Deep-sea mining - 6 Minute English

107,614 views ใƒป 2022-12-08

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:08
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
00:10
BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:12
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:13
Here at Six Minute English,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-Six Minute English,
00:15
we often discuss the new inventions
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
00:17
and ideas scientists dream up to
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ื•ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™
00:20
fight climate change โ€“ technologies
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ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื - ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
00:22
like geo-engineering which could
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื”
00:23
reduce global warming by
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
00:25
reflecting sunlight back into space.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ.
00:27
Often these ideas are controversial
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
00:30
because scientists disagree
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื
00:32
over whether the technology is
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:34
possible, and whether, in some
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ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
00:35
cases, it could do
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, ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืง
00:37
more harm than good.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืขืœืช.
00:38
In this programme, weโ€™ll be
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ื’ืœื”
00:40
finding out about a new idea
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
00:42
to collect lumps of precious metals,
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ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
00:44
called nodules, from the bottom
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ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื•ืฉื™ื, ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช
00:47
of the ocean. The idea, known
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
00:49
as deep-sea mining, could
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ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง, ื™ื›ื•ืœ
00:51
provide the metals like copper,
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ืœืกืคืง ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื—ื•ืฉืช,
00:53
nickel and cobalt which are
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ื ื™ืงืœ ื•ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜
00:55
needed for the green technology
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”
00:57
used in electric car batteries
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช
00:59
and other renewable energy.
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช.
01:01
But could deep-sea mining
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื”
01:04
actually damage delicate
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ืœืคื’ื•ืข
01:05
ocean eco-systems as well?
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ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก?
01:07
Weโ€™ll be hearing from two experts
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
01:10
and learning some new vocabulary
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ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ
01:11
soon, but first I have a question
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”
01:13
for you, Sam. Mammals like
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ืืœื™ืš, ืกืื. ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื›ืžื•
01:15
dolphins and whales represent
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
01:18
a tiny amount of all marine
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืžื›ืœ
01:20
biodiversity - the thousands of
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ - ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™
01:22
animal species living in the sea.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
01:24
Even all the different types of fish
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:26
combined make up less than 3% of
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-3%
01:29
all living things in the ocean. So,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ืื–
01:31
according to recent estimates by
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ
01:33
Unesco oceanographers, how many
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื•, ืœื›ืžื”
01:36
different marine species have their
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช
01:38
home in the ocean? Is it:
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ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
01:40
a) 70,000?
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ื) 70,000?
01:41
b) 170,000?
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ื‘) 170,000?
01:44
c) 700,000?
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ื’) 700,000?
01:45
Iโ€™ll guess there are around 170,000
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 170,000
01:49
animal species living in the sea.
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ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
01:51
OK, Sam, Iโ€™ll reveal the answer at
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:53
the end of the programme.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:54
Deep-sea mining is supported by
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ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
01:57
some scientists because it could
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”
01:59
provide the raw materials,
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ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื,
02:01
especially metals, needed to power
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืขืช
02:03
electric cars. Amongst them is,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
02:06
Bramley Murton, a professor of
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ื‘ืจืžืœื™ ืžืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
02:08
marine biology at Southamptonโ€™s
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ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ืช
02:10
National Oceanographic Centre.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืื•ืช'ื”ืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:12
Here he outlines the problem to BBC
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœ-BBC
02:14
World Serviceโ€™s, Science in Action.
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World Service, Science in Action.
02:17
As in so many things in life, there's
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ
02:19
a real kind of paradox or a conundrum.
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ืกื•ื’ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืื• ื—ื™ื“ื”.
02:22
The global grid capacity by 2050
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ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืขื“ 2050
02:24
will have to increase by three times.
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
02:27
Electrical car ownership is set to
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื”
02:29
increase by a factor of 25. Solar and
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 25. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—
02:33
wind generation is going to grow by
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ
02:34
a factor of a hundred. All of these
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ืฉืœ ืžืื”. ื›ืœ
02:37
things which we need to do to
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™
02:39
decarbonise are going to require raw
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ื“ืจืฉื•
02:40
materials and metals in particular.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:42
So, as a society weโ€™re faced with
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ืื–, ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื
02:45
this conundrum. We
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ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืื ื—ื ื•
02:46
need to decarbonise.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
02:47
Professor Murton describes the
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช
02:49
situation using two words. Firstly, he
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื
02:53
calls it a conundrum โ€“ a problem
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ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ื” - ื‘ืขื™ื”
02:55
that is very difficult to solve. He
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืชื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื
02:58
also calls it a paradox โ€“ a situation
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ื’ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก - ืžืฆื‘
03:01
that seems impossible because
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื™
03:02
it contains two opposite ideas.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื.
03:05
Deep-sea mining could damage
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ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข
03:07
the ocean, but paradoxically
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™
03:09
it might provide rare metals
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกืคืง ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
03:12
needed to decarbonise the planet.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:14
At the heart of the problem is
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ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
03:16
that, in the future, green activities
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ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช
03:19
like driving electric cars and
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ื›ืžื• ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
03:21
using solar power is going to
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ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช
03:23
increase by a factor of a hundred.
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื”.
03:26
If something increases by
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ืœ
03:28
a factor of a certain number, it
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ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื•ื
03:31
becomes multiplied that many times.
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ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
03:33
But another marine biologist,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ืื—ืจืช,
03:35
Helen Scales, isnโ€™t convinced.
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ื”ืœืŸ ืกืงื™ื™ืœ, ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืช.
03:37
Here she explains her doubts to
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœ-
03:40
BBC World Serviceโ€™s, Science in Action.
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BBC World Service, Science in Action.
03:43
My concern at this point is that
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ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื
03:45
deep-sea mining and deep-sea nodules
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ืฉื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื
03:47
in particular are being seen as
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ
03:49
a silver bullet to solve the climate
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ื›ืกืฃ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ
03:52
crisis, and in such a way as well
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื”
03:54
that I think, that we can hopefully
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™, ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื•ืช
03:55
rely on life carrying on pretty
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ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•
03:57
much as normal. My concern is
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื
03:59
that it really will be opening a door
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคืชื— ื“ืœืช
04:00
to something much more than
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:02
those tests โ€“ itโ€™s leading down
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ืžื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” - ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ
04:05
a rather slippery slope I think,
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ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงืœืง ืœืžื“ื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
04:07
towards this getting permission
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ืœืงืจืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ
04:09
for deep-sea mining to be
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ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
04:10
open on a commercial scale.
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ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™.
04:11
Helen worries that deep-sea mining
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ื”ืœืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื
04:14
will be seen as a silver bullet
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ืชื™ืจืื” ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ
04:16
to the climate crisis โ€“ a simple and
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ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื - ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™
04:19
instant solution to a complicated
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”
04:20
problem. She thinks the tests
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. ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช
04:23
which have been permitted to assess
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืจื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช
04:25
the difficulty of mining underwater
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ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
04:27
could open the door to mining on
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ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื”
04:29
a large scale which would damage
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ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืคื’ืข
04:31
fragile marine eco-systems
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช
04:34
beyond repair. If you open the door
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ืœืœื ืชืงื ื”. ืื ืืชื” ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช
04:36
to something, you allow something
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ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื•
04:38
new to start, or make it possible.
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ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืชื•.
04:40
Helen thinks starting deep-sea
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ื”ืœืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืช
04:42
mining leads down a slippery
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ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”
04:44
slope โ€“ a situation or habit that
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ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงืœืง - ืžืฆื‘ ืื• ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืงืฉื”
04:46
is difficult to stop and is likely
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
04:48
to get worse and worse. And that
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ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ื–ื”
04:51
could spell the end for thousands
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœืคื™
04:53
of marine animal and plant species.
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ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
04:55
Yes, our oceans need protection as
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื”
04:57
much as our land and skies - which
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• - ืžื”
05:00
reminds me of my question, Sam.
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™, ืกืื.
05:02
Yes, you asked how many different
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืช ื›ืžื”
05:04
marine species live in the ocean
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
05:05
and I guessed it was b) 170,000.
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ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘) 170,000.
05:09
Which was the wrong answer,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
05:12
Iโ€™m afraid! There are estimated to
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ! ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช
05:14
be around 700,000 marine species,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›-700,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:17
only about 226,000 of which have
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ืจืง ื›-226,000 ืžื”ื
05:21
been identified so far. OK, letโ€™s
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ื–ื•ื”ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื•
05:23
recap the vocabulary weโ€™ve
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ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
05:25
learned from the programme,
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05:25
starting with conundrum โ€“ a
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ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื” -
05:28
problem thatโ€™s very difficult to fix.
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืงืŸ.
05:30
A paradox describes a situation
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ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืžืชืืจ ืžืฆื‘
05:32
that seems impossible because
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื™
05:34
it contains two opposite ideas.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื.
05:36
If something grows by a factor
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ
05:39
of ten, it becomes
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ืคื™
05:40
multiplied ten times.
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ืขืฉืจ.
05:42
The term, a silver bullet, means
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ื”ืžื•ื ื—, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
05:45
a simple solution to a complicated
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช
05:47
problem - often a solution
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- ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
05:49
that doesnโ€™t actually exist.
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ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
05:50
A slippery slope is a situation
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ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงืœืง ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘
05:53
or course of action that is
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ืื• ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืงืฉื”
05:55
difficult to stop and is likely
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
05:57
to get worse and worse.
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ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
05:58
And finally, the idiom to open
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื—
06:00
the door to something means
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ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
06:02
to allow something new to
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ
06:04
start or to make it possible.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:06
Once again, our six minutes
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:07
are up. Bye for now!
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ื ื’ืžืจื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:09
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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