Rhetoric: How persuasive are you? - 6 Minute English

80,474 views ใƒป 2022-04-14

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:08
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:09
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:11
I'm Neil. And I'm Sam. ย 
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:13
'Friends, Romans, countrymen,
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'ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ,
00:15
lend me your ears!' Do you
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ื”ืฉืื™ืœ ืœื™ ืืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ืš!' ืืชื”
00:17
know where these famous words
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:18
are from, Sam? I think that's a speech by
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, ืกื? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ
00:22
Marc Antony in William
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ืžืืจืง ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื
00:23
Shakespeare's play, Julius Caesar. Wow, I'm impressed! Caesar has
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ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ. ื•ื•ืื•, ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™! ืงื™ืกืจ
00:28
been assassinated and Marc Antony
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ื ืจืฆื— ื•ืžืืจืง ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™
00:30
tries to persuade the crowd
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ
00:32
to find his killers. Using words to persuade people,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื•. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:36
giving them a good reason to do
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ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช
00:37
what you say, or to accept your
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช
00:40
argument, is known as
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืžื›ื•ื ื”
00:42
'rhetoric'. In this programme,
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'ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”'. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,
00:44
we'll be hearing all about
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ื ืฉืžืข ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ
00:45
rhetoric and of course learning
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ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืœืžื“
00:48
some related vocabulary as well. The art of rhetoric started
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ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ. ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”
00:51
with the ancient Greek
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ืขื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
00:53
philosophers. Later, during
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. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช
00:55
the Roman republic, politicians
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
00:57
and statesmen used rhetoric in
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”
00:58
speeches given to crowds in
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ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉืื• ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื
01:00
the public square. Although technology has
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ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:03
transformed the way we
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื•
01:04
communicate since then, the
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ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืื–,
01:06
art of rhetoric is still
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ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
01:08
alive today. Modern
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ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:10
politicians may prefer
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช
01:11
Twitter to the public square,
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ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
01:14
but they still use persuasive
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
01:15
language, including
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ
01:17
soundbites - short sentences
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ืงื•ืœื•ืช - ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
01:19
or phrases giving a message
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ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืกืจ
01:21
in an easy to remember way. We'll hear more soon but
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ. ื ืฉืžืข ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื‘ืœ
01:25
first I have a question for
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ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”
01:26
you, Sam. Roman politicians
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ืืœื™ืš, ืกื. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื
01:28
used many rhetorical tricks
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:30
to persuade people including
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ
01:32
the argumentum ad hominum
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ื”- argumentum ad hominum
01:35
which was an attack on their
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ
01:36
opponent's moral character.
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ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื.
01:38
Another was called the
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ืื—ืจ ื ืงืจื ื”-
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argumentum ad baculum - but
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argumentum ad baculum - ืื‘ืœ
01:42
what did it mean? Was it: a) an argument based on
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ
01:46
logic? b) an argument based
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ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ? ื‘) ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก
01:49
on emotion? or c) an argument based on
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ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉ? ืื• ื’) ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ
01:53
the stick? Well, to persuade someone
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ื”ืžืงืœ? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
01:56
your argument needs to be
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:57
logical, so I'll say a). OK, we'll find out the
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื– ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื). ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื’ืœื” ืืช
02:01
answer later. Whether you
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื”
02:03
want someone to vote for
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข
02:04
you, or to buy what
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ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ืื• ืฉื™ืงื ื” ืืช ืžื”
02:05
you're selling, rhetoric
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ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”
02:07
can make your message
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœืš
02:08
persuasive. During his
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ืœืžืฉื›ื ืข. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš
02:10
career in the adverting
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ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื
02:12
industry, Sam Tatum
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, ืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื
02:13
learned a lot about
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ืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ
02:14
persuading people.
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ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:16
Here he explains the many
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
02:17
uses of rhetoric to BBC
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”
02:19
World Service programme,
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC,
02:21
The Why Factor. Rhetoric is persuasive
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The Why Factor. ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื
02:25
language. We use it rally,
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ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆืจืช,
02:27
to simplify the complex,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
02:29
to inspire and influence.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข.
02:30
It's important, I think,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
02:31
to identify what strategies
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:33
might be influencing us
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•
02:34
more than we think.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:35
By understanding the power
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—
02:36
of language in shaping
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช
02:37
perceptions, we can
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, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
02:38
start to see, 'I'm
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช, 'ืื ื™
02:39
wondering why people are
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ืชื•ื”ื” ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
02:40
looking to be so concrete.
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ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:42
Are we trying to pull the
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช
02:43
wool over our eyes on
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ื”ืฆืžืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•
02:44
something that's more
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02:44
far complex than we
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ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
02:45
actually state?' As well as persuading
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ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?' ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืข
02:48
people, Sam Tatum says
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ืกื ื˜ืื˜ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ
02:50
rhetoric can be used to
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™
02:52
rally - to bring people
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ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก - ืœืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:53
together in support of
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ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”
02:55
a common goal. A recent
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
02:57
example of this is the
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
02:58
way politicians called
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื ื•
03:00
the coronavirus our 'enemy'. The words politicians choose,
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ืืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” 'ื”ืื•ื™ื‘' ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื,
03:04
and the way they use them,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
03:05
can influence us more than
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื”
03:06
we think. Sam Tatum says
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืกื ื˜ืื˜ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ
03:09
we should question whether
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื
03:10
political rhetoric is
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ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:11
trying to pull the wool
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฆืžืจ
03:13
over our eyes, an
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ืžืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•,
03:14
informal way of saying
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ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ
03:15
trick or deceive us. But in the age of 24-hour
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ื˜ืจื™ืง ืื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ
03:19
news updates and non-stop
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ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื” ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”
03:21
Twitter, has the skill
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, ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช
03:23
of making a thoughtful
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช
03:24
argument been lost?
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ ืื‘ื“ื”?
03:26
Here's Kendal Phillips,
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ื”ื ื” ืงื ื“ืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืคืก,
03:28
professor of political
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
03:29
philosophy at Syracuse
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ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื™ืจืงื™ื•ื–
03:30
University, speaking to
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, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœ-
03:32
BBC World Service's,
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BBC World Service,
03:34
The Why Factor. It's hard to analyse
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The Why Factor. ืงืฉื” ืœื ืชื—
03:38
the argument or reasoning of
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœ
03:39
a tweet, 'cos 280 characters
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ืฆื™ื•ืฅ, ื›ื™ 280 ืชื•ื•ื™ื
03:41
is not a way for me to
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ื”ื ืœื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
03:42
lay out a logical argument
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ืœื ืกื— ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ื’ื™
03:43
with a major premise, a minor
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ืขื ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“,
03:44
premise and a conclusion,
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ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืžืกืงื ื”,
03:45
it's much easier to just
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ
03:47
use a two-word phrase or
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื•
03:49
a hashtag that usually
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ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
03:51
ends up adding to that
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื”
03:52
kind of polemical division
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ืช
03:53
between my side
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™
03:54
and their side. Global problems involve
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ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช
03:58
complex issues which cannot
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ
04:00
be solved in 280 letters,
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘-280 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
04:02
the maximum length of a tweet
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ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืฅ
04:04
allowed by Twitter.
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ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
04:06
According to Professor Kendal,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงื ื“ืœ,
04:07
we need logical arguments
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
04:09
containing a premise -
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ -
04:11
something which you think
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
04:12
is true and you use as
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
04:14
the basis for developing
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ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
04:15
your idea, and a conclusion -
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื•ืœืžืกืงื ื” -
04:17
your decision or plan of
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœืš
04:19
action based on carefully
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืœื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืฉืœ
04:21
considering all
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ื›ืœ
04:22
the relevant facts. For example: climate change
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
04:26
is damaging the planet -
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ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ -
04:28
that's a premise; therefore,
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ื–ื• ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“; ืœื›ืŸ,
04:30
we should act to stop it -
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” -
04:32
that's a conclusion. Few issues are simply black
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ื–ื• ืžืกืงื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
04:36
and white though, and this
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ื•ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื–ื•
04:37
is a problem because Twitter
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ
04:39
debates are often polemical -
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ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื™ื -
04:41
argued very strongly either
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืื•
04:43
for or against a particular
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ื‘ืขื“ ืื• ื ื’ื“
04:45
opinion or idea. If you believe passionately
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ื“ืขื” ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื˜
04:48
in something, you need to
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ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš
04:49
explain it to people in
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื
04:51
a way they understand, and
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
04:52
in ancient times rhetoric
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ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”
04:54
also meant building bridges
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื
04:57
between people and finding
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช
04:58
common ground. Like those
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ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื›ืžื•
05:00
Romans you mentioned, Neil. Yes, in my question I asked
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ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช, ื ื™ืœ. ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช
05:04
Sam for the meaning of
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ืกื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ
05:05
term, argumentum ad baculum. I guessed it was an argument
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ืžื•ื ื—, argumentum ad baculum. ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ
05:10
based on logic. Which was the wrong answer,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
05:14
I'm afraid. In fact,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ. ืœืžืขืฉื”,
05:16
argumentum ad baculum
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argumentum ad baculum
05:17
means the argument with
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื
05:19
a stick, or in other words,
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ืžืงืœ, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
05:20
hitting somebody with a
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ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื
05:22
stick until they agree
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ืžืงืœ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื
05:23
with you! I guess that's
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ืื™ืชืš! ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื•
05:25
one way to win an argument.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
05:26
OK, let's recap the
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ
05:28
vocabulary from the programme,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
05:29
starting with a soundbite -
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-Soundbite -
05:31
a short sentence or phrase
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ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
05:33
designed to stick
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง
05:34
in the memory. When people rally together,
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ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
05:36
they unite to support
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ื”ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš
05:38
a common goal. To pull the wool over
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฆืžืจ ืขืœ
05:40
someone's eyes means
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
05:42
to trick someone. Logical arguments contain
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•. ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื—ืช
05:44
a premise - a truth used
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ื™ืกื•ื“ - ืืžืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช
05:47
as the basis for
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ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก
05:48
developing an argument,
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ,
05:49
and a conclusion - a
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ื•ืžืกืงื ื” -
05:51
decision based on
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ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช
05:52
carefully considering all
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ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ
05:54
the relevant facts. And finally, polemical
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™
05:56
means strongly attacking
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ
05:58
or defending an opinion or
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ืื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืขืœ ื“ืขื” ืื•
05:59
idea. But there's no
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ
06:01
arguing the fact that
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
06:02
once again our six
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฉ
06:03
minutes are up!
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ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•!
06:04
Goodbye for now! Bye!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื! ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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