When states don't behave - BBC Learning English

23,580 views ใƒป 2021-10-22

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
Can governments be forced to take the tough steps
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืœืฅ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื
00:03
needed to save the environment?
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
00:06
This episode will show you how
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ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš
00:08
even lawmakers aren't bigger than the law.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืง.
00:12
What happens when a country breaks an agreement over the environment?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื” ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
00:17
Can the law help?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
00:19
And the important case that could change the way
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ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
00:22
governments behave around the world...
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื...
00:30
But first, international laws
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:33
are based on agreements between countries,
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
00:37
but what happens when an influential country doesn't agree?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”?
00:43
The Amazon rainforest, in Brazil:
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ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ:
00:46
the millions of trees maintain the atmosphere
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”
00:49
for all of us, all around the world.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:52
But Jair Bolsonaro, elected president of Brazil in 2018,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื–'ืื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืœืกื•ื ืืจื•, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘-2018,
00:57
had a different view.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช.
00:59
His government has put the needs of the economy ahead.
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ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ื.
01:03
While he's been in power, much more of the forest has been cut down.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืขืจ ื ื›ืจืช.
01:08
So, what can the international community do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
01:12
A similar story in North America:
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”:
01:14
2017 and Donald Trump announces
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2017 ื•ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืžื›ืจื™ื–
01:17
the US was leaving the Paris Agreement,
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ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–,
01:21
an agreement by 191 countries to cut their emissions.
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ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœ 191 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:26
America rejoined the agreement after Joe Biden became president.
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืกื›ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’'ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื ืฉื™ื.
01:31
However, when countries break agreements like this,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
01:35
what can international law do?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™?
01:39
What power does something like the Paris Agreement
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ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–
01:42
have to protect our world?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•?
01:45
What happens if a country breaks it?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืื•ืชื”?
01:49
Lydia Omuko-Jung, from the Climate Change Litigation Initiative
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ืœื™ื“ื™ื” ืื•ืžืงื•-ื™ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
01:53
and the University of Graz, explained:
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ื•ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ืจืืฅ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”:
01:57
So, the Paris Agreement takes a soft law approach
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ืื–, ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืจืš
01:59
to its compliance mechanism, so countries will not be punished,
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ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ืขื ืฉื•,
02:04
or they will not be some sanctions for not being able to comply
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“
02:09
with the binding obligations of the Paris Agreement.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–.
02:12
So, what happens is that where parties cannot comply,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช,
02:15
or where parties have not complied, then it's more of a discussion โ€“
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ืื• ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆื™ื™ืชื•, ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ -
02:19
a dialogue: in the compliance committee, it's a dialogue
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ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’: ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช , ื–ื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’
02:24
where they discuss why have... hasn't the country been able to comply
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ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื ื™ื ืœืžื”... ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช
02:29
and how can they comply, and then recommendations are made
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช
02:33
based on these discussions.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
02:35
The Paris Agreement follows a soft law approach.
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ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืง ืจืš.
02:39
Countries aren't punished for breaking it;
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืขื ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื•;
02:42
instead, discussions happen about how to fix the problem.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:48
So, could international law stop something
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:50
like the Brazilian rainforests being cut down?
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ื ?
02:54
Brazil has a right to explore their resources,
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ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
02:57
the national resources within their country.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื.
03:00
It only becomes problematic when these activities
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
03:03
within their territory damage the environment of other states.
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:08
But then, in terms... in terms of cutting down forests,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื... ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
03:12
we find that it's quite difficult to identify
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
03:16
what you'd call transboundary environmental effects...
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช...
03:20
yeah, some environmental effects in another country
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช
03:23
because of Brazil's exploitation of its own forests.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”. .
03:27
So, that really is quite a challenge
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:30
for the international community to come in.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”.
03:32
Brazil can do what it wants to its own forests.
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ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:37
You would need to prove an environmental impact in another country,
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
03:42
called a transboundary effect, to stop this โ€“ why?
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช , ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื–ืืช - ืœืžื”?
03:47
Other states can only come in if there are some legally binding obligations
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:52
that is created by some treaty which mandates,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช,
03:56
for instance, states to protect forests.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
03:58
As you're speaking at the moment, we do not have, like,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:02
a global legally binding instrument
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘
04:05
that creates this state obligation to protect forests,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
04:09
which makes it difficult for the international community to get in.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”.
04:14
Countries can't interfere because we don't have laws
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
04:17
that create internationally protected places.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
04:21
She explained why she thought the Paris Agreement
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื“ืขืชื” ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–
04:24
wasn't good enough to protect Brazil's forests.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
04:28
If you look at the Paris Agreement,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–,
04:30
it recognises the importance of forests
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช
04:33
in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions,
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ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”,
04:35
but it just provides that parties should take action
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”
04:39
to conserve and enhance forests.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
04:41
So, what we see from this kind of drafting,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื ื™ืกื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”,
04:44
or from this kind of provision, is that it doesn't create
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ืื• ืžืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ
04:47
a direct responsibility on states,
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:49
or even a binding actual obligation,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช,
04:52
because it uses word 'should': 'parties should take action'
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ืฆืจื™ืš': 'ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”"
04:57
rather than 'parties shall take action'
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ืคืขื•ืœื”"
05:00
to conserve and enhance the environment.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
05:02
The Paris Agreement only says
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ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
05:05
countries 'should' take action to protect forests,
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'ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช' ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
05:08
not 'shall', which means they don't have to do anything.
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ืœื 'ื™ืขืฉื•', ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:13
So, international laws can't force countries to protect the climate,
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ืื–, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืœืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
05:19
but could all that be changing?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช?
05:21
One important case might give the Paris Agreement real strength...
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ืžืงืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื– ื›ื•ื— ืืžื™ืชื™...
05:29
Politicians talk a lot about their plans to save the environment.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
05:34
What if the law made them do something?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•?
05:38
In 2015, around 900 people
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015, ื›-900 ืื ืฉื™ื
05:42
took the Dutch government to court to do just that.
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ืคื ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:46
The court ruled that the state had a responsibility
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
05:49
to act to deal with climate change.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:53
The Dutch government cut its coal-fired power stations by 75%
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืฆืžืฆืžื” ืืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื—ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘-75%
05:59
and spent โ‚ฌ3 billion on other steps to cut emissions.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
06:05
Dennis van Berkel, one of the Urgenda Foundation's lawyers,
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ื“ื ื™ืก ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืจืงืœ, ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื“ื”,
06:10
said, 'The ruling will encourage others to appeal to human rights,
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ืืžืจ: 'ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื,
06:14
when it comes to climate change threats.'
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื'.
06:17
So, could you use this case in your own country?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš?
06:21
And how did the law make the Dutch government change its behaviour?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื’ืจื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื”?
06:26
Let's hear from Dennis van Berkel
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืžืข ืžื“ื ื™ืก ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืจืงืœ
06:28
about the laws used in the Urgenda case.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื™ืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื“ื”.
06:32
We used three types of law in our case.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•.
06:35
The first bit of law was tort law,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ,
06:38
which tells us what is unlawful behaviour
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ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
06:41
and which is the law to hold state or private entity liable.
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ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
06:46
But, to inform what is lawful and unlawful behaviour
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
06:49
on the side of the state, we also looked at human rights law,
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ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
06:53
particularly the European Convention on Human Rights.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
06:56
And we also looked at international law: for instance, the Paris Agreement,
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™: ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–,
07:01
which tells us that countries need to hold their emissions to well below 2ยฐ
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-2ยฐ
07:05
and to aim to hold temperature increase to below one and a half degrees.
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
07:09
The lawyers working on this case used a variety of laws:
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืชื™ืง ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื:
07:15
tort, human rights and international.
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ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
07:18
So, what did the court ruling actually say?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜?
07:22
First of all, the... the judgement said that climate change
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”... ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
07:25
is an incredibly big threat and is actually threatening
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ื”ื ืื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ
07:28
our right to life and our right to private life,
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ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
07:31
and that the state therefore has a duty
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”
07:34
to protect us against climate change.
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
07:37
But moreover, the judgement said that
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ
07:39
every country has its own responsibility
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”
07:42
to do its share in solving the problem:
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
07:44
it needs to do its fair share.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
07:47
And then the... the judgement looked at what precisely is this fair share.
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ื•ืื–... ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
07:51
The ruling said that climate change is a big threat
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ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืœ
07:55
and every country is responsible for protecting its people.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”.
08:00
But can a ruling in the Netherlands have an international impact?
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ืืš ื”ืื ืœืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช?
08:05
So, there have been about 100 cases around the world by now,
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื• ื›-100 ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:08
in which governments have been targeted
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
08:10
for not taking enough measures against climate change,
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ืฉืœื ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
08:14
for instance... for giving permission to open new airfields
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ืœืžืฉืœ... ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
08:17
or to open new coal-fire power plants,
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ืื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืจื™ืคื” ืคื—ืžื™ืช ,
08:19
but also there's been a wave of litigation against corporations,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื,
08:23
and very recently there was actually a court in the Netherlands
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“
08:26
that even concluded that a multinational oil company,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื ืคื˜ ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
08:29
such as Shell, has a legal duty to also reduce its emissions:
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ื›ืžื• Shell, ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”:
08:34
not only its own emissions, but even the emissions of its consumers.
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ืฉืœื”. ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื•.
08:38
Many cases around the world have followed this one,
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
08:42
targeting governments and corporations to fight climate change.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
08:47
Dennis said this was a really important case.
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ื“ื ื™ืก ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
08:51
We can go to the streets, but we can also go to the courts
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขืจื›ืื•ืช
08:54
and demand answers โ€“ why this problem
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ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช - ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
08:57
has not been dealt with sufficiently.
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ืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
08:59
And that's one of the big things that these cases show.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื.
09:02
And as long as countries do not step up,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื•,
09:05
we will see more and more people going to courts
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ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜
09:07
demanding that both their governments
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ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
09:12
and the corporations justify themselves
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื
09:15
with regards to what they're doing about climate change.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:18
If governments don't take action to deal with climate change,
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ืื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:23
people can use the power of the law to force positive change.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
09:27
We've seen how current laws, like the Paris Agreement,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื›ื ืคืจื™ื–,
09:31
are hard to enforce, despite the good intentions behind them.
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ืงืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืฃ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
09:36
But, thanks to smart and dedicated lawyers,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจื™ื,
09:40
countries may soon have to take action
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”
09:42
to protect our environment for the future.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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