3D printers - 6 Minute English

114,301 views ใƒป 2022-12-22

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:07
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:08
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:10
I'm Sam.
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ืื ื™ ืกืื.
00:11
And I'm Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:12
In 1436 in Germany, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1436 ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก
00:17
- a machine capable of making
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- ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
00:20
many copies of the same page of text.
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ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื˜ืงืกื˜.
00:23
Ever since,
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ืžืื–,
00:24
printing has been used around the world
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ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:26
to produce books, newspapers and magazines.
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ืœื”ืคืงืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื.
00:29
Printing technology has come a long way
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”
00:32
since Gutenberg's time, but even today's most
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ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื
00:35
advanced laser printers have only printed flat,
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ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื• ืจืง
00:38
two-dimensional objects... until now.
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื... ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:42
In this programme, we're discussing 3D printers
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“
00:45
โ€“ printers which can build solid,
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- ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
00:46
three-dimensional objects out of
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
00:48
a variety of materials including plastic,
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
00:51
concrete and metal.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื›ืช.
00:53
Now, Neil, when you say a printer that
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ืœ, ื›ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื“ืคืกืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื”
00:56
can make solid objects, I guess you're not
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืœื
00:58
talking about a normal printer...
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืคืกืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”...
01:00
That's right, Sam.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืกืื.
01:02
These large and
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01:03
complex 3D printers work in a completely different way.
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ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:07
Unlike a sculptor who chips away at a block of stone
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืคืกืœ ืฉืžืฆืœื™ืฃ ื’ื•ืฉ ืื‘ืŸ
01:10
to reveal a shape underneath, 3D printers work in
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
01:14
the opposite way, building up physical objects by adding
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ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช
01:17
material layer on layer.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื”.
01:20
And the ability to print objects
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
01:22
in this way is providing solutions to many problems,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ,
01:26
as we'll be finding out...
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื”...
01:27
But first I have a question for you, Neil.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ.
01:30
Before Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื•,
01:33
copies of texts were made by block printing, using hand-carved
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ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“
01:37
wooden blocks pressed into ink.
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ืฉื ื“ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื™ื•.
01:40
So - what was the oldest
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:41
known text to be printed this way?
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•?
01:44
Was it:
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
01:45
a) a religious teaching?, b) a cooking recipe? or,
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ื) ื”ื•ืจืื” ื“ืชื™ืช?, ื‘) ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ? ืื•,
01:48
c) a love letter?
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ื’) ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื”ื‘ื”?
01:49
I think it might have been a recipe.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ.
01:52
OK, Neil.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ. ืืช
01:53
I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:55
The idea of printing solid objects is not new,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:58
but it was only after the millennium that tech
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ืืš ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื
02:01
companies began to realise how it could be done.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:04
Here's Professor Mark Miodownik,
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืืจืง ืžื™ื•ื“ื•ื ื™ืง,
02:06
a material scientist at University College, London,
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ืžื“ืขืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื’', ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
02:09
explaining more to BBC World Service programme,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service,
02:12
People Fixing The World:
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People Fixing The World:
02:14
As the millennium turned, patents expired
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ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื, ืคื’ ืชื•ืงืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
02:17
and that meant people started making really
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
02:18
cheap 3D printers.
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ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
02:20
And people started mucking
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
02:21
about with them and going, 'Hold on a minute!
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ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืื™ืชื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, 'ื—ื›ื” ืจื’ืข!
02:23
- it's not just an industrial tool...
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- ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™...
02:25
You can put them in schools,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
02:26
you can put them in universities...
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช...
02:28
Ohh, it's actually
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ืื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
02:29
really great for prototyping'.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก'.
02:31
And then people
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ื•ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื
02:32
got excited about it and it became
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ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ืžื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš
02:33
the answer to everything.
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ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื›ืœ.
02:34
Everything
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ื”ื›ืœ
02:35
was going to be 3D-printed!
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ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“!
02:36
After the year 2000, 3D printers
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“
02:38
suddenly got much cheaper and tech
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ืคืชืื•ื ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช
02:41
companies started mucking about with them โ€“
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืื™ืชื -
02:44
spending time playing with them in a fun way.
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ื ื”.
02:46
They realised that 3D printers had many uses
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
02:49
- for example, they discovered that 3D printers
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- ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“
02:52
were great at making prototypes โ€“
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก -
02:55
models of a product that can be tested,
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง,
02:57
improved and used to develop better products.
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ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
Professor Miodownik thinks these tech companies
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ Miodownik ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืœืœื•
03:02
were surprised at how useful 3D printing was.
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ื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“.
03:06
He uses the phrase Hold on a minute!
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื›ื” ืจื’ืข!
03:09
to express
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช
03:10
this surprise or disbelief.
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ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:12
In fact, in turned out that 3D printers
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“
03:14
were excellent at making bespoke things
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
03:17
โ€“ objects which are made specially for
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- ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ
03:19
a particular person.
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ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื.
03:21
One area which
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ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื“ืคืกืช
03:22
3D printing dramatically improved was
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ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉื™ืคืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื”
03:24
medical prosthetics - artificial body parts
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ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช - ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
03:28
made specially for someone who has lost
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ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“
03:30
an arm, a leg or a foot, for example.
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ื™ื“, ืจื’ืœ ืื• ืจื’ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ.
03:33
In 2021, Stephen Verze, who lost an eye
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืจื–, ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืขื™ืŸ
03:36
in a childhood accident, became the first person
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ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:39
to be fitted with a 3D-printed prosthetic eye.
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ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ืœื• ืขื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ .
03:43
It's prosthetic, so the new eye doesn't restore
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืชื‘, ืื– ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช
03:46
Stephen's sight, but it has boosted his confidence.
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ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
03:51
Surgeon Mandeep Sagoo, led the team at Moorsfield Hospital
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ืžื ื“ื™ืค ืกืื’ื•, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจืกืคื™ืœื“
03:54
that operated on Stephen's eye.
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ืฉื ื™ืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ.
03:56
Here he is
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
03:57
explaining more to BBC World Service's,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”-BBC World Service,
04:00
People Fixing The World:
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People Fixing The World:
04:02
In many countries, particularly the developed world,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—,
04:04
there are facilities for custom-making
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ื™ืฉ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช
04:06
a prosthetic eye to match the other eye,
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ืขื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
04:09
and that's an artisan process which
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ื•ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื•ืžืŸ
04:11
is very time-consuming and requires real
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ- ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช
04:14
artistry on the part of the ocularist โ€“
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ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ืŸ -
04:17
the ocularist is the person who fits the prosthetic eye โ€“
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช -
04:20
and so what we have been developing is
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื–ื•
04:23
a technique to automate the whole process.
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.
04:27
Even before 3D printers, prosthetic eyes
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช
04:29
were custom-made, a word similar to 'bespoke'
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ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ'ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช'
04:33
which means specially made according to
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื™
04:35
a particular person's requirements.
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื.
04:38
But the traditional way of making artificial eyes
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
04:41
by hand is very time-consuming โ€“
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ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื•ื–ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ -
04:43
it takes a lot of time to do.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:46
Nowadays, 3D printing can complete the
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช
04:48
whole process in just thirty minutes.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:50
It's great to see technology helping people,
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
04:53
and amazing how far new inventions like
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ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•
04:55
3D printers have come since the days
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ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืžืื– ื™ืžื™
04:58
of Johannes Gutenberg... speaking of which,
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ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’... ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
05:00
Neil, it's time to reveal the answer to my question.
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ื ื™ืœ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ .
05:03
Right.
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ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
05:04
You asked me about the earliest known text to
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ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข
05:07
have been printed using wooden blocks,
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ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ,
05:09
and I guesses it was a cooking recipe...
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ...
05:12
So, was I right?
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ืื–, ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
05:13
You were... wrong, I'm afraid, Neil!
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ืืชื” ื˜ืขื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ื ื™ืœ!
05:16
The oldest known wooden block print was
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ื”ื“ืคืก ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื”
05:18
actually a religious text โ€“
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื“ืชื™ -
05:20
the Buddha's Diamond Sutra.
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ืกื•ื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”.
05:22
OK, let's recap the vocabulary from this programme,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:26
starting with mucking about, an informal way to say
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ
05:29
playing with something carelessly, not for a serious reason.
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ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
05:33
A prototype is a model of a product
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ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ
05:35
that can be tested, improved and used to
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
05:37
develop a better product.
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:39
The phrase Hold on a minute!
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื›ื” ืจื’ืข!
05:41
can be
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ
05:42
used to express surprise or disbelief.
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ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืคืชืขื” ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ.
05:44
Prosthetics refer to artificial body parts
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ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
05:46
such as arms, legs, feet or eyes, which are
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื
05:49
used to replace a missing natural part.
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ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื—ืœืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื—ืกืจ.
05:52
The words bespoke, and custom-made describe something
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
05:56
specially made for a particular person.
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื.
05:59
And finally, if something is time-consuming,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
06:01
it takes a lot of time to do.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:03
Goodbye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:06
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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