star Wars,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
05:13
the US Space Force is not as dramatic as it sounds.
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ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข.
05:17
It does not intend to send troops into space.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ.
05:20
Instead, it would protect the things that belong to the US,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืชื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
05:24
like satellites used for communications and surveillance.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžืขืงื‘.
05:27
But the US isn't the first country to use space for military purposes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช.
05:33
Russia and China have been doing it for years,
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ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:36
and it's believed that all three countries have tested weapons
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ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืงื• ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง
05:40
that could destroy a satellite in space.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
05:43
Do these new developments mean space,
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ,
05:46
as domain of peace, is over?
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ื›ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื?
05:49
Does the Space Force break the Outer Space Treaty?
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ื”ืื ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืคืจ ืืช ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ?
05:53
Here's Professor Dale Stephens,
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืœ ืกื˜ืคื ืก,
05:55
a space war specialist from the University of Adelaide:
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื“ืœื™ื™ื“:
05:59
The creation of the US Space Force is not breaking any laws.
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ื”ืงืžืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื” ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืง.
06:02
Many states that operate in space have, within their militaries,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
06:07
components that work with their military satellites
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
06:11
and their military objects. So, what the Americans have done
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ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืฉื•
06:14
is quite consistent with what other countries are doing.
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ื“ื™ ืชื•ืื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
06:18
What America has done is given it more prominence
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ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืฉืชื” ื–ื” ืœืชืช ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช
06:21
and given it a particular place in their structure,
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
06:24
but countries like Russia and China also have a Space Force,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื—ืœืœ,
06:29
but it's just presented in a different way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
06:32
Although the US Space Force is a new development,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ,
06:35
it doesn't break any laws and other countries have similar operations.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
06:40
Has anyone broken the law around fighting in space?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
06:44
There have been no breaches so far in space.
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
06:48
That's not to say that satellites and space objects
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ ื—ืœืœ
06:53
have not been used for fighting armed conflict on Earth; they have.
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ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
06:58
But in terms of space itself, there's been no war in space,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
07:03
there's been no conflict and so there has been no breach yet,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจืฆื”,
07:07
but it may be just a matter of time,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
07:12
in which case we've got to be very clear about what the law is,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื,
07:16
so as to avoid misunderstanding.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”.
07:19
So far, there haven't been any breaches of the law in space,
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘,
07:23
but the law must be very clear to prevent misunderstandings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช.
07:28
What would happen if a country stepped out of line?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืฆื ืžื”ืงื•?
07:31
So, depending on what the law is, if they've committed a war crime,
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ืื–, ืชืœื•ื™ ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื”,
07:35
then if they are party to the International Criminal Court,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
07:38
then they or the individuals who committed the war crime
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ืื– ื”ื ืื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ืคืฉืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
07:41
can find themselves before the court.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
07:44
If they've committed an act of aggression,
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ืื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช,
07:46
then the Security Council can step in, much as it can on Earth
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ืื– ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
07:50
and it can make a determination about violation.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืจื”.
07:53
And you've always got bodies such as the International Committee of the Red Cross
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
07:56
that are forever monitoring compliance with the law of armed conflict
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ืฉืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ
08:00
and they would certainly get involved if a country steps out of line.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืฆื ืžื”ืงื•.
08:05
If a country commits a crime in space,
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ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืคืฉืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
08:07
they could go to court just like on Earth.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:10
Organisations like the Red Cross check they're following the law
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง
08:14
in armed conflicts on Earth.
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ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:16
But do space treaties only cover the countries that have signed them?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ืชืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ?
08:21
International law comprises of treaties,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืžื ื•ืช,
08:24
but it also comprises of something called customary international law,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™,
08:27
which is like common law,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ,
08:30
which exists in the UK and Commonwealth nations,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื,
08:33
and there is no doubt in anybody's mind
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“
08:37
that when it comes to weapons of mass destruction, like nuclear weapons,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
08:41
then the prohibition that is contained in the treaty
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ืื– ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื”
08:45
also applies as a matter of customary international law.
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ื—ืœ ื’ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™.
08:49
There is no legal argument available to any country
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
08:53
to put a nuclear weapon in full orbit around the Earth
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:57
under either the treaty or this thing called customary international law.
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ืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™.
09:01
Customary law means that no country can do something
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ื—ื•ืง ืžื ื”ื’ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
09:05
like putting a nuclear weapon in space,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
09:08
even if they haven't actually signed a treaty agreeing to it.
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ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš.
09:12
Space exploration is meant to be for the benefit of all humankind.
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ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
09:18
Avoiding war is a benefit.
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ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
09:21
This makes space wars very unlikely.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
09:25
We've seen that that covers recent developments.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:28
And even if countries haven't signed up,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื—ืชืžื•,
09:31
the law still keeps space free from nuclear weapons,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื ืงื™ ืžื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
09:34
keeping us safe here on Earth.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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