BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Music' English mega-class! Thirty minutes of new vocabulary!

236,075 views ใƒป 2022-11-13

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute English,
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœ-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
00:07
I'm Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:08
And hello, I'm Rob.
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ื•ื”ืœื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
00:09
Today weโ€™re discussing music and
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
00:11
the idea that songs are
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ืฉืฉื™ืจื™ื
00:13
becoming faster. What music do
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื™ื–ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
00:15
you like, Rob?
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ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘, ืจื•ื‘?
00:16
Oh me? I like rock music.
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ืื” ืื ื™? ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช โ€‹โ€‹ืจื•ืง.
00:18
It has good vocals and it's loud!
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืขืฉ!
00:20
How about you, Neil?
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ืžื” ืื™ืชืš, ื ื™ืœ?
00:21
Well, I like anything and I prefer
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ
00:23
streaming my music actually.
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ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
00:25
No old-fashioned CDs to buy and
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช
00:28
load up โ€“ it's easier to play and you
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ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ - ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ
00:29
can play it anywhere! And streaming
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ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื! ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’
00:32
is where you listen or watch music
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืื• ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
00:34
or videos directly from the internet
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ืื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:36
as a continuous stream.
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ื›ื–ืจื ืจืฆื™ืฃ.
00:38
Did you know that some people
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
00:39
believe that streaming music online
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืจืžืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:41
is actually changing the songs
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื
00:43
people write? And it might be leading
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื? ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ
00:45
to songs getting faster.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:47
Well, that's what we're discussing
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื
00:48
today. Let's hope it doesn't happen to
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ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
00:51
this programme, otherwise we might
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ื”ื–ื•, ืื—ืจืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื
00:52
become Three Minute English!
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช!
00:54
But before it does, let's get on with
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื
00:56
our question for everyone to answer.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขื ื•.
00:59
In 2017 Luis Fonsi's summer hit
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ืก ืคื•ื ืกื™,
01:02
Despacito officially became the most
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Despacito, ื”ืคืš ืจืฉืžื™ืช
01:04
streamed song of all time. Do you know
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ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข
01:06
approximately, how many times it was
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื
01:09
streamed? Was it:
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ืฉื•ื“ืจ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
01:10
a) 1.6 billion times,
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ื) ืคื™ 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
01:12
b) 3.6 billion times,
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ื‘) ืคื™ 3.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
01:15
or, c) 4.6 billion times?
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ืื• ื’) ืคื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“?
01:18
I know the song was popular but
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืื‘ืœ
01:21
4.6 billion sounds too big โ€“ so I'll
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4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ - ืื– ืื ื™
01:23
go for a) 1.6 billion.
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ืืœืš ืขืœ 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
01:26
OK. Well, we'll find out later in
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš
01:28
the programme. But now back to
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ
01:29
our discussion about how music
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ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
01:31
producers are adapting their songs
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ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:32
for modern technology. Researchers
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
01:35
have found long instrumental
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”
01:36
introductions to pop songs have
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ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืค
01:38
become almost extinct.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื›ื—ื“ื”.
01:40
Of course the aim of many pop songs
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืค ืจื‘ื™ื
01:42
is to be enjoyed by many โ€“ to be
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ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ื - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:44
popular - but they also need to be a
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ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:47
commercial success โ€“ they need to
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช - ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
01:48
make money.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ.
01:49
Brendan Williams, a music producer
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ื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก, ืžืคื™ืง ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™
01:51
and professor of music technology
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ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:53
can explain what he thinks influences
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ
01:55
the songs. Here he is speaking on BBC
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ
01:58
Radio 4's You and Yours programmeโ€ฆ
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช You and Yours ืฉืœ BBC Radio 4...
02:01
I think that, you know, one of the things
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:03
thatโ€™s driving this, there are a number
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ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ
02:05
of things. Theyโ€™re all radio, theyโ€™re all
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ืจื“ื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœื
02:07
singles designed for radio playlists.
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ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•.
02:10
Radio playlists are extremely important
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ืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:12
factors in judging the success of a track
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ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื”
02:14
and obviously do feed into the kind of
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’
02:16
commercial success of a track.
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ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื”.
02:19
So, he mentions that radio playlists
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•
02:21
are important factors. A playlist is a list
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ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืžืขื” ื”ื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžื”
02:24
of songs that a radio station plans to play.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืชื—ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข.
02:27
And he says that radio playlists affect the
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ
02:29
commercial success of a song.
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ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ.
02:31
By the way he called a song a track โ€“ that's
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื˜ืจืืง - ื–ื”
02:34
a recorded piece of music. And notice how
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ืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื•ืงืœื˜. ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื™ืš
02:36
he used the word driving which means
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”
02:38
having a strong influence. So getting a
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื”. ืื– ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข
02:41
song played on the radio is important and
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ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš
02:43
it has to be made in a way that will suit
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืชืชืื™ื
02:45
the radio station's playlist.
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ืœืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•.
02:47
Now, we know there are thousands of songs
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื
02:49
out there to listen to โ€“ and plenty of ways
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื - ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื
02:51
to listen to them โ€“ so how can record
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ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื - ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
02:54
companies get someone to listen to
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ
02:56
their particular song?
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ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ?
02:57
Well, have a listen to Brendan Williams
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก
02:59
again to see what he thinksโ€ฆ
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘...
03:00
โ€ฆ But then thereโ€™s the influence of
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ
03:03
streaming services like Spotify, where
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื›ืžื• Spotify,
03:05
if a track isnโ€™t played for at least
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ืฉืื ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉืžืขืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช
03:07
30 seconds then it doesnโ€™t register
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30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฉืžืช
03:09
a play and Spotifyโ€ฆ
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ื”ืฉืžืขื” ื•- Spotify ...
03:10
And if we donโ€™t hear the vocals then
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ื•ืื ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืื–
03:11
we might not carry on listening.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘.
03:12
Is that the theory?
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”?
03:13
Absolutely, yeah, yeah.
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03:13
Thatโ€™s the theory โ€“ it's to get throughโ€ฆ
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ.
ื–ื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” - ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ...
03:15
I guess to get into the meat of the song
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ
03:17
to hear the lyrical content and get
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
03:19
through to that first chorus.
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ืœืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:21
Well, it seems songs no longer have
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:24
an 'intro' โ€“ the instrumental piece of
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'ืžื‘ื•ื' - ืงื˜ืข
03:26
music that's played before the
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ื’ืŸ ืœืคื ื™
03:27
singing begins. In the old days, radio
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ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•,
03:30
DJs โ€“ disc jockeys who played the
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ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• - ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื’ื ื• ืืช
03:32
records โ€“ loved to talk over that bit!
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ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื - ืื”ื‘ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”!
03:34
Now we need to get to the lyrical
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
03:36
content โ€“ that's the lyrics or the words
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ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ - ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
03:39
of the song - as soon as possible.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ - ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:41
So, the theory, or idea, is to present
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
03:44
listeners with vocals and a chorus
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ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ
03:46
more quickly, as it will make them
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ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื
03:47
want to continue listening! That's
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ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ!
03:49
because if a song isn't streamed
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื–ืจื
03:51
for more than 30 seconds, it doesn't
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื
03:53
register a play โ€“ it doesn't get measured
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ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืฆื’ื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžื“ื“
03:55
or recorded as a play โ€“ so it doesn't
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ืื• ืžื•ืงืœื˜ ื›ื”ืฆื’ื” โ€“ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื
03:58
make money.
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ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ.
03:59
So a song needs to hook the listener
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ืื– ืฉื™ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื–ื™ืŸ
04:01
in quickly โ€“ in other words it needs to
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช - ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš
04:03
attract their attention and be easy to
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ
04:05
remember โ€“ another word for this
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ - ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื–ื”
04:07
is catchy. Do you have any favourite
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ื”ื™ื ืงืœื™ื˜ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืš
04:09
catchy songs, Rob?
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘?
04:10
Oh, I do, I do. It's got to be Happy
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ืื”, ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—
04:12
by Pharrell Williams.
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ืžืืช ืคืืจืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก.
04:13
A very catchy song.
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ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื˜.
04:14
Well, something that is always catchy
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืงืœื™ื˜
04:16
in this programme is our quiz question.
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:19
Earlier I mentioned that in 2017, Luis
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 2017,
04:22
Fonsi's summer hit Despacito officially
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ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ืก ืคื•ื ืกื™, Despacito,
04:25
became the most-streamed song of
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ื”ืคืš ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:26
all time. Did you know approximately,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืจืš
04:29
how many times it was streamed?
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ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื“ืจ?
04:31
Was it: a) 1.6 billion times,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ืคื™ 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
04:33
b) 3.6 billion times, or
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ื‘) ืคื™ 3.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ืื•
04:37
c) 4.6 billion times?
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ื’) ืคื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“?
04:39
And I went for a staggering
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœ
04:41
1.6 billion times.
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1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:42
Well, it's not staggering enough,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
04:44
Rob. It was actually streamed 4.6
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ืจื•ื‘. ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ 4.6
04:47
billion times.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืขืžื™ื.
04:48
Amazing. That's a number that we
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
04:50
can only dream of for this
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ
04:52
programme โ€“ or is it?!
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• - ืื• ืฉื–ื”?!
04:54
Well Neil, shall
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืœ, ื”ืื
04:55
we download to our memory, some of
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ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืœืง
04:57
the vocabulary we've learnt today?
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ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื?
04:59
Streaming describes the activity of
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ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ
05:01
listening or watching music, radio or
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ื”ืื–ื ื” ืื• ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืจื“ื™ื• ืื•
05:03
videos directly from the internet as
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ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื–ืจื
05:05
a continuous stream.
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ืžืชืžืฉืš.
05:07
Something that is a commercial
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื–ื•ื›ื”
05:08
success is popular and makes lots
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ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืก
05:10
of money โ€“ like a new computer
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ - ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
05:12
game or pop song.
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ืื• ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืค.
05:13
A good pop song, Rob โ€“ not something
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ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืค ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจื•ื‘ - ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•
05:15
annoying like Gangnam Style.
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ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื’ื ืื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
05:17
Well, that was a huge commercial
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”
05:19
success because it was catchy โ€“ a
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืœื™ื˜ื” -
05:21
word that describes something that
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ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืžืฉื”ื•
05:22
attracts attention and is easy to
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื•ืงืœ
05:24
remember.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.
05:25
We also mentioneda playlist โ€“ that's
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืžืขื” - ื–ื•
05:27
a list of songs that a radio station
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ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืชื—ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื•
05:28
plans to play. And we also use the
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ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื”
05:30
same word โ€“ playlist โ€“ to describe
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ืžื™ืœื” - ืคืœื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ - ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ
05:33
a list of songs you compile yourself
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ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš
05:35
on a streaming service.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’.
05:37
We also heard the adjective driving,
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื’ื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”,
05:39
which in the context of our discussion
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
05:41
means having a strong influence.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
05:43
And we mentioned the verb to register.
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืจืฉื•ื.
05:46
If you register something you record,
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฉื,
05:48
count or measure it. Like every
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ืกืคืจ ืื• ืžื“ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ
05:50
download of this programme is
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ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•
05:51
registered. But how do we download
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ืจืฉื•ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช
05:53
this programme, Rob?
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืจื•ื‘?
05:54
By going to our website at
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช
05:56
bbclearningenglish.com.
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bbclearningenglish.com.
05:58
And we have an app too โ€“ download
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” - ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•
05:59
it for free and stream all of our content!
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ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•!
06:02
Bye for now.
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
06:03
Bye.
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ื‘ื™ื™.
06:09
Hello, and welcome to 6
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ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
06:11
Minute English. I'm Neil.
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ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:12
And I'm Rob.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
06:13
Rob, do you like metal?
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ืจื•ื‘, ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืชื›ืช?
06:15
Er, thatโ€™s an odd question.
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ืื”, ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
06:17
I've never really thought about it.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:19
I mean, I use
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06:19
metal things every day โ€“ my toaster,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื›ืช - ื”ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœื™,
06:21
my bike, the undergroundโ€ฆ
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ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช...
06:22
No, no - not that kind of metal, this
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ืœื, ืœื - ืœื ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื›ืช ื›ื–ื”,
06:26
kind of metal.
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ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื›ืช ื›ื–ื”.
06:33
Oh, that kind of metal. The musical
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ืื”, ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช.
06:35
genre, the type of music...
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ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”...
06:37
Yes, and in particular, death metal.
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื“ืช' ืžื˜ืืœ. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
06:40
That fast, loud, aggressive sounding,
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ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืจื•ืขืฉ, ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™,
06:43
guitar-based music style?
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”?
06:44
Yep, thatโ€™s the one.
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืื—ื“.
06:46
Nope. Not my cup of tea at all. What
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ืœื. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืก ื”ืชื” ืฉืœื™.
06:48
kind of person do you think I am?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™?
06:50
Well, thatโ€™s the point. The type of
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ืกื•ื’
06:52
person who likes death metal may
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืช' ืžื˜ืืœ ืื•ืœื™
06:54
not be the kind of person you think
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
06:56
they are. More on that shortly, but
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ืฉื”ื. ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ
06:58
first, a quiz. The electric guitar is an
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื
07:01
essential element to death metal music.
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืช' ืžื˜ืืœ.
07:03
In which decade were the first electric
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
07:06
guitars produced? Was it:
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? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
07:07
a) the 1920s
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ื) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20
07:09
b) the 1930s, or,
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ื‘) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30, ืื•
07:12
c) the 1940s?
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ื’) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40?
07:13
I think quite early, so Iโ€™m going to say
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ
07:16
the 1920s.
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ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20.
07:17
Well, we'll see if you're right later
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืื โ€‹โ€‹ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš
07:19
in the programme. Does violent
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ืื
07:22
music give people violent thoughts?
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœื™ืžื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช?
07:24
Recent research claims to have found
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžืฆื
07:26
the answer. This is how the topic was
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื”ื ื•ืฉื
07:28
introduced on BBC News. What was
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ื‘-BBC News. ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
07:31
the conclusion?
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ื”ืžืกืงื ื”?
07:33
A psychological study of fans of death
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ ื“ืช'
07:36
metal suggests that they are not
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ืžื˜ืืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื
07:38
desensitised to violence despite the
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช
07:40
genreโ€™s association with growling,
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืช,
07:42
often graphically violent lyrics including
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ
07:44
depictions of cannibalism.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื.
07:46
Researchers found that
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
07:47
the main response of fans to
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
07:48
the music they love was joy, not violence.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื”, ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
07:51
Adding that most are very nice people
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
07:53
who wouldn't dream of hurting anyone,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“,
07:55
let alone eating them.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื.
07:58
So what conclusion did the
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ืื– ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžืกืงื ื”
07:59
researchers come to?
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื?
08:01
Well, they found that the response
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
08:03
to the music was joy, not anger or
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื”, ืœื ื›ืขืก ืื•
08:06
violence. It made people happy.
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื— ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:07
There was a fear that listening
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืื–ื ื”
08:09
to music with violent lyrics, which
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
08:11
means violent words, would make
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืชื’ืจื•ื
08:13
people desensitised to violence.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
08:15
If you are desensitised to something,
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ืื ืืชื” ื—ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
08:18
you donโ€™t see it as unusual or
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ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืื•
08:19
unacceptable, it doesnโ€™t bother you.
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ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืš.
08:21
The newsreader also said that the
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ืงื•ืจื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืžืจ ื’ื ื›ื™
08:23
lyrics of death metal include topics
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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืช' ืžื˜ืืœ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
08:25
such as cannibalism, which is the
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ื›ืžื• ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื, ืฉื”ื•ื
08:27
practice of eating human flesh.
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ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื.
08:30
Listening to someone singing about
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ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉืจ ืขืœ
08:32
eating people apparently didnโ€™t make
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื’ืจื
08:34
them feel like snacking on their
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ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืœื ืฉื ืฉ ืืช
08:35
neighbours. Let's hear the
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ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข
08:37
introduction again.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื”.
08:40
A psychological study of fans of death
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ ื“ืช'
08:42
metal suggests that they are not
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ืžื˜ืืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื
08:44
desensitised to violence despite the
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช
08:46
genreโ€™s association with growling, often
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
08:48
graphically violent lyrics including
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ
08:50
depictions of cannibalism. Researchers
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
08:53
found that the main response of fans to
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
08:54
the music they love was joy, not violence.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื”, ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
08:57
Adding that most are very nice people who
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
08:59
wouldn't dream of hurting anyone,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“,
09:01
let alone eating them.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื.
09:04
Professor Bill Thompson from Macquarie
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืงื•ื•ืืจื™
09:06
University in Sydney conducted this
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ื‘ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืขืจืš ืืช
09:08
research.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”.
09:09
What does he say people
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
09:10
donโ€™t feel when listening to this kind
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ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”
09:12
of music?
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?
09:15
Most fans are not angry. Most are
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื
09:17
actually musically trained people
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช
09:19
who really get a lot of empowerment
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื”
09:21
and aesthetic interest out of the music.
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ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
09:23
They feel joyful.
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื.
09:24
They feel transcendent,
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
09:25
they feel empowered. But what they
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื
09:27
donโ€™t feel is angry.
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ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื›ื•ืขืก.
09:30
What donโ€™t people feel?
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื?
09:32
They donโ€™t feel angry! What
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื! ืžื”
09:34
they do feel is joyful, the adjective
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ืฉื”ื ื›ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื—, ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ
09:36
from joy. They feel happy. Something
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ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื”. ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื. ืžืฉื”ื•
09:39
else they feel is empowered. This
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ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช. ื–ื•
09:41
is a feeling of being in control of
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
09:43
your life, that you can make and
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ
09:44
follow your own decisions.
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
09:46
Music is certainly a powerful
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง
09:48
art form. Professor Thompson
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ืฆื•ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ
09:50
also said that fans have an
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ืืžืจ ื’ื ืฉืœืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ
09:51
aesthetic interest in it. This
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ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™. ื–ื”
09:53
means that they appreciate it
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
09:55
as an art form. Letโ€™s hear
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ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืžืข
09:57
Professor Thompson again.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ.
10:00
Most fans are not angry. Most
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ื
10:02
are actually musically trained
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช
10:04
people who really get a lot of
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
10:06
empowerment and aesthetic
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ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™
10:07
interest out of the music. They
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ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื
10:08
feel joyful. They feel transcendent
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื. ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
10:10
they feel empowered. But what
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
10:12
they donโ€™t feel is angry.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื›ื•ืขืก. ื”ื’ื™ืข
10:15
Time to review our vocabulary,
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:17
but first, letโ€™s have the answer
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
10:19
to the quiz question. In which
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื™ื–ื”
10:21
decade were the first electric
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ืขืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
10:23
guitars produced? Was it:
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? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
10:24
a) the 1920s
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ื) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20
10:26
b) the 1930s
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ื‘) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30
10:28
c) the 1940s
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ื’) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40
10:30
What did you think, Rob?
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ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืช, ืจื•ื‘?
10:31
I took a guess at the 1920s.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20.
10:34
Well electric guitars were early,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื,
10:35
but not quite that early, I'm afraid.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ.
10:38
The first ones were produced in
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช
10:39
the 1930s. So well done if, unlike
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ื”-30. ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“
10:42
Rob, you got that correct. Now,
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
10:44
onto the vocabulary.
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ืืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
10:46
Yes, we had a few words connected
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช
10:48
with music. We had genre for a
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื–'ืื ืจ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ
10:50
style of music and also lyrics for
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ืžื™ืœื™ื
10:52
the words of a song.
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ.
10:53
Some of the lyrics of death metal
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ
10:55
songs are about eating people,
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ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ืช' ืžื˜ืืœ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:57
which is called cannibalism.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื.
10:59
Cannibalism is a form of extreme
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ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
11:01
violence and there was some concern
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ
11:03
that people exposed to such violent
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
11:05
lyrics in songs might become
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืกืจ
11:07
desensitised to actual violence.
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช.
11:09
This means that they would accept
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช
11:11
violence as normal and not be worried
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ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
11:13
by it. However, the research showed
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ืžืžื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืื”
11:15
that this doesnโ€™t happen and fans
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื
11:16
actually feel joy, which is another
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื–ื•
11:18
way of saying happiness.
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ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืฉืจ.
11:21
The research also suggested that
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื ื”ืขืœื”
11:22
fans have an artistic appreciation
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ืฉืœืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช
11:25
of death metal, described as an
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ืฉืœ ื“ืช' ืžื˜ืืœ, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
11:27
aesthetic interest.
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ืืกืชื˜ื™.
11:28
The final word was for a feeling
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื”
11:30
that fans might get after listening
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ืฉื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื–ื ื”
11:32
to the music, empowered.
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช.
11:34
Someone who is empowered
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื”
11:36
is in control of their own life
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ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•
11:37
and decisions.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื•.
11:39
And I feel empowered to bring
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช
11:40
this edition of 6 Minute English
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ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
11:42
to a close. We look forward to
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ืœืกื™ื•ื. ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื
11:44
your company next time. Until then,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”. ืขื“ ืื–
11:46
you can find us in all the usual
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ
11:47
places on social media โ€“ that's
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
11:49
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and
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ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื
11:52
YouTube. And there's our website,
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ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:54
and of course, we have a free app
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช
11:56
which you can find in the app stores.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช.
11:58
You'll be able to listen to 6 Minute
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
11:59
English on the move. You just walk
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš
12:02
and we talk. Just search for
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืคืฉ ืืช
12:04
bbclearninglish. Bye for now.
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bbclearninglish. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
12:07
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
12:13
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
12:15
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
12:16
Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:17
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
12:18
[Singing badly] DO, RE, MI, FA, SOL,
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[ืฉืจ ืจืข] DO, RE, MI, FA, SOL,
12:20
LA, TI, DO!
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LA, TI, DO!
12:24
Neil! What are you doing?! Please stop!
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ื ื™ืœ! ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?! ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืคืกื™ืง!
12:27
Oh, hi Georgina! Iโ€™m practising my singing.
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ืื”, ื”ื™ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ืื ื™ ืžืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
12:29
Iโ€™m going to do virtual karaoke tonight
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืขืจื‘
12:32
with some friends!
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื!
12:33
Karaoke?! โ€“ really, Neil?! I heard you
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ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™?! โ€“ ื‘ืืžืช, ื ื™ืœ?! ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชืš
12:36
singing at the Christmas party and to
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ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื•ืœืžืขืŸ
12:38
be honest I think you might be tone
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ื”ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื”
12:40
deaf โ€“ you know, you canโ€™t sing in tune.
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ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ - ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”.
12:43
Me? Tone deaf?! Iโ€™m a nightingale!
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ืœึดื™? ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ?! ืื ื™ ื–ืžื™ืจ!
12:45
Listen: DO RE MIIII!
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ืชืงืฉื™ื‘: DO RE MIIII!
12:49
Between you and me, I think Neil
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ื‘ื™ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ื ื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืœ
12:51
is a bit tone deaf! Wait until I tell
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ืงืฆืช ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ! ื—ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉืื’ื™ื“
12:54
him singing is the subject of
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ืœื• ืฉืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ
12:56
this programme.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
12:57
I heard that, Georgina! And Iโ€™m
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ื•ืื ื™
12:59
glad this programme is about
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ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช
13:00
singing because I love it and
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ืืช
13:02
what I lack in ability, I make up
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื”
13:04
for in enthusiasm!
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ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช!
13:05
Iโ€™m sure your karaoke buddies
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœืงืจื™ื•ืงื™
13:07
would agree with you, Neil.
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ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชืš, ื ื™ืœ.
13:08
That reminds me of my quiz
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
13:10
question, Georgina. As you know,
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, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข,
13:12
I love karaoke - meeting up with
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™ - ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื
13:14
friends to sing the words of our
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ
13:15
favourite pop songs over a
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ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ
13:17
musical backing track. Karaoke
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ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™
13:19
was invented in Japan and
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ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•
13:21
its name is a combination of
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ
13:22
different Japanese words โ€“ but
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช - ืื‘ืœ
13:24
what words? What is the
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ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื? ืžื”
13:25
meaning of โ€˜karaokeโ€™? Is it:
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ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ 'ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™'? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
13:27
a) machine voice?,
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ื) ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”?,
13:29
b) angry cat?, or,
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ื‘) ื—ืชื•ืœ ื›ื•ืขืก?, ืื•,
13:31
c) empty orchestra?
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ื’) ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจื™ืงื”?
13:33
Well, after listening to you sing,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืš ืฉืจ,
13:35
Neil, Iโ€™m tempted to say b), angry
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ื ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืชืคืชื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘),
13:37
cat, but that would be mean, so
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ื—ืชื•ืœ ื›ื•ืขืก, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฉืข, ืื–
13:40
Iโ€™ll guess, a) machine voice.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ, ื) ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
13:42
OK, Georgina. Iโ€™ll take that
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”. ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื–ื”
13:44
as a compliment. But however
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ื›ืžื—ืžืื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื”
13:45
good - or bad - my singing may
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ื˜ื•ื‘ - ืื• ืจืข - ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™
13:47
be, thereโ€™s no doubt that the act
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ืชื”ื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืคืขื•ืœืช
13:49
of singing itself is a very complex
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“
13:51
skill, involving a huge number of
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, ื”ืžืขืจื‘ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ
13:53
processes in our bodies and brains.
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื•ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
13:56
So what happens physically when
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
13:57
we sing a musical note?
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ืฉืจื™ื ืชื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™?
13:59
Usually something unexpected in
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™
14:01
your case, Neil! So hereโ€™s Marijke
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืš, ื ื™ืœ! ืื– ื”ื ื” Marijke
14:03
Peters, presenter of BBC World
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Peters, ืžื’ื™ืฉืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World
14:05
Service programme, CrowdScience,
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Service, CrowdScience,
14:07
to explain exactly what happens
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
14:09
when we open our mouths to sing.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื” ืœืฉื™ืจ.
14:12
Listen out for the different body
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
14:13
parts Marijke mentions:
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ืฉืžืจื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”:
14:16
Vocal folds, also called vocal cords,
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ืงืคืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ,
14:19
are crucial here. Theyโ€™re two flaps of
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ืฉื™
14:21
skin stretched across your larynx
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ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš
14:23
that vibrate when you sing and
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ืฉืจื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉืจ
14:25
create a sound. The pitch of that
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ. ื’ื•ื‘ื”
14:27
sound, how high or low it is, depends
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืื• ื ืžื•ืš, ืชืœื•ื™
14:30
on the frequency of their vibration, so
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ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืš ืฉืื
14:32
if you want to hit the right note they
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื
14:34
need to be working properly.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
14:36
Important body parts needed to
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ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื
14:38
sing include the vocal cords - a pair
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ืœืฉื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ โ€“ ื–ื•ื’
14:41
of folds in the throat that move backwards
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ืงืคืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
14:43
and forwards when air from the lungs
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ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืจื™ืื•ืช
14:45
moves over them.
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ื ืข ืžืขืœื™ื”ื. ืžื™ืชืจื™
14:47
The vocal chords are stretched
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ื ืžืชื—ื™ื
14:48
over the larynx - also known as the
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ - ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื
14:50
voice box, itโ€™s the organ between the
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ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:52
nose and the lungs containing the
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ื”ืืฃ ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช
14:54
vocal folds.
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ืงืคืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ.
14:55
Singing is similar to what happens
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ืฉื™ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
14:57
when you play a guitar. The vocal
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”.
15:00
cords act like the guitar strings to
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ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”
15:02
produce a buzz or vibration โ€“ a
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืžื–ื•ื ืื• ืจื˜ื˜ - ืชื ื•ืขืช
15:04
continuous and quick shaking
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ืจื•ืขื“ ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”
15:06
movement. They vibrate over the
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. ื”ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžืขืœ
15:08
larynx which, like the body of a guitar,
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ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”,
15:11
amplifies the sound.
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ.
15:12
So why do some people (Neil!) find it
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื (ื ื™ืœ!)
15:15
hard to sing in tune? Is it because
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
15:17
they cannot physically reproduce
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
15:19
sounds? Or because they hear
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ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช? ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื
15:22
sounds differently from the
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ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจืช
15:23
rest of us?
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ืžื›ื•ืœื ื•?
15:24
Well, according to psychology
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™
15:26
professor, Peter Pfordresher, itโ€™s
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ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืคื•ืจื“ืจืฉืจ, ื–ื”
15:28
neither. He thinks that for poor
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ืœื ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ
15:30
singers the problem is generally
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ื–ืžืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
15:31
not in the ears or voice, but in their
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ืœื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ, ืืœื
15:33
brains โ€“ specifically the connection
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ
15:36
between sound perception
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืงื•ืœ
15:37
and muscle movement.
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ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
15:39
So thereโ€™s no hope for you?
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืชืงื•ื•ื”?
15:40
Not necessarily. Hereโ€™s Professor
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—. ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
15:42
Pfordresher encouraging the
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Pfordresher ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช
15:44
listeners of BBC World
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ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ CrowdScience ืฉืœ BBC World
15:45
Serviceโ€™s, CrowdScience:
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Service:
15:47
I think thereโ€™s reason for you to be
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื”
15:49
hopeful and however accurate or
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ืžืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื”
15:52
inaccurate your singing is, one
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืื• ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช,
15:54
recommendation I would have for
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ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”
15:55
you is to keep singing because there
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืจ ื›ื™
15:58
is evidence that singing itself, whether
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื
16:01
accurate or inaccurate, has benefits
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ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืื• ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
16:03
socially and also for stress responses,
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
16:06
so good reason for you to keep it up!
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ืื– ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš!
16:09
Whether youโ€™re tone deaf or pitch
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•
16:11
perfect, thereโ€™s lots of evidence for
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ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
16:13
the health benefits of singing.
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ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื”.
16:16
For one, singing strengthens your
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช
16:17
stress responses. Otherwise
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœืš.
16:19
known as โ€˜fight or flightโ€™, stress
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื 'ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—',
16:21
responses are the human bodyโ€™s
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื
16:22
reaction to external threats that
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ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
16:24
cause an imbalance, for example
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ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ
16:26
pain, infection or fear.
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ื›ืื‘, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื• ืคื—ื“.
16:28
From operatic Pavarottis to
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ืž-Pavarottis ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื•ืขื“
16:31
enthusiastic karaoke fans, Professor
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ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
16:33
Pfordresher thinks singers should
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ืคืคื•ืจื“ืจืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืžืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
16:35
keep it up โ€“ a phrase used to
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™
16:37
encourage someone to continue
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ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
16:39
doing something. So, Neil, maybe
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•. ืื–, ื ื™ืœ, ืื•ืœื™
16:42
you should keep singing, after all!
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ!
16:43
Youโ€™ve changed you tune,
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ืฉื™ื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš,
16:45
Georgina! Maybe youโ€™d like to
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื”
16:46
come with me to karaoke next
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ืœื‘ื•ื ืื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื™ื•ืงื™
16:48
time weโ€™re allowed out?
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช?
16:49
Hmm, I think some practice would
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ื”ืžืž, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืจื’ื•ืœ
16:52
be a good idea, but first letโ€™s return
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ
16:54
to the quiz question. You asked me
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™
16:56
about the meaning of the Japanese
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ
16:58
word karaokeโ€ฆ
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™...
17:00
Right. Does karaoke mean,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•,
17:01
a) machine voice, b) angry cat,
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ื) ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘) ื—ืชื•ืœ ื›ื•ืขืก,
17:04
or, c) empty orchestra?
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ืื•, ื’) ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจื™ืงื”?
17:05
What did you say?
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ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
17:06
I said a) machine voice.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื) ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
17:09
Which wasโ€ฆ the wrong answer!
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”!
17:11
Karaoke actually means c) empty
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ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’)
17:14
orchestra, or in other words, music
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ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจื™ืงื”, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
17:16
that has the melody missing.
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ืฉื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”.
17:17
Well, thatโ€™s better than an angry
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ
17:19
cat, I guess! Letโ€™s recap the vocabulary
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ื—ืชื•ืœ ื›ื•ืขืก, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—! ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
17:22
starting with tone deaf โ€“ a way to
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ - ื“ืจืš
17:24
describe someone who cannot sing
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ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ
17:27
in tune or hear different sounds.
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ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
17:29
Like playing a guitar string, singers
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ื›ืžื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”, ื–ืžืจื™ื
17:31
use their vocal cords โ€“ a pair of folds
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื - ื–ื•ื’ ืงืคืœื™ื
17:34
in the throat that are stretched over
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ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืขืœ
17:35
the larynx, or voice box, another part
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ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ืื• ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ
17:37
of the throat, to produce a sound
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง
17:39
vibration - a quick, shaking
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ืจื˜ื˜ ืงื•ืœ - ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืจื•ืขื“ืช
17:41
movement.
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.
17:42
No matter how good or bad a
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ื–ืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข
17:44
singer you are, singing is good
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, ืฉื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
17:46
for your stress responses โ€“ the
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ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœืš -
17:48
โ€˜fight or flightโ€™ mechanism your
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ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ 'ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—' ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš
17:50
body uses to regain inner balance.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.
17:52
So no matter what Georgina
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ืื– ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”
17:54
thinks about my singing, Iโ€™m
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™
17:55
going to keep it up โ€“ a phrase
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ืืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš - ืžืฉืคื˜
17:57
used to encourage someone
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
17:58
to continue their good
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•
17:59
performance.
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.
18:00
Thatโ€™s all from us. Keep singing
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉื™ืจ
18:02
and join us again soon at
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘
18:04
6 Minute English. Donโ€™t forget
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-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—
18:06
we also have a free app you
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช
18:07
can download from the app stores.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช.
18:10
Bye!
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18:10
Goodbye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
18:17
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
18:19
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
18:20
Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
18:21
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
18:23
In this 6 Minute English, weโ€™re
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ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื•
18:24
talking about music. What sort
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’
18:26
of music do you like listening
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข
18:28
to, Sam?
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, ืกื?
18:29
Well, I wouldnโ€™t say I have
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™
18:30
one specific type. My taste in
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื™
18:33
songs is more eclectic โ€“ a word
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ - ืžื™ืœื”
18:35
that describes taste which
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ืฉืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ื˜ืขื
18:37
includes a wide variety of styles.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช.
18:40
Well, in this programme, weโ€™re
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื•
18:41
talking all about grime โ€“ a style of
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ grime - ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ
18:44
music which originated in London โ€“
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ -
18:46
specifically in the tower blocks
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื
18:48
of east and southeast London.
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ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
18:50
Yes โ€“ the artists are predominantly
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ื›ืŸ - ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
18:52
young black men and often cite
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื
18:55
the decaying tower blocks they
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ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื
18:57
grew up in as an inspiration for
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ื’ื“ืœื• ื›ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ
19:00
the urban style of music.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™.
19:02
Well, before we continue talking
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ
19:03
about grime music, I have a
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ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื•ื•ืขื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™
19:05
question for you, Sam. Stormzy
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ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ืกืื. ืกื˜ื•ืจืžื–ื™
19:07
is one of the most famous
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“
19:09
grime artists, but what is his
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ืžืืžื ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
19:11
real name? Is it:
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ืฉืžื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
19:12
a) Michael Omari
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ื) ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืขื•ืžืจื™
19:14
b) Martin Owusu,
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ื‘) ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืกื•,
19:16
or, c) Marvin Appiah.
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ืื•, ื’) ืžืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ื”.
19:19
I think I might know this
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช
19:21
one โ€“ Iโ€™ll say a) Michael Omari.
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ื–ื” - ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื) ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืขื•ืžืจื™.
19:25
We can find out if youโ€™re right
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ
19:26
at the end of this programme.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
19:28
For many people, knowing the
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื›ืจืช
19:29
origin of a type of music helps
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช
19:31
them to understand more about
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ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ
19:33
the style and lyrics.
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ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
19:35
Hereโ€™s writer Jude Yawson
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื’'ื•ื“ ื™ืื•ืกื•ืŸ
19:37
talking with BBC journalist Andrew
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ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”-BBC ืื ื“ืจื•
19:40
Marr about his experience growing
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ืžืืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœ
19:42
up on an estate in southeast
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ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—
19:44
London on the BBC Radio 4
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ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4
19:46
programme, Start the Weekโ€ฆ
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, Start the Week...
19:49
Yes, so I lived like on an estate.
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ื›ืŸ, ืื– ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื”.
19:52
Itโ€™s, itโ€™s in Annerley, near Crystal
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ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืื ืจืœื™, ืœื™ื“ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ
19:55
Palace. And for me growing up
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ืคืืœืืก. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
19:56
with this experience was like
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ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•
19:58
literally acknowledging the different
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉ
20:00
cultures and peoples that lived
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•
20:02
within, like this estate. And it was
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
20:06
around the age of about, say,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ
20:08
seven or eight โ€“ thatโ€™s when
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ืฉื‘ืข ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš - ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
20:10
things for me and my particular
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื™
20:11
estate started to get a bit more
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
20:13
contentious with the other
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ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
20:15
people that were moving in.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ.
20:16
Kids were coming of age,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
20:17
becoming more like free and
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ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
20:19
venturing out and around the
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
20:21
estate. And, you know, police
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ืœืื—ื•ื–ื”. ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
20:23
kind of, like. harassing, but...
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ืงืฆืช, ื›ืื™ืœื•. ืžื˜ืจื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ...
20:26
So youโ€™ve got different cultures
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
20:27
knocking into each other and
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ืฉืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
20:28
the police knocking into
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ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ
20:29
everybody else.
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ื”ืฉืืจ.
20:32
So Jude Yawson describes
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ืื– ื’'ื•ื“ ื™ืื•ืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช
20:34
his upbringing. He used the
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ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
20:36
word contentious โ€“ likely to
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช - ืขืฉื•ื™ื”
20:38
cause or create an argument โ€“ to
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— - ื›ื“ื™
20:41
describe life on the estate.
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ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื”.
20:43
Yes, and he said the kids
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
20:44
were coming of age โ€“ meaning
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ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
20:46
transitioning from a child into
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื“
20:48
an adult. In his interview, he
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ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื
20:50
goes on to say how a teacher
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ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืจื”
20:52
gave him the advice that if he
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ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืื
20:53
ever got stabbed, not to remove
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ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื™ื“ืงืจ, ืœื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ
20:56
the knife - as he would bleed
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ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ - ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืžื
20:57
to death.
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ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
20:58
He says that at the age of 14
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14
21:00
when he was told that, he felt
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
21:02
grateful and that the teacher
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ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื”
21:03
was looking out for him, but in
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ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ
21:05
hindsight questions why a
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ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื”
21:07
teenager should receive
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ื ืขืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช
21:08
that information.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
21:10
What this does is give us
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื•
21:12
an insight into life and the
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ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ
21:13
background that led to
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ื”ืจืงืข ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืžื”
21:15
some people, like Stormzy,
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ื•ืจืžื™ื–ื™,
21:16
creating grime music. He says
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื•ื•ืขื”. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ
21:19
that it started off in the bedrooms
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”
21:20
and basements of tower
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ื•ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ
21:22
blocks and homes in these
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื
21:23
areas of London, with many
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืขื
21:25
artistsโ€™ works being broadcast
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื•
21:26
on pirate radio stations.
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ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื•ืช.
21:28
That said, for some people,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
21:30
this type of music represents
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
21:31
something different. There are
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”. ื™ืฉ
21:33
some who think the hard-hitting
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ื›ืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
21:35
lyrics and strong beats glorify
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ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžื”ืœืœื™ื
21:37
violence.
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
21:39
They see it as an aggressive and violent
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ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื”
21:41
form of music.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
21:42
However, Jude Yawson,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื’'ื•ื“ ื™ืื•ืกื•ืŸ,
21:44
speaking with Andrew Marr
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ืฉืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืื ื“ืจื• ืžืืจ
21:45
on BBC Radio 4 programme
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”-BBC Radio 4
21:47
Start the Week, has a different
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Start the Week, ื™ืฉ
21:48
interpretation of what grime
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ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื”
21:50
music is all about.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื•ืขืžืช.
21:53
I describe grime as like
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืžื” ื›ืžื•
21:55
a soulful shoutโ€ฆ thereโ€™s a
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ืฆืขืงื” ืžืœืืช ื ืฉืžื”... ื™ืฉ
21:57
necessity in literally getting
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ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช
21:59
all of this content out of
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
22:00
yourself. And one of the
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ืžืขืฆืžืš. ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืืžื ื™
22:02
most predominant grime
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ื”ื’ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
22:03
artists, Wiley, was basically
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, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
22:05
the first person that created
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช
22:06
this sound โ€“ itโ€™s like 140
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” - ื–ื” ื›ืžื• 140
22:09
beats per minute. Because
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ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืงื”. ื›ื™
22:11
thatโ€™s such a raw tune, but
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ืื‘ืœ
22:13
the chorus literally chants
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ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžื–ืžืจ
22:14
like โ€˜there are lots of signs
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ื›ืžื• 'ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
22:16
in life, some that you may
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืฉืื•ืœื™
22:17
not realiseโ€™. And, for me, I
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื'. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
22:20
was listening to that as like
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ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ
22:21
an 11- or 12-year-old and
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11 ืื• 12
22:23
itโ€™s very existential.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื™.
22:26
He used the word
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
22:27
predominant, which describes
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
22:29
the strongest or most
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ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•
22:30
important thing, to describe
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ
22:32
the artist Wiley. Thatโ€™s who
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ืืช ื”ืืžืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™. ื–ื” ืžื™
22:35
Jude Yawson says was the
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ืฉื’'ื•ื“ ื™ืื•ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื”
22:36
first person to create the
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช
22:38
grime sound.
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ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืžื”.
22:40
He also used the verb chants โ€“
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื -
22:42
sings repeatedly over and
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ืฉืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
22:44
over โ€“ to talk about the chorus
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- ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ
22:46
from one of Wileyโ€™s songs.
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ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™.
22:49
And he described the
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ืืช
22:50
experience of listening to it
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœื•
22:51
as being existential โ€“ relating
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ื›ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช - ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื”
22:54
to human existence.
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ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
22:57
Which inspires me to
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”
22:58
go and listen to some grime
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ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื•ืขืžืช
22:59
music after todayโ€™s show, but
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ
23:01
before we do โ€“ I asked you
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช - ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš
23:03
a question about the real
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ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™
23:04
name of the grime artist
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ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™ืžื”
23:06
Stormzy.
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Stormzy.
23:07
You did. And being a fan
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ืืชื” ืขืฉื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฅ
23:09
of many different music
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ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื
23:11
styles โ€“ I think I know this
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- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
23:13
one! I said a) Michael Omari.
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! ืืžืจืชื™ ื) ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืขื•ืžืจื™.
23:16
You really do know your
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ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช
23:18
music, Sam. Youโ€™re right. In
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœืš, ืกื. ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง.
23:19
fact, his full name is Michael
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืœื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ
23:21
Ebenezer Kwadjo Omari
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ืื‘ื ืขื–ืจ ืงื•ื•ืื“ื’'ื• ืขื•ืžืจื™
23:24
Owuo Jr. I think that Iโ€™ll have
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ืื•ื•ืื• ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš
23:26
to make the next question
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ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช
23:27
much harder for you! So, before
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ืขืœื™ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”! ืื–, ืœืคื ื™
23:29
we leave today, letโ€™s recap
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ืฉื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื
23:31
the vocabulary, starting with
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ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ
23:33
eclectic, a word which
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ื‘ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืœื”
23:35
describes taste which includes
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ืฉืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ื˜ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘
23:37
a wide variety of styles.
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ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช.
23:40
Contentious means creating
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ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื”
23:42
or causing arguments.
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ืื• ื’ืจื™ืžืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
23:45
We also had coming of
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื’ื
23:46
age โ€“ transitioning from
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ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช - ืžืขื‘ืจ
23:47
child to adult.
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ืžื™ืœื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
23:49
Predominant refers to
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
23:51
something that is the
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื
23:52
strongest or most important.
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ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
23:55
Chants is a verb which
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ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•
23:56
means sing or repeat the
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ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ
23:57
same thing over and over
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
23:59
again. And existential
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. ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช
24:00
means relating to
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ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืงื™ื•ื
24:02
human existence.
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
24:03
Well, we certainty
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
24:04
learnt a lot about grime
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ
24:06
music and its origin.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช โ€‹โ€‹grime ื•ืžืงื•ืจื”.
24:07
There are lots more 6
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ
24:08
Minute English programmes
732
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
24:09
to enjoy on our website at
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ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช
24:11
bbclearningenglish.com.
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bbclearningenglish.com.
24:13
Thanks for listening and
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”
24:14
goodbye.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช.
24:21
Hello. This is 6 Minute
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
24:22
English from BBC Learning English
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English
24:24
Iโ€™m Neil.
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I'm Neil.
24:25
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
24:26
Hello, Georgina. How are
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ืฉืœื•ื, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”. ืžื”
24:27
you today? Georgina?
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ืฉืœื•ืžืš ื”ื™ื•ื? ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”?
24:30
Georgina!
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”!
24:32
Oh sorry, Neil, I didnโ€™t
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ื”ื• ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ื ื™ืœ, ืœื
24:34
hear you - I was listening to
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชืš - ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™
24:35
music on my headphones!
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™!
24:36
Ah, I see! Listening to music
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ืื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”! ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
24:39
stored on your mobile phone
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ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“
24:40
or iPod when out on-the-move
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ืื• ื”-iPod ืฉืœืš ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”
24:42
doesnโ€™t seem like a big deal
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ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
24:44
now, but the concept of
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ
24:45
personal portable music
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
24:47
didnโ€™t exist until 1979, when
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ 1979, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช
24:50
the Japanese electronics
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช
24:51
company, Sony, launched
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1920
, ืกื•ื ื™, ื”ืฉื™ืงื”
24:53
the Walkman.
756
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1203
ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ.
24:54
Years before iPods and
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ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”-iPod ื•ื”-
24:56
MP3 downloads, the Sony
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MP3, ื”-Sony
24:58
Walkman was the first widely
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Walkman ื”ื™ื”
24:59
available portable music player.
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ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
25:02
It revolutionised the way fans
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื
25:04
listened to their favourite bands.
762
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ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
25:06
In this programme, weโ€™ll
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,
25:07
be taking a nostalgic look
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ื ื™ืงื— ืžื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™
25:08
back at the 1980s and the
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ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•
25:10
birth of the Sony Walkman.
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ.
25:12
And, of course, weโ€™ll be
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืœืžื“
25:13
learning some new
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800
25:14
vocabulary as well.
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ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ.
25:15
Now, it may not seem
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ
25:16
so revolutionary to young
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ื›ืš ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™
25:18
people nowadays, but
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ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ
25:19
back in the late 1970s portable
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
25:22
music players were
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ื ื’ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•
25:23
unheard of.
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ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
25:24
The idea behind the
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
25:25
Walkman was simple โ€“ a
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ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ - ื ื’ืŸ
25:27
high-quality stereo cassette
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ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™
25:28
player, small enough to hold
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, ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื•
25:30
in your hand, allowing you to
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ื‘ื™ื“, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš
25:32
walk down the street listening
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ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ
25:33
to your own soundtrack.
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ืœืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœืš.
25:35
They became so popular
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืขื“ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื
25:36
that by the time production
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
25:38
of the Walkman ended in
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ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื‘
25:39
2010, Sony had sold over
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-2010, ืกื•ื ื™ ืžื›ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž
25:42
220 million machines
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-220 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
25:45
worldwide. So, my quiz
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื–, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
25:47
question is this: when the
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื•: ื›ืืฉืจ
25:49
original Walkman model
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ื“ื’ื ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
25:50
first went on sale in 1979,
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ื™ืฆื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979,
25:53
how much did it cost? Was it:
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
25:55
a) 50 dollars?,
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ื) 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ?,
25:57
b) 100 dollars?, or,
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ื‘) 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ?, ืื•,
25:59
c) 150 dollars?
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ื’) 150 ื“ื•ืœืจ?
26:01
Things were a lot cheaper
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื™ื
26:03
in 1979, Neil, so Iโ€™ll say
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ื‘-1979, ื ื™ืœ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“
26:05
b) 100 dollars.
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ื‘) 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
26:07
OK, Georgina โ€“ weโ€™ll find
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” -
26:08
out later if thatโ€™s right. Now,
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ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ืขืช,
26:10
the inspiration behind the
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ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
26:12
Walkman came from Sony
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ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื•"ืจ ืกื•ื ื™
26:13
chairman, Akio Morita. He saw
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, ืืงื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื•ื ืจืื”
26:16
Japanese teenagers listening to
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ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื™ืคื ื™ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™
26:18
heavy transistor radios carried
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ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฉืื™ื
26:20
on their shoulders and had a
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ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื
26:22
vision of a smaller stereo which
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ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
26:24
could be held in the hand.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“.
26:26
However, few of Mr Moritaโ€™s
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื˜ื”
26:28
colleagues had faith in his
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•
26:29
idea for a portable music
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ืœื ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื™ื“
26:30
player. Hereโ€™s Andrea Koppen,
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. ื”ื ื” ืื ื“ืจื™ืื” ืงื•ืคืŸ,
26:33
of Sony UK, speaking to the
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ืžืกื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”-
26:34
BBC in 1989, taken from the
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BBC ื‘-1989, ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
26:38
BBC World Service
815
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1200
ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”-BBC
26:39
programme, Witness History.
816
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, Witness History.
26:42
People were very sceptical - they
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื - ื”ื
26:44
couldnโ€™t believe that people
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ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
26:45
would want to walk around with
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ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื
26:46
headphones on and carry this
820
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ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื—ื•ื‘
26:49
cassette with them - and he
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ืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืงืกื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• - ื•ื”ื•ื
26:51
actually laid his job on the line
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•
26:53
and said, โ€˜If it doesnโ€™t take off,
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ื•ืืžืจ, 'ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืžืจื™ื,
26:54
I will resignโ€™โ€ฆ and they didnโ€™t
824
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ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช. ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ'... ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื
26:56
have much money at the time,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
26:58
so their advertising was very
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ืื– ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“
26:59
tightโ€ฆ and they decided to
827
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2080
ืฆืžื•ื“... ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
27:01
give it to students to tryโ€ฆ and
828
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ืœืชืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช...
27:04
so people saw them on
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื
27:05
the trains, in campuses, in
830
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ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื,
27:07
towns and the newspapers
831
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื
27:08
picked up on it immediately.
832
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ืงืœื˜ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื™ื“.
27:11
The Walkman was designed
833
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ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ
27:12
to be used with headphones - a
834
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช -
27:13
pair of padded speakers worn
835
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ื–ื•ื’ ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ืคื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื‘ืฉื™ื
27:15
over the ears so you can listen
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ
27:17
to music without other people
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
27:19
hearing.
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27:19
Akio Morita was confident
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ื™ืฉืžืขื•.
ืืงื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
27:21
his stereo plus headphones
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ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืœื•
27:23
idea would take off - suddenly
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ื™ืžืจื™ื - ืคืชืื•ื
27:25
start to be successful and popular.
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
27:28
In fact, he was so confident of
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
27:29
success that he laid his
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ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืช
27:31
job on the line โ€“ an idiom
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
27:33
meaning to risk losing something
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•
27:35
important, such as your job or
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื•
27:36
reputation.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืš.
27:38
Luckily, he didnโ€™t lose his job
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•
27:39
because many people started
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•
27:41
buying the new Walkmans,
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืงืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
27:43
something the newspapers
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื
27:44
picked up on - noticed or
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ืงืœื˜ื• - ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืื•
27:45
gave particular attention to.
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ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
27:47
Moritaโ€™s idea was a massive
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื˜ื” ื–ื›ื”
27:49
success. Released at the start
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ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช
27:51
of the summer holidays for
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ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ
27:52
Japanese students, within 3
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ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื, ืชื•ืš 3
27:54
months the entire first run of
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ
27:56
30 thousand Walkmans had sold out.
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30 ืืœืฃ ื•ื•ืงืžื ื™ื ืื–ืœื”.
27:59
Meanwhile, music lovers
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
28:00
outside of Japan were
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืคืŸ
28:02
desperately trying to get hold
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ื ื™ืกื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช
28:03
of the new machines. Among the
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ
28:05
first to buy one was music
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื”
28:06
journalist, Tim Jarman.
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื˜ื™ื ื’'ืจืžืŸ.
28:08
Here he is speaking to Farhana
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคืจื”ืื ื”
28:09
Haider, for BBC World
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ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจ, ืœ-BBC World
28:11
Serviceโ€™s Witness History:
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Service's Witness History:
28:14
It was made available in the
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ื–ืžื™ืŸ
28:15
US in June 1980. The Walkman
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1980. ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ
28:18
was especially popular with
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘
28:19
the 16 to 24 age group.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 16 ืขื“ 24.
28:21
They thought it could be a
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
28:22
niche product, that might
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ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืฉื” ืฉืื•ืœื™
28:23
not sell, but it really caught
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ืœื ื™ื™ืžื›ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชืคืก
28:25
the public imagination in every
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ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ
28:26
market that it was offered in.
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ืฉื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืข.
28:29
When the Walkman was sold
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ื›ืฉื”-Walkman ื ืžื›ืจ
28:30
to the rest of the world and became
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ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืคืš
28:31
popular with youngsters, people
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ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื
28:33
thought it was a niche product โ€“
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืฉื” -
28:35
something marketed for sale to
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื•ืง ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
28:37
a small, specific group.
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ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
28:38
But instead, people of all ages
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื
28:40
began wearing Walkmans to
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื•ืงืžื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™
28:42
listen to their favourite music
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ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
28:43
on the move, and the new
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
28:45
invention caught the public
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ืชืคืกื” ืืช
28:46
imagination โ€“ an idiom meaning,
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ - ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ื™ื‘,
28:48
made the public interested in
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ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
28:50
or excited about something.
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ืื• ืœื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžืžืฉื”ื•.
28:52
Many put the Walkmanโ€™s
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ
28:53
success down to its perfect
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ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœื•
28:55
combination of sound quality,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ,
28:57
small size and affordable price.
896
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
29:00
But exactly how affordable,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
29:02
Georgina? Remember my
898
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”? ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช
29:03
quiz question?
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ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™?
29:04
Yes, Neil. You asked how
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ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ. ืฉืืœืช
29:05
much the original Walkman cost
901
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ื›ืžื” ืขืœื” ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
29:07
when it came out in 1979.
902
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ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘-1979.
29:10
What did you say?
903
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ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
29:11
I thought it cost b) 100 dollars.
904
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘) 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
29:14
Well, Georgina, things were
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•
29:16
cheaper in 1979, but not that
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ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
29:18
cheap โ€“ the actual price was
907
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ื–ื•ืœ - ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”
29:20
c) 150 dollars.
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2000
ื’) 150 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
29:22
Thatโ€™s around 530 dollars today!
909
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 530 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ื•ื!
29:26
In this programme, weโ€™ve been
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•,
29:27
looking back at the iconic Sony
911
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื ื™
29:29
Walkman, the first portable stereo
912
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ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
29:31
made up of a cassette player
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื ื’ืŸ ืงืœื˜ื•ืช
29:33
plus headphones โ€“ pairs of padded
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ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช - ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช
29:35
speakers worn over the ears.
915
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ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ืคื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื‘ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื.
29:37
Sony chairman Akio Morita
916
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ื™ื•"ืจ ืกื•ื ื™, ืืงื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื˜ื”,
29:39
was so confident his invention
917
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื•
29:40
would take off โ€“ become popular
918
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ืชืžืจื™ื - ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช
29:42
and successful - that he laid
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ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” - ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืช
29:44
his job on the line. That means
920
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื
29:47
risked something important,
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ืกื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
29:48
like his job.
922
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
29:49
His colleagues at Sony worried
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ื ื™ ื—ืฉืฉื•
29:51
the Walkman was a niche
924
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ืฉื”-Walkman ื”ื•ื
29:53
product โ€“ a product targeted
925
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2153
ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืฉื” - ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“
29:55
for sale to a niche, or small
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ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื ื™ืฉื”, ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ
29:57
and specific, market.
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ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
29:59
But luckily for him, the
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื–ืœื•,
30:00
Japanese newspapers picked
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื
30:02
up on his idea โ€“ noticed it and
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ืงืœื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• - ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•
30:04
gave it particular attention.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
30:06
As a result, the Sony Walkman
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื•ื•ืงืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ื™
30:08
caught the public imagination โ€“
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ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ -
30:10
made the public excited and
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ื’ืจื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉ
30:12
interesting in it.
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.
30:13
Thatโ€™s all for this programme.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
30:14
Until we meet again at 6 Minute
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช
30:16
English โ€“ happy listening!
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ื”ืื–ื ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”!
30:17
Happy listening!
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ื”ืื–ื ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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