BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Animals ' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

192,848 views ใƒป 2022-12-29

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:06
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
00:07
BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English.
00:09
I'm Sam.
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ืื ื™ ืกืื.
00:10
And I'm Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:11
Sam, do you remember
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ืกื, ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ
00:12
an old children's television show called 'Lassie'?
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื 'ืœืืกื™'?
00:15
Yes, I grew up watching the
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ื›ืŸ, ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื›ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™
00:16
adventures of schoolboy, Timmy,
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ื‘ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื˜ื™ืžื™,
00:18
and his pet dog, a collie named Lassie.
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ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื•, ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืœืืกื™.
00:21
Whenever Timmy got lost
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“
00:22
or into trouble, Lassie sensed
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ืื• ื”ืกืชื‘ืš, ืœืืกื™ ื—ืฉื”
00:24
danger and came to the rescue.
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ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื ื—ืœืฆื” ืœืขื–ืจื”.
00:26
If you believe shows like 'Lassie',
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ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• 'ืœืืกื™',
00:28
pets know when their human owners
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
00:30
feel afraid or in danger.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
00:32
But in real life
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
00:33
do animals know, or
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ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•
00:35
care, about human feelings?
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ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื, ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื?
00:37
Now, Neil, obviously we're not
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื
00:39
talking about wild animals, right?
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:41
We're talking about domesticated
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ
00:43
animals - types of animals which are
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื - ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื
00:46
under human control and have been
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ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื
00:47
living closely with people for centuries.
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ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:50
They include pets,
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“,
00:51
like cats and dogs, working
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
00:53
animals and farm animals,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง,
00:54
like cows and sheep.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื.
00:56
So, what about dogs like our friend, Lassie?
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ืื– ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืืกื™?
00:59
Do you think they can
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
01:00
sense human feelings?
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ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื?
01:02
It's hard to know what's really
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ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช
01:03
going on behind a dog's big, brown eyes.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘.
01:06
Unlike humans, pets
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“
01:08
can't talk to say how they're
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ
01:09
feeling, and this makes it easy
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืœ
01:11
for us to misunderstand them.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:13
People often anthropomorphize
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
01:15
their pets - treat them as if
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื - ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื•
01:17
they were human by giving
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ื”ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ
01:18
them human characteristics.
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ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:20
In cartoons, Micky Mouse can
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ
01:22
talk and Donald Duck dances and
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื“ืืง ืจื•ืงื“
01:24
sings, but we know mice and
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ื•ืฉืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
01:26
ducks don't really
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช
01:27
do that in nature.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:28
Exactly. But recently, new
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ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ื•ึผืง. ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:30
research has suggested that
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื
01:32
sometimes pets do respond to
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช
01:34
their owner's feelings.
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ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:35
OK. Well, before we find out
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื”
01:37
more, I have a quiz question
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ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
01:39
for you, Neil.
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ืืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ.
01:40
'Lassie' wasn't
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'ืœืืกื™' ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
01:41
the only TV show to feature a
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื”
01:43
boy and his pet companion.
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ื™ืœื“ ื•ื‘ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“.
01:45
A similar show, Skippy, was set
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ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ืกืงื™ืคื™, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
01:47
in Australia - but what type of
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ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” - ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’
01:50
animal was the star?
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ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘? ื”ืื
01:51
Was Skippy:
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ืกืงื™ืคื™ ื”ื™ื”:
01:52
a) a rabbit?
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ื) ืืจื ื‘?
01:54
b) a frog?
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ื‘) ืฆืคืจื“ืข?
01:55
or, c) a kangaroo?
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ืื•, ื’) ืงื ื’ื•ืจื•?
01:58
Well, if Skippy was Australian,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืกืงื™ืคื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™,
02:00
I'll guess he's c) a kangaroo.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื’) ืงื ื’ื•ืจื•.
02:02
OK, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
02:05
Now, Neil, earlier you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ืœ, ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
02:07
mentioned that because animals
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
02:08
can't speak, it's difficult to know
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืืช
02:11
their feelings about us.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ื ื•.
02:13
Difficult, yes ... but not impossible.
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ืงืฉื”, ื›ืŸ... ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:15
Recently, anthrozoologist,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืื ืชืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
02:17
Dr Karen Hiestand, designed an
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ื“"ืจ ืงืืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื ื“, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื”
02:19
experiment to test whether
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื
02:21
our pets really do care about us.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
02:24
She filmed pet owners pretending
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืœืžื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื
02:26
to be hurt and observed the
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ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:27
reactions of their dogs and cats.
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:29
Here's Adrian Washbourne, producer
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ื”ื ื” ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืจืŸ, ืžืคื™ืง
02:32
for BBC World Service programme,
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service,
02:34
Health Check, pretending to
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Health Check, ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื
02:35
hurt his leg at home, where he
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ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื ื”ื•ื
02:37
lives with his two pets, a cat and a dog.
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ื’ืจ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื•, ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ื›ืœื‘.
02:42
And now I'm going to fake an
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื–ื™ื™ืฃ
02:44
injury, and we'll see how they respond.
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ืคืฆื™ืขื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื•.
02:48
Ouch!
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ืืื•ืฅ!
02:50
Ow!
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ืื•ื™!
02:53
Well, the tail wagging has
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื›ืฉื›ืฉ ื”ื–ื ื‘
02:54
got a bit more, there's a bit of a yawn.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืคื™ื”ื•ืง.
02:56
So, I don't think they
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื
02:57
were particularly sensitive or
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ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื•
02:59
bothered that I was squealing
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ื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื—ืชื™
03:01
around the floor in agony,
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ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื,
03:02
holding my leg up in the air,
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ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:04
trying to feign an injury.
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ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
03:05
Meanwhile the cat, who's
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฆื
03:07
on the windowsill, is
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ืขืœ ืื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ,
03:09
looking at me with wide eyes.
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ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืขื•ืจื•ืช.
03:12
Adrian didn't really hurt his
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ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืื‘ ืœื•
03:14
leg - he feigned, or pretended, to be hurt.
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ื‘ืจื’ืœื• - ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื, ืฉื ืคื’ืข.
03:17
He pretended to be
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ
03:18
in agony - extreme physical
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ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื - ื›ืื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
03:20
pain, to see what his pets would do.
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, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื• ื™ืขืฉื•.
03:22
Adrian's dog wagged his tail
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื›ืฉื›ืฉ ื‘ื–ื ื‘ื•
03:25
and gave a yawn.
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ื•ืคื™ื”ืง.
03:26
The cat, meanwhile, just looked at
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกืชื›ืœ
03:28
him with wide eyes...
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ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืขื•ืจื•ืช...
03:30
Little evidence of pets
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“
03:32
showing care or concern there,
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ืฉืžื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื• ื“ืื’ื”,
03:34
you might think.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:35
But, according to Dr Hiestand,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืคื™ ื“"ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื ื“,
03:37
the animals' behaviour makes
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
03:38
perfect sense when you
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืืชื”
03:40
remember where they came from.
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ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
03:42
Dogs are descended
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ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื
03:43
from ancient breeds of
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ืžื’ื–ืขื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ
03:44
wolves - very social animals
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ื–ืื‘ื™ื - ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
03:46
who live together in packs,
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช,
03:48
so it makes sense that a dog
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ืœื‘
03:50
would sniff and come closer
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ื™ืจื—ืจื— ื•ื™ืชืงืจื‘
03:51
to investigate what
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื”
03:52
was happening.
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ืงื•ืจื”.
03:53
Cats, on the other hand,
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
03:55
are solitary creatures,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืฆืืฆืื™
03:56
descended from wild cats who
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจ
03:58
lived and hunted alone.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ื•ืฆื“ื• ืœื‘ื“ื.
04:00
Dr Hiestand thinks this explains
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ื“"ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:02
the reaction of Adrian's cat,
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ,
04:04
as she told BBC World Service
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service
04:05
programme, Health Check.
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, Health Check.
04:07
What we're seeing typically
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
04:09
is cats staying much more still...
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื...
04:11
that they're looking and looking
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ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
04:12
at their owner, so they're
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืื– ื”ื
04:13
definitely paying their owner
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:14
an awful lot of attention when
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื
04:16
they're displaying a negative
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื
04:17
distress emotion, comparing to
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ืจื’ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
04:19
during the control procedure
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืงืจื”
04:20
where they're just doing cat
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:21
things โ€“ walking around,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื - ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
04:23
grooming... that kind of thing.
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ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื... ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
04:25
The experiment showed the
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืื” ืืช
04:26
different responses of cats
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื
04:28
and dogs to human distress -
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ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช -
04:30
feelings of worry,
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ื”,
04:31
sadness or pain.
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ืขืฆื‘ ืื• ื›ืื‘.
04:33
In the experiment, dogs were
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•
04:34
visibly concerned, while cats
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื
04:36
simply paid more attention to
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
04:37
what was going on.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
04:39
Some cats did nothing, except carry on
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
04:41
grooming - cleaning themselves
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— - ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื
04:43
using their tongue and paws.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:45
The experiment confirms the
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืืช
04:46
idea we have of cats being
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื
04:48
cold and antisocial.
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ืงืจื™ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
04:50
And of dogs being our best friend.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:52
But according to
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™
04:53
Dr Hiestandโ€™s findings, cats
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ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื ื“, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื
04:55
also feel human distress - they
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ื—ืฉื™ื ื’ื ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช - ื”ื
04:57
just show it in a different way.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:59
Well, if the experiment
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
05:01
included Lassie, she'd probably
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ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืœืืกื™, ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
05:03
phone the emergency services,
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ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื,
05:05
then make Adrian a cup of tea!
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ื•ืื– ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืœืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื›ื•ืก ืชื”!
05:06
Ha! And what about Skippy?
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ื”ื! ื•ืžื” ืขื ืกืงื™ืคื™?
05:08
Ah yes, in my quiz question
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
05:10
I asked Neil about the
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื ื™ืœ ืขืœ
05:12
Australian TV star, Skippy.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™, ืกืงื™ืคื™.
05:14
I guessed that he was
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
05:15
c) a kangaroo.
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ื’) ืงื ื’ื•ืจื•.
05:17
Which was the correct answer!
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
05:19
Over two metres high and able
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ืžืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ
05:21
to jump nine metres in a
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ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืชืฉืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื”
05:23
single hop, you'd be in safe
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ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ืชื”ื™ื•
05:25
hands with Skippy the Kangaroo.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืกืงื™ืคื™ ื”ืงื ื’ื•ืจื•.
05:28
Right, let's recap the
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ
05:29
vocabulary from this programme
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:30
starting with domesticated - a
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื‘ื•ื™ืช -
05:33
word to describe animals
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ืžื™ืœื” ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
05:35
which are not wild and live
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื
05:36
under human control.
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:38
To anthropomorphize means to
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ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
05:40
give animals human qualities
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ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
05:42
and characteristics.
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
05:43
If you feign illness, you
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืœื”, ืืชื”
05:45
pretend to be ill when you are not.
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ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืฉืื™ื ืš ื—ื•ืœื”.
05:47
To be in agony means to be
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
05:49
in extreme physical pain.
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ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
05:51
Someone who's in distress,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
05:52
feels worry, pain or sadness.
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ื—ืฉ ื“ืื’ื”, ื›ืื‘ ืื• ืขืฆื‘.
05:55
And finally, grooming is how
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
05:56
some animals clean themselves
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
05:58
using their tongue and paws.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:00
That's all the time we have
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:01
for this programme.
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:02
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:03
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
06:09
Hello, and welcome to 6 Minute English.
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ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช.
06:11
I'm Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:12
Hello. And I'm Catherine.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื•ืื ื™ ืงืชืจื™ืŸ.
06:14
Now, Catherine, how do you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงืชืจื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืืชื”
06:15
feel about cephalopods?
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆืคืœืคื•ื“ื™ื?
06:17
Er ...cephalopods?
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ืื”... ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื?
06:20
Yeah.
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ื›ึผึตืŸ.
06:21
You do know what
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”
06:22
cephalopods are, don't you?
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ื–ื” ืฆืคืœืคื•ื“ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:23
Yes, of course I do.
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ.
06:25
It's a new kind of iPod, isn't it?
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“, ืœื?
06:27
Not exactly, no.
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ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืœื.
06:29
A cephalopod is a kind of sea creature,
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ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™,
06:31
like a squid or octopus.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
06:33
Oh, cephalopods, yes, of course, I know what
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ืื”, ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”
06:36
a cephalopod is.
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ื–ื” ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“.
06:38
Of course you do.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื›ืŸ.
06:39
Well, today's programme is all
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ
06:41
about one of these squishy
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:43
creatures, the octopus, which
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, ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื
06:44
apparently is a pretty clever animal.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”.
06:47
To start, here's today's quiz question.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:49
What is the correct
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ืžื”ื™
06:51
plural form of octopus?
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื ื•ืŸ?
06:52
Is it a) octopuses,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื) ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื,
06:55
b) octopodes or c) octopi?
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ื‘) ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื’) ืชืžื ื•ืŸ?
06:58
What do you think, Catherine?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืงืชืจื™ืŸ?
06:59
OK. I think this is a trick question.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื˜ืจื™ืง.
07:02
I think people think that it's 'octopi', but
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” 'ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื', ืื‘ืœ
07:06
it's actually, there's a technical term for it, which
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื˜ื›ื ื™,
07:09
is the correct term and that's 'octopodes'.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื” 'ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื'.
07:11
But some people think, like children
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื
07:12
and stuff, they just put
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ื•ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื
07:14
the plural 's' on so they say 'octopuses'.
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ืืช 's' ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื'.
07:16
So, I'm going for answer b) octopodes.
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘) ืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
07:20
Wow! Listen out for the answer
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ื•ื•ืื•! ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
07:22
at the end of the programme,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
07:23
just to see how right or wrong you are.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื• ื˜ื•ืขื”.
07:26
Now, apparently, the octopus is
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
07:28
a remarkably intelligent creature.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
07:30
They have the ability to
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
07:31
solve some complex
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืžื”
07:32
problems and in one famous
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื
07:33
case one was even able to
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ืื—ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
07:35
predict the result of
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ
07:36
World Cup football matches.
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
07:38
Oh yes, that was Paul the psychic octopus.
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื™.
07:41
I don't think he was really psychic though.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื™ื•ื.
07:43
It was just a publicity stunt by the zoo that had
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง โ€‹โ€‹ืชืขืœื•ืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื”
07:46
him, as a way to promote their zoo.
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ืœื•, ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:48
It may have been a publicity stunt,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืขืœื•ืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™,
07:50
but he was actually quite accurate.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
07:52
In fact, he correctly predicted the
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช
07:54
result of 12 matches out
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ 12 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
07:55
of 14 - that's 86 percent.
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ืžืชื•ืš 14 - ื–ื” 86 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:57
Not bad, eh?
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ืœื ื ื•ืจื, ืื”?
07:58
That's amazing.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:59
I didn't know he was that good.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:01
Anyway, Neil, tell us more about the octopus.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื ื™ืœ, ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
08:04
Well, I'll leave that to
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
08:05
Peter Godfrey-Smith, philosopher
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ืœืคื™ื˜ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืคืจื™-ืกืžื™ืช', ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ
08:08
of science and author of
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ
08:10
Other Minds: The Octopus,
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Other Minds: The Octopus,
08:12
the Sea, and the Deep Origins
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the Sea, and the Deep Origins
08:13
of Consciousness.
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of Consciousness.
08:15
He is quite
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™
08:16
a fan of our eight-tentacled friends.
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ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:18
On the BBC Radio 4
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4
08:19
programme Start the Week he
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Start the Week ื”ื•ื
08:21
said that humans and the
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ืืžืจ ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
08:22
octopus have a common ancestor.
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ื•ืœืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:24
This is a term in science
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืžื“ืข
08:26
which means 'a creature from
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ื™ืฆื•ืจ
08:27
which both species evolved'.
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ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื'.
08:29
Like a very distant relative.
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ื›ืžื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
08:31
How long ago does he say this
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื‘
08:33
common ancestor lived?
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ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™?
08:36
We got the octopus as a
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืฆืจ
08:39
very special evolutionary product.
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
08:42
It's an animal that's
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื”
08:43
removed from us by a lot of
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื—ืงื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•
08:46
evolutionary distance.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืจื‘.
08:47
The common ancestor that we
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ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืื ื•
08:48
share with an octopus lived
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™
08:50
about 600 million years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
08:52
or actually even a bit longer than that.
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ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
08:54
But it has a large nervous system
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
08:56
in a range comparable to vertebrates.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:01
So, our common ancestor lived
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ืื–, ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื™
09:03
about 600 million years ago -
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” -
09:06
or maybe a little bit longer than that.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
09:08
And he says that the octopus
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืชืžื ื•ืŸ
09:10
has a nervous system that is
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
09:11
comparable to vertebrates.
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ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:13
Comparable means 'similar to',
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช 'ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ',
09:15
like, and vertebrates is the
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ื›ืžื•, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื
09:17
term for the group of animals
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
09:18
that have a spine or backbone.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื” ืื• ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื”.
09:20
We humans are examples of vertebrates.
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ืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:23
So what Godfrey-Smith is
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ื“ืคืจื™-ืกืžื™ืช'
09:24
saying is that the squishy
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ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘
09:26
octopus has a nervous system
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
09:28
which has some similarities
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
09:30
to our own in that it's quite large.
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ืœืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
09:33
And a large nervous system
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
09:35
is a sign of intelligence.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
09:37
He goes on to talk a bit
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช
09:38
more about how we might be
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ
09:39
able to relate to the octopus.
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
09:41
He talks about the protean
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
09:43
nature of its body.
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ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื•.
09:44
'Protean' is an adjective
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'ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ืืŸ' ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ
09:45
which means 'adaptable or
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืื•
09:47
changeable', and the octopus's body
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™', ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ
09:49
is certainly that.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื–ื”.
09:51
Why might that be a problem for us?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•?
09:54
The sensory world of an octopus
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชืžื ื•ืŸ
09:57
has, in some way it's recognisable.
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ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
09:59
They're very visual animals,
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช,
10:01
they're very taste-oriented
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืขื
10:04
animals and those things make sense to us.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•.
10:06
But the absence of hard parts, the protean
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
10:09
nature of the body and the sort of extent of the
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ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืกื•ื’
10:13
sensitivity makes it a hard thing to think about.
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ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
10:17
This is interesting, isn't it?
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื?
10:19
So the octopus uses its senses
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ืื– ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™
10:21
of vision and taste, like
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ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื•ื ื•
10:24
we do, and this is something
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, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
10:25
we can recognise, but what
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
10:27
is tricky for us is that
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ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื”
10:29
its form is so completely
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ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš
10:31
different from ours.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื ื•.
10:33
The octopus isn't a vertebrate
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ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
10:35
so it can change its form
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•
10:37
and its shape very easily.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
10:39
Yes, we're not used to
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
10:41
thinking of soft squishy
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
10:43
things having intelligence.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
10:45
And speaking of intelligence,
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
10:46
we've been very careful
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ื”ืงืคื“ื ื• ืžืื•ื“
10:47
not to use the plural of
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ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ
10:48
octopus so as not to give
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ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื
10:50
away the answer to today's
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ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
10:51
quiz question which was: what's the
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”: ืžื”ื™
10:54
correct plural form?
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
10:55
a) octopuses, b) octopodes
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ื) ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘) ืชืžื ื•ืŸ
10:58
or c) octopi?
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ืื• ื’) ืชืžื ื•ืŸ?
11:00
Catherine, you said ...
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ืงืชืจื™ืŸ, ืืžืจืช...
11:01
Well, I said that some people
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:03
think it's 'octopuses', a lot
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” 'ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื', ื”ืจื‘ื”
11:06
of people think it's 'octopi',
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” 'ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื',
11:08
but the actual answer is 'octopodes'.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื 'ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื'.
11:11
And you're completely right.
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ื•ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™.
11:13
Congratulations!
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11:13
Yeah! Thank you.
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ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘!
ื›ึผึตืŸ! ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:15
So, let's review today's vocabulary.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:18
Cephalopod is the
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ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ ื”ื•ื
11:19
name of the group of animals
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
11:20
to which the octopus belongs.
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ืืœื™ื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
11:22
'A publicity stunt' is
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'ืชืขืœื•ืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™' ื”ื•ื
11:24
something a company might
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื”
11:25
do to grab your attention
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ืš
11:27
and promote its products.
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ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”.
11:29
Like claiming an octopus can
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ื›ืžื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
11:30
predict the winner of football matches.
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
11:33
A 'common ancestor' is a
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'ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ' ื”ื•ื
11:35
distant relative from which
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืžืžื ื•
11:36
two different species evolved.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:39
'Comparable' to means
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'ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช' ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
11:41
'similar to' and vertebrates
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'ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ' ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
11:43
are animals that have a spine.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื”.
11:45
And then finally we had
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•
11:47
'protean', this adjective means 'adaptable
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'ืคืจื•ื˜ืืŸ', ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ
11:50
and changeable'.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™'.
11:52
Time now for us to say
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
11:54
goodbye but remember you
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ืฉื ืคืจื“, ืืš ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื•
11:55
can find us on ยญยญInstagram,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื,
11:56
Facebook, Twitter, YouTube
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ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘
11:57
as well as our website,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:59
bbclearningenglish.com.
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bbclearningenglish.com.
12:01
So, be sure to check us
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื•
12:02
on one, several or all of
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ืขืœ ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื” ืื•
12:04
those before joining us again.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
12:06
Goodbye.
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.
12:07
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
12:13
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
12:15
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
12:16
I'm Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:17
And I'm Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
12:18
In this programme, we'll be hearing
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ืฉืžืข
12:20
a news story linked to the
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
12:21
'Nature versus Nurture' debate,
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'ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—',
12:24
not concerning a human, but a rhinoceros!
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ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ืงืจื ืฃ!
12:27
The extremely rare Northern
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12:29
White Rhino of East Africa
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ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”
12:31
w as on the brink of extinction
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
12:33
when the second-to-last
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ื›ืืฉืจ
12:34
living male, Suni, died
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ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืกื•ื ื™, ืžืช
12:37
in 2014, leaving behind two
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ื‘-2014, ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉืชื™
12:39
females, Najin and Fatu -
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ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ื• -
12:41
the last living creatures
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
12:43
of their species.
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ืžืžื™ืŸื™ื”ื.
12:44
Conservationists started an
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ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
12:46
artificial breeding programme,
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ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
12:48
using eggs from the females
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
12:50
and sperm from Suni to
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ื•ื‘ื–ืจืข ืžืกื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™
12:52
produce an embryo - an unborn
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ - ื—ื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื•ืœื“ื”
12:54
animal in the very early
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12:56
stages of development.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
12:58
Recently, there's been a
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื—ืœื”
12:59
new development in the story,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
13:01
but before we hear more,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:02
it's time for my quiz question.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
13:04
The name, 'rhinoceros', comes from
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ื”ืฉื, 'ืงืจื ืฃ', ืžื’ื™ืข
13:06
the ancient Greek, but
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ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ
13:08
what exactly does it mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง?
13:10
Is it a) thick skin,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื) ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื”,
13:12
b) horned nose or
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ื‘) ืืฃ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•
13:15
c) small eye?
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ื’) ืขื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื”?
13:17
That's a tricky one,
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
13:19
because rhinos have all three!
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ื›ื™ ืœืงืจื ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื!
13:22
OK, I'll guess c) thick skin.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ื’) ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื”.
13:24
OK, Sam, we'll find out later.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกืื, ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:26
Now let's get back
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ
13:27
to the story of those precious
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื
13:29
Northern Rhino embryos.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื ืฃ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื.
13:30
Well, the good news is that
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืขื“
13:32
so far five embryos have been produced.
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ื›ื” ื”ื•ืคืงื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:35
They're being
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ื”ื
13:36
frozen until they can be
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ืžื•ืงืคืื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื”
13:37
implanted in Southern rhinos -
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ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืจื ืคื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื -
13:41
the Northern species' more common cousin.
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ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
13:44
Conservationist Thomas
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ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืžืก
13:45
Hildebrandt runs the rhino
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช
13:47
breeding programme.
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื ืคื™ื.
13:48
He spoke to BBC World Service's
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”-BBC World Service
13:50
Science in Action, who asked him
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Science in Action, ืฉืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื•
13:52
whether the embryos were
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ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื
13:53
genetically from the
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ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ
13:54
Northern species.
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ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
13:56
Absolutely right.
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ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
13:58
They're not
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ื”ื ืœื
13:59
hybrids, they're pure Northern
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ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ื”ื
14:01
White Rhino embryos which
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื ืฃ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื
14:03
were generated with the
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขื
14:06
desired breeding partner,
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ืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”,
14:08
Suni, who died in 2014.
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ืกื•ื ื™, ืฉืžืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014.
14:10
So, we have embryos which
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
14:13
have a very high quality -
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ -
14:15
there's no inbreeding effect
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
14:17
on these embryos, and it's
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื–ื”
14:19
so important to make the
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช
14:21
next step, to transfer these
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
14:23
embryos because we can
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
14:25
preserve life, biological
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ืœืฉืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื,
14:27
material, in liquid nitrogen,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
14:29
but what we can't do ... we
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช... ืื ื—ื ื•
14:31
can't preserve social knowledge
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ื“ืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
14:33
and therefore we need
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
14:34
desperately a calf on the
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ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืขื’ืœ ืขืœ
14:36
ground so that these two
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ื”ืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืจื ืคื™ื
14:37
existing Northern White
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ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
14:39
Rhinos, can teach the new
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, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœืžื“ ืืช
14:41
calf how to behave as a
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ื”ืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืงืจื ืฃ
14:43
Northern White Rhino.
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ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
14:46
Having genetically pure
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ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
14:48
embryos prevents the birth
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ืžื•ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืชื
14:50
of hybrids - animals that
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื - ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
14:52
have been bred from two different species.
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:55
It's also important the
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื
14:56
embryos have no inbreeding -
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ืฉืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืื” -
14:59
breeding of a young animal
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ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”
15:00
from two closely related
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ืžืฉื ื™
15:01
parents, because this can cause disease.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื”.
15:05
Fortunately, Thomas and his
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืชื•ืžืก ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื•
15:06
team have preserved five
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ืฉื™ืžืจื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื ืฃ ืฆืคื•ื ื™
15:08
healthy and genetically pure
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ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
15:10
Northern Rhino embryos in liquid nitrogen.
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ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
15:14
But while they can preserve
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช
15:15
'nature', what Thomas's team
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ื”'ื˜ื‘ืข', ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืก
15:17
can't provide is 'nurture' -
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2020
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื•ื 'ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—' -
15:19
the social knowledge that a
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
15:20
young Northern rhino, or calf,
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ืฉืงืจื ืฃ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื• ืขื’ืœ,
15:23
can only learn from other Northern rhinos.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจืง ืžืงืจื ืคื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:25
And since Najin and Fatu,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ื•, ื”ืงืจื ืคื™ื
15:27
the last remaining Northern
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ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื•
15:28
rhinos on Earth, are getting
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
15:30
old, the race is on to breed
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ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
15:33
a young rhino calf before they die.
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ืขื’ืœ ืงืจื ืฃ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
15:36
The good news for the survival
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื•
15:37
of the Northern White Rhino
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
15:38
is that experiments to
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
15:40
implant the delicate embryos
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ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื
15:41
in Southern rhinos have been successful.
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ื‘ืงืจื ืคื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
15:43
Here's Thomas Hildebrandt
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ื”ื ื” ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื™ืœื“ื‘ืจื ื“ื˜
15:45
again talking about these
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ืฉื•ื‘ โ€‹โ€‹ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
15:46
recent experiments with
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื
15:48
BBC World Service programme,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC,
15:49
Science in Action.
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ืžื“ืข ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
15:52
We will, for sure, not wait
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืœื ื ื—ื›ื”
15:55
until this pregnancy is
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ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
15:56
completed because it takes
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื—
15:58
16 months for a full pregnancy in a rhinoceros.
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16 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืงืจื ืฃ.
16:02
So, if this embryo implants - and we
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื™ืœ - ื•ืื ื—ื ื•
16:05
can see that on ultrasound
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“
16:07
and - forms a nice placenta,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื™ื” ื™ืคื”,
16:09
that is the goal for us
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
16:10
to proceed with the next step on the Northern
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ
16:12
White rhino embryos.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
16:15
Normally, it takes 16 months
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื•ืงื— ืœื ืงื‘ืช ืงืจื ืฃ 16 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
16:16
for a female rhino to
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16:18
complete her pregnancy -
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ -
16:19
the state in which a woman
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื™ืฉื”
16:21
or female animal has a
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ืื• ื ืงื‘ื” ื™ืฉ
16:22
baby developing inside her.
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ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
16:24
But in the case of the
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ
16:25
Northern rhino, the race is
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ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื
16:27
on to birth calves who can
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ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
16:29
learn the rhino rules of
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™
16:30
social behaviour from
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ
16:32
Aunty Najin and Granny Fatu
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ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ืžื“ื•ื“ื” ื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืคืื˜ื•
16:34
while they're still alive...
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื...
16:37
... which is why
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... ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
16:38
conservationists are
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
16:39
monitoring the pregnancy using
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ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช
16:40
ultrasound - a procedure using
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ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ - ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
16:42
sound waves to create images
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ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
16:44
of internal body parts, or
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืื•
16:46
in this case, growing rhino babies.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืงืจื ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
16:49
It's an unusual episode in
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ื–ื” ืคืจืง ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
16:50
the ongoing 'Nature versus
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ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš 'ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ืœ
16:53
Nurture' debate.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—'.
16:54
And, hopefully, a big step
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืฆืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
16:55
towards restoring the Northern
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ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื
16:57
White Rhino population so
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื›ืš
16:59
that future generations get
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ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื–ื›ื•
17:00
to see these magnificent
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
17:01
creatures with their thick
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ืขื
17:03
skin, horned nose and ...
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ืขื•ืจื ื”ืขื‘ื”, ืืคื ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื•...
17:05
... and small eyes, Neil?
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...ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืœ?
17:07
So, what was the answer to
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
17:08
your quiz question?
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš?
17:10
Yes, I asked you what the
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ืžื”
17:11
name 'rhinoceros' meant.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื 'ืงืจื ืฃ'.
17:13
What did you say, Sam?
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ืžื” ืืžืจืช, ืกืื?
17:14
I guessed it was a) thick skin.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื) ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื”.
17:16
Was I right?
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ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
17:18
Well, rhinos certainly
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืงืจื ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜
17:19
do have thick skin, but
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ
17:21
their name actually comes
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ืฉืžื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื
17:22
from the Greek meaning, 'horned nose'.
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ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, 'ืืฃ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื'.
17:25
Well, luckily I've got a
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžื–ืœื™ ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™
17:27
thick skin too, so I won't
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ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื”, ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื
17:29
take it personally!
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ืืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช!
17:30
Let's have another look
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘
17:31
at the vocabulary we've
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ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
17:33
learned, starting with
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ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื”ื—ืœ
17:34
embryo - an unborn animal
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ - ื—ื™ื”
17:36
or human still inside
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ืื• ืื“ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš
17:37
its mother's womb.
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ืจื—ื ืืžื•.
17:39
A 'hybrid' is an animal
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'ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช' ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื”
17:40
or plant that has been bred from two
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ืื• ืฆืžื— ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืžืฉื ื™
17:42
different species.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
17:44
'Inbreeding' is when a
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'ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช' ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ
17:45
young animal is born from
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ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืœื“
17:46
closely related parents.
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ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
17:48
A calf is the name for
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ืขื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื
17:49
the young of several
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ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื”
17:51
large mammals including
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ
17:52
cows, elephants and
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ืคืจื•ืช, ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื
17:54
whales, as well as rhinos.
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, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืงืจื ืคื™ื.
17:56
'Pregnancy' means being
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'ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
17:57
pregnant or growing a baby inside you.
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ืš.
17:59
And finally, 'ultrasound'
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, 'ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“'
18:01
is used to see internal
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
18:02
organs or a baby developing inside a woman.
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ืฉื”.
18:05
And that's all from this species-saving edition
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื•
18:08
of 6 Minute English.
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ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
18:09
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
18:10
Bye bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
18:16
Hello. This is 6 Minute English,
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
18:18
I'm Neil.
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18:18
And joining me is Rob.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
ื•ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ ืจื•ื‘.
18:20
Hello.
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ืฉืœื•ื.
18:21
Rob, when we think of Easter, what do you think of?
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ืจื•ื‘, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื, ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘?
18:24
Chocolate!
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ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“!
18:25
Well, yes chocolate Easter eggs
585
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืคืกื—ื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“
18:27
are an obvious symbol of Easter.
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ื”ืŸ ืกืžืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื.
18:29
But there is an animal people
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
18:31
often associate with Easter...
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ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื...
18:32
Rabbits!
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ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช!
18:33
Cute, adorable and fluffy - what's not
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ื—ืžื•ื“, ืžืงืกื™ื ื•ืจืš - ืžื” ืœื
18:36
to like about a rabbit?
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ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจื ื‘?
18:38
Well, not everyone is a fan
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื
18:39
of them - by not a fan of
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ืื•ืชื - ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื
18:41
I mean they don't like them.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
18:43
Some people think they are a pest.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื™ืง.
18:45
But we'll be telling you more about
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ
18:46
rabbits shortly.
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ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช.
18:48
That's good to know.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช.
18:49
Well, I'll tell you what
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืžื”
18:50
I am a fan of and that
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ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื•ืืœื”
18:52
is your quiz questions -
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš -
18:53
so, what are you going
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš
18:54
to ask me today?
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื?
18:55
It's all about wild rabbits.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.
18:58
In the last rabbit survey
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1310
ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
18:59
in 1995, how many were
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ื‘-1995, ื›ืžื”
19:02
estimated to exist in the UK?
607
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2182
ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”?
19:04
Is it a) 370,500,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื) 370,500,
19:08
b) 3,750,000 or
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ื‘) 3,750,000 ืื•
19:12
c) 37,500,000?
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ื’) 37,500,000?
19:15
I know rabbits are
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1216
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ
19:16
everywhere in the UK
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
19:17
but not 37 million of
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื 37 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
19:19
them - so, I'll go for
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ืžื”ื - ืื– ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืขืœ
19:21
b) 3,750,000.
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ื‘) 3,750,000.
19:23
Well, you'll have to wait
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช
19:24
until the end of the
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ
19:25
programme to find out.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
19:27
But you're right when
619
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854
19:27
you say rabbits are
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1073
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื›ืฉืืชื”
ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื
19:28
everywhere in the UK.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
19:30
It's probably true in other countries too.
622
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
19:33
You could say they are
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื
19:34
endemic - meaning very
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ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
19:35
common or strongly
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ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื•
19:36
established in a place or situation.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘.
19:39
But are they a typically
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื
19:40
British wild animal?
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ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช?
19:42
They are now but it's believed
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ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
19:43
they were brought to the
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื•
19:44
country by invaders - some
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ืœืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื - ื™ืฉ
19:46
say The Romans, others The Normans.
632
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื.
19:48
But they eventually spread across the UK.
633
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
19:51
Victoria Dickinson is author of a book called
634
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ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื
19:53
Rabbit and she's been
635
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780
Rabbit ื•ื”ื™ื
19:54
telling the BBC Radio 4
636
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2030
ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4
19:56
programme Costing The Earth
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1086
Costing The Earth
19:57
about what helped them spread.
638
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
20:00
It was really by the middle
639
1200407
1983
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข
20:02
of the 17th Century when
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1202390
1140
ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
20:03
people really started to
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1530
ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
20:05
think about rabbit as
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1120
ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืจื ื‘ืช ื›ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
20:06
being particularly British...
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“...
20:08
and certainly there were more
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
20:09
rabbits in Britain than in
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ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ
20:10
the rest of Europe.
646
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1500
ื‘ืฉืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
20:12
There was a calculation done
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2000
ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘
20:14
that there are over 400
648
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1260
ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400
20:15
villages and towns in Britain
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1000
ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
20:16
with the word 'warren' in their name.
650
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ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'warren' ื‘ืฉืžื.
20:18
So, the rabbits
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ืื–, ื”ืืจื ื‘ื™ื
20:20
were raised in Britain but
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ
20:22
they really kept to their
653
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1880
ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ
20:24
warrens until there was
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ื”ื•ื•ืจื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
20:26
the rise of fox hunting -
655
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ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืฆื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื -
20:29
when their predators
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1000
ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
20:30
disappeared rabbits do
657
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1410
ื ืขืœืžื• ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
20:32
what rabbits do best, and
658
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1690
ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ
20:33
they started to multiply
659
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
20:35
and become wild, feral
660
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš
20:38
rabbits throughout the land.
661
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ืœืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.
20:40
So, Victoria knows a thing
662
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ืื–, ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจ
20:41
or two about rabbits - and
663
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1400
ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช -
20:43
said the word 'warren'
664
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ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื•ื•ืจืŸ' ืฉื‘ื”
20:45
used in town and village
665
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1400
ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื
20:46
names, is evidence that
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1210
, ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
20:47
they've been in the UK
667
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1030
ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
20:48
since the mid-17th Century.
668
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ืžืื– ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-17.
20:50
A warren is the area
669
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ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
20:51
underground where rabbits
670
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•
20:53
live with lots of holes
671
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1220
ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื
20:54
and connected passages.
672
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
20:56
But today we use the word
673
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
20:57
warren to mean a building
674
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ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
20:59
or a part of a town where
675
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1600
ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”
21:00
there are lots of confusing
676
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1500
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
21:02
passageways or streets.
677
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1650
ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
21:03
It's a kind of place
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1000
ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื
21:04
where you get lost.
679
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1000
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
21:05
But it was rabbit warrens
680
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืœื”
21:07
where rabbits would live
681
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื• ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช
21:08
until hunting, particularly
682
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืฆื™ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
21:10
fox hunting, was introduced
683
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1910
ืฆื™ื“ ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื,
21:12
and that killed many of the rabbit's predators.
684
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2474
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื ื‘.
21:14
A predator is an animal that hunts
685
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ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืฉืฆื“ื”
21:16
and kills another animal.
686
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
21:18
Now, Victoria was talking
687
1278690
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ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื”
21:20
about feral rabbits - so,
688
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2460
ืขืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื - ืื–,
21:22
wild rabbits - not the
689
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ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื - ืœื
21:23
sort people keep at pets in a rabbit hutch.
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ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืชืช ืืจื ื‘ื™ื.
21:26
Moving on - I'm interested to know why
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืื” - ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื”
21:29
not everyone loves these
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช
21:30
cute little creatures, I mean,
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช,
21:33
think of the rabbit characters in the
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™
21:34
Beatrix Potter stories.
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ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืคื•ื˜ืจ.
21:36
Well, they weren't always well behaved.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืคื”.
21:38
And Victoria Dickinson
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ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ
21:39
spoke to the Costing the
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Costing the
21:41
Earth programme about this.
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Earth ืขืœ ื–ื”.
21:42
What word did she use to
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื›ื“ื™
21:43
describe rabbits having the
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ืœืชืืจ ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
21:45
two opposite sides
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
21:46
to their character?
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ืœืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”ื?
21:48
The rabbit is a paradoxical
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ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื”ื•ื
21:50
animal; it has a lot of
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ื—ื™ื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช; ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
21:51
faces if you will.
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ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
21:52
It's both
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ื–ื”
21:53
wild and tame, it's timid
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ืคืจื•ืข ื•ืžืื•ืœืฃ ื›ืื—ื“, ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ
21:56
but also has its reputation
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•
21:58
as trickster rabbit - if
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ื›ืืจื ื‘ ื˜ืจื™ืงืกื˜ืจ - ืื
21:59
you think of Peter Cottontail,
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืงื•ื˜ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ,
22:01
or you think of Br'er Rabbits -
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ืื• ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืจ'ืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื˜ืก -
22:02
and I think our relationship
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
22:04
with rabbit is the rabbit of
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ืขื ื”ืืจื ื‘ ื”ื ื”ืืจื ื‘ ืฉืœ
22:06
the nursery rhyme, the
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ื”ื—ืจื•ื–,
22:07
rabbit of childhood or
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ื”ืืจื ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืื•
22:09
you think of Peter Rabbit.
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ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื˜.
22:12
She said that rabbits are
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื
22:14
paradoxical animals - that's
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ื™ื - ื–ื•
22:16
the word that describes
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืชืืจืช
22:17
them having two
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ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™
22:18
opposing characteristics.
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ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.
22:19
Yes - we think of them as
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ื›ืŸ - ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื
22:21
wild, maybe a trickster -
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ืคืจืื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจื™ืงืกื˜ืจ -
22:22
someone who deceives people
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืจืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
22:24
to get what they want.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื.
22:25
Like Peter...
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ...
22:26
what a cheeky rabbit!
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ืื™ื–ื” ืืจื ื‘ ื—ืฆื•ืฃ!
22:27
But we also think of rabbits
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช
22:29
as tame - we have nursery rhymes
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ื›ืืœ ืžืื•ืœืคื•ืช - ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
22:31
about them, kids have soft
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ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ
22:32
cuddly rabbit toys.
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ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ ืืจื ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืจื›ื™ื.
22:34
I say that they're the perfect symbol for Easter.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื.
22:37
OK, Rob, if you say so.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจื•ื‘, ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ.
22:39
But now let me answer the
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ
22:40
question I set you earlier.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืœืš ืงื•ื“ื.
22:42
In the last survey of the
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ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ
22:44
rabbits in 1995, how many
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ื”ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื‘-1995, ื›ืžื”
22:46
were estimated to exist in the UK?
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ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”? ื”ืื
22:48
Was it a) 370,500
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื) 370,500
22:49
b) 3,750,000
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ื‘) 3,750,000
22:54
or c) 37,500,000?
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ืื• ื’) 37,500,000?
22:58
Rob, what did you say?
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ืจื•ื‘, ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
22:59
I said b) 3,750,000.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘) 3,750,000.
23:03
Well, you're wrong, Rob!
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขื”, ืจื•ื‘!
23:05
A government survey put
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ืกืงืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื“
23:06
the population in the
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ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
23:07
UK at 37.5 million - so, a lot more.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขืœ 37.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ - ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
23:12
But despite its reputation, a recent
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
23:14
survey suggests rabbit
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ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืขืœื”
23:16
numbers in the UK have
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ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
23:17
declined by around 60 percent over the
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ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื›-60% ื‘ืžื”ืœืš
23:20
last 20 years.
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20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
23:21
That is sad news.
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ืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช.
23:23
But let's cheer ourselves up
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
23:24
with a recap of the
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ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ
23:25
vocabulary we've discussed today, starting
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ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื—ืœ
23:27
with a fan of.
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ืžืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœื•.
23:29
When someone is a fan of
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขืจื™ืฅ
23:30
something, they are keen
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ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืœื”ื‘
23:32
on it, they like it a lot.
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ืžืžื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“.
23:33
If you're not a fan of something -
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ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• -
23:35
you don't like it.
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ืืชื” ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
23:36
We mentioned 'endemic' -
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• 'ืื ื“ืžื™' -
23:38
meaning 'very common or
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•
23:39
strongly established in
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžืื•ื“
23:40
a place or situation.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘.
23:42
And we talked about a
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ
23:43
'warren' - an underground
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'ื•ื•ืจืŸ' - ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™
23:44
area where rabbits live,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื ื‘ื™ื,
23:46
but also a building or
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•
23:47
a part of a town where
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ื—ืœืง ืžืขื™ื™ืจื”
23:49
there are lots of
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
23:50
confusing passageways
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ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื
23:51
or streets where it is
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ืื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื
23:52
easy to get lost.
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ืงืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
23:54
A 'predator' is an animal
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'ื˜ื•ืจืฃ' ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื”
23:55
that hunts and kills another animal.
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ืฉืฆื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
23:57
'Paradoxical' describes
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'ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™' ืžืชืืจ
23:58
things that have two
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™
23:59
opposing characteristics
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ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
24:01
making it hard to understand.
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ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”.
24:02
And a 'trickster' is
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ื•'ื˜ืจื™ืงืกื˜ืจ' ื”ื•ื
24:04
someone who deceives people
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืจืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
24:05
to get what they want.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
24:06
Well, I'm no trickster,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ืกื˜,
24:08
it really has been six
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ื‘ืืžืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืฉ
24:09
minutes so it's time to call it a day.
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ื“ืงื•ืช ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื™ื•ื.
24:11
Please, join us next time.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”.
24:12
Bye for now.
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
24:13
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
24:20
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
24:22
BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English.
24:23
I'm Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
24:24
And I'm Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
24:25
In English, there are
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ื
24:26
many expressions which use
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื
24:28
an adjective to compare
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ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
24:29
humans with animals.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
24:31
For example, you might
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ
24:33
say, 'She's as busy as a bee.'
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ืœื•ืžืจ, 'ื”ื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”'.
24:34
'As hungry as a horse.'
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'ืจืขื‘ ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืก'.
24:37
But you probably won't
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื•
24:38
hear someone say...
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ...
24:40
'She's as clever as a chimpanzee'
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'ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”'
24:42
...which is strange,
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... ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ,
24:44
because of all the animals
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
24:45
it's our close cousins,
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1904
ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
24:47
chimpanzees, or chimps
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืื•
24:49
for short, who are most like us.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•.
24:52
Just like humans, chimps
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
24:54
are highly intelligent.
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
24:56
They live in social groups
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
24:57
and just like humans these
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
24:58
groups have leaders.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื.
25:00
Also, like humans, chimps
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœืฉืžืคื ื–ื™ื
25:01
have a desire for power.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื—.
25:03
In fact, chimpanzees have
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ
25:05
their own politics which is
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืœื”ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื”
25:07
surprisingly similar to human politics,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
25:10
as we'll be discovering in this programme.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
25:13
Research shows that the
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
25:14
reason chimpanzee behaviour
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ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”
25:16
so closely resembles human
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื”
25:18
politics is because
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ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื”
25:19
biologically we are almost identical.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื™ื.
25:22
Did you know that
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ื”ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉืฉื™ืžื ื–ื”
25:23
a chimp is more like a
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ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื
25:24
human than like a gorilla?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”?
25:26
So, Sam, my quiz question
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ืื–, ืกื, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
25:28
is this: biologically,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื•: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
25:29
how close are chimpanzees to humans?
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ื›ืžื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
25:32
Is it a) 79%,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื) 79%,
25:34
b) 89% or c) 99%?
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ื‘) 89% ืื• ื’) 99%?
25:38
Well, Neil, if chimps and
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ, ืื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™
25:40
humans are almost identical,
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ืื“ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื™ื,
25:42
I'll guess c) 99%.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ื’) 99%.
25:45
OK, Sam, we'll find out the
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ืœื” ืืช
25:46
correct answer at the end of the programme.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
25:49
In human societies, of course, not
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื
25:51
everyone gets to be a political leader.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
25:53
It's usually the most powerful
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
25:55
or ambitious person who becomes president.
843
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2013
ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ืื• ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ืฉื™ื.
25:57
In chimpanzee society
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
25:59
this is called the 'alpha male' - the most
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื' - ื”ื–ื›ืจ
26:02
successful and powerful
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ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
26:04
male who leads the group.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
26:06
Professor Frans de Waal is
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจื ืก ื“ื” ื•ืืœ ื”ื•ื
26:07
an expert on chimpanzee behaviour.
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”.
26:09
Here he is on BBC World Service
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC
26:12
programme, The Why Factor,
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, The Why Factor,
26:13
telling presenter, James Tilley, about one
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืœืžื’ื™ืฉ, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื˜ื™ืœื™, ืขืœ
26:15
example of chimp behaviour
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”
26:17
which closely mirrors human politics.
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ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
26:21
Older males who are over
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืขืœ
26:23
the hill and cannot be
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ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
26:24
alpha males any more,
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ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
26:26
they start grooming a
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคื—
26:27
certain young male who
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ื–ื›ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื
26:29
they think has a future,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืชื™ื“,
26:30
and they may end up making
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ื•ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
26:31
that young male the
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ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ
26:32
alpha male with their help,
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ืœื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื,
26:34
meaning that they are
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื
26:35
essential to the power
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœื›ื•ื—ื•
26:36
of that young male...
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”...
26:37
They're the power behind the throne, really...
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืช...
26:39
Yeah - these older males...
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ื›ืŸ - ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”...
26:41
and you see that in human
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ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”
26:42
politics all the time,
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26:42
these older males who have a lot of
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ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
26:44
influence still...
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื”...
26:46
Professor de Waal calls
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื” ื•ืืœ ืžื›ื ื”
26:47
chimps who are too old
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™
26:49
to be alpha males,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื,
26:50
'over the hill' - a phrase
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'ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”' - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
26:53
describing someone who is
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ื”ืžืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
26:54
old and no longer useful or attractive.
878
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ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืžื•ืฉืš.
26:57
Older chimps try to control
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
26:59
younger males in order to
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ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™
27:00
maintain their own power and influence.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื.
27:03
In other words, they
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
27:04
are the power behind the
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™
27:05
throne - an expression
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ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
27:07
meaning someone with no official
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•
27:08
power but who secretly controls
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ื›ื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™ ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืกืชืจ
27:10
things in the background.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข.
27:12
Another example of chimp politics
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”
27:14
is when several weaker males gang
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื
27:17
up and overthrow a stronger
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ื•ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
27:19
alpha male.
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.
27:21
By working together
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
27:22
weaker chimps can increase their
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
27:23
power and the benefits, like
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•
27:26
food, which power brings.
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ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืžื‘ื™ื.
27:29
According to Simon Hicks, professor
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืก, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
27:30
of political science at the
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ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
27:32
London School of Economics, human
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
27:34
alliances work in exactly the same way.
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ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ.
27:37
Here is Professor Hicks speaking
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ืงืก ืžื“ื‘ืจ
27:39
with BBC World Service programme,
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ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service,
27:40
The Why Factor.
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The Why Factor.
27:41
So, for example, if you imagine
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
27:44
three parties in a parliament,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
27:45
one big one and two small ones,
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ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
27:47
you might think that naturally
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ืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
27:49
the most likely coalition is
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ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื
27:50
the big party with either one
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1420
ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ืื—ืช
27:51
of the two small ones, whereas,
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ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“
27:53
in fact, minimum winning
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1000
ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื
27:54
coalition prediction would
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1000
ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช
27:55
suggest the two smaller ones
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1040
ืชืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
27:56
should get together, if together
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืื ื™ื—ื“
27:57
they can reach more than
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž
27:58
50 percent of the seats,
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-50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
28:00
because they can divide up
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืง
28:01
the spoils between the two of them.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
28:02
Whereas, if either one
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ืื—ื“
28:03
of them form a coalition
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ืžื”ื ื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”
28:05
with a big party, the big party
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ืขื ืžืคืœื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
28:06
would dominate, and they
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ืชืฉืœื•ื˜, ื•ื”ื
28:07
wouldn't get many of the
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ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
28:08
spoils for themselves.
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ืžื”ืฉืœืœ ืœืขืฆืžื.
28:11
Professor Hicks recommends
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ืงืก ืžืžืœื™ืฅ
28:12
that smaller political parties
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ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
28:13
get together - join together in
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ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ - ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ
28:16
a group to combine their power.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ.
28:18
These smaller parties could
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
28:20
form a coalition - a collection
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” - ืื•ืกืฃ
28:22
of different political groups
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
28:24
who unite for a limited time
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ื”ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
28:26
to form a government.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”.
28:28
In human politics, making coalitions
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ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช
28:30
improves your chances of
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ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš
28:31
winning an election.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
28:33
And in chimpanzee politics, coalitions
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ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช, ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช
28:35
are a good way for young male chimps
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ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
28:37
to defeat the alpha male and
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื
28:39
divide up the spoils between themselves.
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ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
28:42
Here, the word
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ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืœื”
28:44
spoils means the benefits
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ืฉืœืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
28:46
obtained by winning a war or
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืžื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•
28:48
being in a strong position.
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ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
28:50
For ambitious alpha chimps
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ืืœืคื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช,
28:51
the spoils might include getting
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ื”ืฉืœืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ
28:53
first choice of food
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
28:54
and female partners.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’.
28:56
While for human politicians'
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
28:57
power can bring wealth and fame as well.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
29:00
And there's something else
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
29:02
alpha chimpanzees and human
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ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืืœืคื ื•ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
29:03
politicians have in common -
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-
29:05
they like to show their
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช
29:06
softer side by kissing babies!
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืงืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช!
29:08
It looks like chimps and humans
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
29:11
share many similar behaviours
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
29:13
after all - which reminds me of
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ - ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช
29:15
your quiz question, Neil.
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ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื ื™ืœ.
29:17
Yes, in my quiz question
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
29:18
I asked Sam how similar we are to chimps.
960
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
29:21
What did you say, Sam?
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ืžื” ืืžืจืช, ืกืื?
29:23
I said that, biologically
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ืืžืจืชื™
29:25
speaking, we're c) 99% the same.
963
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ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื’) 99% ื–ื”ื™ื.
29:29
Which is... the correct answer!
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ืฉื–ื•... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
29:30
Well done, Sam - you're as
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืกืื - ืืชื”
29:31
clever as a chimp!
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ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”!
29:32
Ah, thanks, Neil!
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841
ืื”, ืชื•ื“ื”, ื ื™ืœ!
29:33
And you're definitely not over the hill!
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”!
29:36
Let's recap the vocabulary from
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ
29:38
today's programme about chimp politics,
970
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
29:41
starting with alpha male - the most
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื -
29:44
successful and powerful male in any group.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
29:47
Over the hill is used to
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืฉ
29:48
describe someone who is old
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ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ืงืŸ
29:50
and no longer useful or attractive.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืžื•ืฉืš.
29:53
Someone who is the power behind
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืก
29:55
the throne secretly controls
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ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜
29:57
things but has no official power.
978
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2710
ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™.
30:00
Get together means join
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ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
30:01
together as a group.
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ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
30:03
A coalition is when different
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ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ
30:04
political groups temporarily
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
30:06
unite to form a government.
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ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”.
30:08
And finally, the spoils are
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2760
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฉืœืœ ื”ื•ื
30:10
benefits or advantages
985
1810910
1550
ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
30:12
gained by winning a war.
986
1812460
1861
ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
30:14
That's all for this programme.
987
1814321
1863
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
30:16
Bye for now!
988
1816184
872
ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
30:17
Goodbye!
989
1817056
1334
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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