World Space Week: Who owns space?

15,151 views ใƒป 2021-10-05

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
First countries, now companies, are trying to get into space,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœืœ,
00:04
but can they keep what they find up there?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
00:07
As more people aim for the stars,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:09
we'll show you how the law is ahead of them.
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ื ืจืื” ืœืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ื”ื.
00:12
We've passed the six-minute mark in our countdown for Apollo 11.
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ืจืฃ ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืืคื•ืœื• 11.
00:16
Could any country ever take over another planet?
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ?
00:20
In general, the international space law works...
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“...
00:25
works in a manner where if...
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื...
00:29
if you keep somebody else out,
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ืื ืชืจื—ื™ืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
00:31
then the other person would probably keep you out as well.
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชืš ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
00:34
Ignition sequence starts.
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ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื”ืฆืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ. ื•ืžืจื•ืฅ
00:37
And the new space race is on...
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš...
00:40
but what can companies actually own from space?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื”ื—ืœืœ?
00:52
When America landed the first man on the moon,
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
00:55
why didn't he just say it was US property?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืจื”"ื‘?
00:58
That's one small step for man...
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ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื“ื...
01:00
If Russia became the first state to send someone to Mars,
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ืื ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
01:04
what would stop them from owning it?
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ืžื” ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื•?
01:06
One thing โ€“ the Outer Space Treaty โ€“
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ - ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ -
01:09
signed by more than a hundred countries.
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ื—ืชื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
01:12
It says no country can claim any part of outer space:
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ:
01:16
space belongs to every nation.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืžื”.
01:20
But in 2020, eight countries signed the Artemis Accords.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก.
01:25
They're an agreement between governments
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ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
01:27
who are taking part in the Artemis programme,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก,
01:30
an American-led effort to land on the moon.
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ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
01:34
But not everyone is happy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื.
01:36
China, India and even big companies are blasting off into space.
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ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ.
01:40
So how does the law help decide who owns what they find up there?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
01:45
Commercial space lawyer, Deepika Jayakodi,
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ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™, Deepika Jayakodi,
01:49
explained what the first major bit of space law โ€“ the Outer Space Treaty โ€“
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืœ - ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ -
01:53
says about what countries can own in space.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:56
There's one article which says that the Moon
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ื™ืฉ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืจื—
01:59
and the celestial bodies in outer space
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
02:01
are free for exploration and use,
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ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
02:04
and then there's another article that says that
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ
02:06
no country can stake a claim in space:
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ:
02:08
you cannot appropriate a portion of space.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื›ืก ืœืขืฆืžืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
02:12
So, although you can use things โ€“
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื -
02:15
the structures that you build on the Moon or a celestial body โ€“
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ืžื™ -
02:19
you cannot really claim to own the territory in which you put this.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืฉื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:24
The Outer Space Treaty says that,
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ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืืžื ื
02:26
while you can use things you find in space,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ
02:28
you can't actually claim somewhere as your territory
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš
02:31
and stop other countries from using it too.
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ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
02:34
What does this mean if a country wants to build a Moon base?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ืจื—?
02:38
A country can set up a base on the Moon
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
02:41
and you can use the materials that are available on the Moon
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
02:45
to build this base: you could use the Moon rocks,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื–ื”: ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืœืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื—,
02:49
you could use the Moon dust and so on.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ืง ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
02:51
So, you own the resources as soon as they are extracted from the Moon.
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ืื–, ืืชื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื—.
02:58
But you don't own the territory from which you extract these resources.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ืืชื” ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:02
Countries can set up bases on the Moon,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
03:05
but still wouldn't own the part of the Moon they're on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืจื— ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
03:08
They can use the things they find up there, such as water or rocks.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ืื• ืกืœืขื™ื.
03:13
So, could you keep another country out of your base?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœืš?
03:16
In general, the international space law works...
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“...
03:22
works in a manner where if...
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื...
03:25
if you keep somebody else out,
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ืื ืชืจื—ื™ืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
03:28
then the other person would probably keep you out as well.
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชืš ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
03:31
So, you would rather build a base
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก
03:34
and ensure that it is accessible to others
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจื™ื
03:38
as long as they provide you access to their site or base as well.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ื ืœืืชืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื.
03:45
Space laws require cooperation
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
03:47
between the countries and organisations involved.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:51
If you keep people off your base, they'd do the same to you.
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ืื ืชืจื—ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœืš, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:55
Deepika explained why there's a disagreement over the Artemis Accords.
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ื“ื™ืคื™ืงื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก.
03:59
These principles reflect already the principles in the Outer Space Treaty
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
04:05
and the concern of some countries and scholars
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ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
04:08
is that these principles reflect a US position
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
04:13
or a US interpretation of space laws.
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ืื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
04:17
In... space law is an international law
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ื‘... ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
04:23
and it is important that it takes into account
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
04:26
the different perspectives coming in from different parts of the world.
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ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:31
The US came up with these new rules with a number of other countries.
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:36
Some experts worry the Artemis Accords
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก
04:39
might just reflect a US point of view,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœืฉืงืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
04:42
rather than working with the whole world.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
04:45
So, while countries can use what they find in space,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:49
it's harder to say they own a planet or a moon.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื• ื™ืจื—.
04:52
But what if we're not just talking about countries?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช?
04:56
When the space race started last century,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
04:59
it was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
05:04
But now a new contest is under way,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
05:08
this time between two billionaires
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ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื
05:11
who made their fortunes on the internet.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:14
Amazon's Jeff Bezos and Tesla's Elon Musk
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ื’'ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ืก ืžืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง ืฉืœ ื˜ืกืœื”
05:17
don't simply want us to get back into space,
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ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ,
05:19
they want us to stay there โ€“ with talks of cities on Mars...
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื - ืขื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื...
05:25
So, how will the law cover corporations
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ืกื” ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื
05:28
who are exploring beyond our planet?
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
05:31
Dr Thomas Cheney, from the Open University,
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ื“"ืจ ืชื•ืžืก ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™, ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
05:34
explains how the law covers what private companies can own.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง.
05:38
It's a very grey area
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ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืืคื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“
05:40
within the international space law system,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
05:45
but property law is based on the country that you are from,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ืืชื”,
05:50
or that you are interested in,
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”,
05:53
and it follows you into outer space.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
05:57
So, you know, you have to get permission from your government
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ืื–, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœืš
06:00
to even go into outer space and you...
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืืชื”...
06:03
because you are operating in a spaceship,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช,
06:06
then the laws of your country apply in that spaceship.
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ืื– ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:09
And so it follows you, as you go into outer space.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ืš, ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
06:12
Current space law isn't actually very clear
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
06:15
as to what a company can own in space,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
06:17
so we sometimes use property law from our own countries.
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ืื– ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:21
Is this changing?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”?
06:23
Yes, space law is developing and it is something โ€“
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ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• -
06:29
countries are actively trying to change laws,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
06:33
particularly around ownership,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช,
06:35
because they feel that being able to own things like space resources
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ
06:40
is vital for the economic development of outer space.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
06:44
And so they are saying that if you're a company
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”
06:48
and you do the work to extract a resource from outer space,
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ื•ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืฉืื‘ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
06:52
then they will recognise that you have property rights over that.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:56
Countries are developing laws
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื
06:58
over what their private companies can own in space.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
07:01
This helps the countries to grow
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื—
07:03
by using the huge amount of resources that are up there.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
07:07
How would you decide who owns something if there's a disagreement?
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ืื™ืš ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื”?
07:12
So, under the current rules,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:14
the best way to do that is to sue someone in a court โ€“
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ -
07:19
or the only way to do that is to sue someone in a court,
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ืื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜,
07:23
but that's a time-consuming and expensive process,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจ,
07:25
so we want to avoid that if possible.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš ืื ืืคืฉืจ.
07:27
But that requires some rules and guidelines
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื
07:31
to more amicably or peacefully resolve these conflicts,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ,
07:37
without having to go to court.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
07:39
Any disputes over ownership in space would be settled in court,
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ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืชื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
07:44
but it is time-consuming and expensive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจ.
07:47
As we go into new territories in space, how do we design new laws?
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ , ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื?
07:53
That's... that's absolutely one of the biggest challenges.
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ื–ื”ื•... ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:56
We can look at some other regimes, other systems,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
08:00
like the Law of the Sea Convention,
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ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื,
08:03
because that environment is somewhat similar to outer space.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
08:08
But the main way of doing it is we start with voluntary processes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
08:13
So, we... we get together with the industry actors
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื•... ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”
08:17
who are thinking about doing these activities
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
08:19
and we, kind of, come up with some guidelines
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืขืจืš, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื
08:21
or some... and some basic principles for how to behave,
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ืื• ื›ืžื”... ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’,
08:25
and over time this will evolve into a legal framework.
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ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืชืคืชื— ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
08:31
It's a huge challenge, but we would use similar laws,
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ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
08:34
like those covering the sea, to create space laws.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืœืœ.
08:38
These will change over time.
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ืืœื” ื™ืฉืชื ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:41
We've seen that the law makes sure one country or organisation
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
08:46
can't claim they own a planet or a moon,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื• ื™ืจื—,
08:49
but they are allowed to use what they find in space.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
08:53
And, as private companies start to head into orbit,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ,
08:56
the law will be with them, changing
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื , ื•ื™ืฉืชื ื”
08:59
to keep space free for everyone.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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