How pandemics end - 6 Minute English

189,368 views ใƒป 2022-08-04

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:08
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:10
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:12
I'm Sam.
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00:12
And I'm Neil.
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ืื ื™ ืกืื.
ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:13
In March 2020, the World Health
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
00:16
Organisation, the WHO,
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, WHO,
00:18
declared Covid-19 a pandemic.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“-19 ื›ืžื’ื™ืคื”.
00:21
Now, after two and half years in the
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ื›ืขืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืฆืœ
00:23
shadow of Covid, for many people travel
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ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
00:25
restrictions are ending, and many people
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ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
00:28
around the world are
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:29
starting their lives again.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
00:31
But not everyone.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื.
00:32
Whether it's because of
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
00:33
lockdowns and not seeing friends, or
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ื ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™-ืจืื™ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื•
00:35
getting sick, even dying, everyone wants
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ื—ื•ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืช, ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
00:38
to see an end to the pandemic.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื’ื™ืคื”.
00:40
But with cases of Covid infections still
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
00:42
in the millions, and doctors warning
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื
00:44
about new variants of the disease, is
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ืžืคื ื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ืื
00:46
the pandemic really coming to an end?
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื™ืฆื”?
00:48
In this programme, we'll be finding out
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ื’ืœื”
00:50
how pandemics end,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช,
00:52
and, as usual, we'll be learning some
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ื•ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื ืœืžื“
00:53
related vocabulary as well.
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ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ.
00:56
Of course, pandemics are nothing new.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:58
Ancient texts are full of stories
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ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:00
of plagues which spread
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ืขืœ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•
01:02
death and disease before
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ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™
01:03
eventually going away.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืœืžื•.
01:05
In the Middle Ages, The Black Death that
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
01:08
killed over half of Europe's population
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ืฉื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:10
lasted for four years.
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ื ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
01:12
It's only with modern
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ืจืง ืขื
01:14
vaccines that diseases
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช
01:15
have been eradicated - completely ended.
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- ื ื’ืžืจื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:18
So, Neil, my question this week is:
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ืื–, ื ื™ืœ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื:
01:21
which disease was eradicated in 1977?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื•ืกืœื” ื‘-1977?
01:25
Was it: a) cholera, b) polio,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ื›ื•ืœืจื”, ื‘) ืคื•ืœื™ื•
01:29
or c) smallpox?
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ืื• ื’) ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช?
01:31
I'm going to say c) small pox.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื’) ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
01:33
OK, I'll reveal the answer
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:35
at the end of the program.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:36
Of course, the idea that
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”
01:38
the pandemic might not
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื
01:39
be ending isn't something
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ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•
01:40
people want to hear.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
01:42
Most people are sick of
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืืก
01:43
worrying about Covid and
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“
01:44
can't wait for things
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:45
to get back to normal.
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ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื.
01:47
But as Yale University physician,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืคื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ,
01:49
Professor Nicholas Christakis,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ืืงื™ืก,
01:51
explained to BBC World Service
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC
01:53
programme, The Inquiry, it's not
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, The Inquiry, ืœื
01:55
just the biological disease that needs to
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ืจืง ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
01:57
end - pandemics have a social ending too.
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ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื - ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:01
Pandemics are not just
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ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืง
02:02
a biological phenomenon,
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
02:03
they're also a social
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื
02:05
phenomenon, and they end socially.
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
02:07
And one of the ways that they
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื
02:08
end socially is when
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ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื
02:10
everyone just sort of
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ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:11
agrees that they have
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ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื
02:12
ended - when everyone is
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ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• - ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื
02:14
simply willing to tolerate more risk.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
02:16
On other words, we sort of declare victory,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ,
02:19
maybe prematurely, or
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช, ืื•
02:21
another way of thinking about it is,
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื,
02:22
we put our heads in the sand.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ.
02:24
Biologically Covid still
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
02:26
exists in the world and
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ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื•
02:27
most of us would rather not catch it.
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ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื•.
02:29
But if you're vaccinated, the
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ,
02:31
risk of getting seriously
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”
02:33
ill is much lower, so it's reasonable to
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ
02:35
make plans to resume normal life.
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ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:37
When enough people do this, we
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ื›ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื•
02:39
declare victory - a phrase meaning to
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ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•
02:41
announce something to be
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ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:43
finished before it
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ืฉื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
02:45
actually is, but when
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ื‘ืืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื
02:46
it looks 'good enough'.
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ื ืจืื” 'ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘'.
02:48
The danger is that we declare victory
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ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ
02:50
prematurely - too soon, before it's the best
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช - ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:53
time to do so.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:55
Professor Christakis uses another idiom
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ืืงื™ืก ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื—ืจ
02:57
for this - to bury your head in the
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” - ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ
02:59
sand, meaning to deliberately refuse
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ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืกืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
03:02
to accept the truth about something you
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืš
03:04
find unpleasant.
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ืœื ื ืขื™ื.
03:06
It's also true that pandemics do not end in
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช
03:08
the same way for everyone, everywhere.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:11
Rich western countries
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช
03:12
with the resources to vaccinate their
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช
03:14
populations are in a
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชืŸ
03:15
better position than most.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ื.
03:17
Professor Dora Vargha is an expert on the
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื” ื•ืจื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
03:20
history of medicine.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
03:21
She compares the Covid
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช
03:23
pandemic to an ongoing
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ืžื’ื™ืคืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
03:24
disease for which we
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03:25
have no cure, and which
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื”, ื•ืืฉืจ
03:27
has killed millions since
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ื”ืจื’ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื–
03:28
its outbreak in the 1980s - HIV/Aids.
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื - HIV/ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
03:32
Here is Professor Vargha,
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืจื’ื”,
03:34
speaking with BBC World Service's, The Inquiry.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”-BBC World Service, The Inquiry.
03:37
What happens in the case of HIV/Aids is that it
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ HIV/ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื”
03:41
became from being an
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ื”ืคืš
03:42
immediate death sentence
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ืžื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™
03:44
basically to a manageable
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ื‘ืขืฆื
03:46
chronic disease... but that happens in
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ืœืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ... ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:48
societies that have the means and
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื
03:50
the infrastructure to make
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ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช
03:51
that possible with medication, and that is
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ื–ื” ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื–ื”ื•
03:54
not necessarily true for all parts of the
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™
03:56
world, but we don't
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ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื
03:58
think about the HIV/Aids
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”-HIV/ืื™ื™ื“ืก
04:00
pandemic as an ongoing pandemic.
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ื›ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
04:03
Although HIV has no cure,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ-HIV ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื”,
04:05
modern medical drugs
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
04:06
allow people to continue
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ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
04:08
living with the disease for years.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
04:10
HIV is no longer a death sentence - a phrase
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HIV ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
04:14
meaning the punishment of
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืขื•ื ืฉ
04:15
death for committing a
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ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข
04:16
crime, or from an incurable disease.
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ืคืฉืข, ืื• ืžืžื—ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ืžืจืคื.
04:19
Nowadays, HIV is no longer fatal.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, HIV ืื™ื ื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:22
It has become a disease which can be
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
04:24
controlled and is chronic, or long lasting.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
04:27
We no longer think of Aids as a pandemic,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื›ืžื’ื™ืคื”,
04:30
but that's not true everywhere - only
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื - ืจืง
04:32
in countries which can provide the necessary
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช
04:34
medical drugs and support.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ
04:36
Finding the right balance
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
04:37
of Covid restrictions
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“
04:38
for communities of people
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:40
exhausted by the pandemic isn't easy.
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ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”.
04:43
Many scientists are warning that we
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
04:45
haven't yet reached the beginning of the end
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ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ
04:47
of Covid, but hopefully
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”
04:49
we're at least reaching
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ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
04:50
the end of the beginning.
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ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
04:52
Let's finish the programme on a hopeful note
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืžืœืืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”
04:54
by remembering that diseases
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช
04:56
can and do eventually end - like in your
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ - ื›ืžื•
04:59
quiz question, Sam.
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ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืกื.
05:01
Yes, I asked which disease was eradicated in 1977.
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื•ืกืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977.
05:06
Neil said it was smallpox, which was
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ื ื™ืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
05:08
the correct answer! Well done, Neil!
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื ื™ืœ!
05:10
Smallpox no longer occurs naturally, but
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ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื‘ืœ
05:13
did you know that samples of smallpox
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
05:16
do still exist, frozen in American and Soviet
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืงืคืื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
05:20
laboratories during the Cold War!
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”!
05:22
As if the thought that
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžื’ืคืช
05:23
the Covid pandemic might
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ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœื•ืœื”
05:24
never end isn't scary enough!
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ืœื ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง!
05:26
Right, let's recap the vocabulary we've
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
05:29
learnt starting with eradicate - to completely
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื™ื’ื•ืจ - ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
05:32
get rid of something, such as a disease.
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ืžืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื”.
05:34
If you declare victory,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ,
05:36
you announce something
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ืืชื” ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
05:37
to be finished before it actually is.
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ืฉื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื.
05:39
The danger is doing this is that
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ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื
05:41
you announce it prematurely, or too soon.
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ืฉืชื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช, ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™.
05:44
The idiom ;bury your head
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ
05:46
in the sand' means to
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ื‘ื—ื•ืœ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
05:47
refuse to accept or look
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ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
05:48
at a situation you don't like.
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ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘.
05:50
A death sentence means the
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ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
05:52
punishment of death for
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ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ
05:53
committing a crime, or
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืฉืข, ืื• ืžืžื—ืœื”
05:54
from an incurable disease.
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ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ืžืจืคื.
05:56
And finally, a chronic
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
05:58
disease is one which lasts for a long time.
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ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
06:00
Even though the pandemic hasn't
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืœื
06:02
ended, our programme has
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ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”
06:03
because our six minutes are up.
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ื›ื™ ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•.
06:05
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:06
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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