Companies vs countries - BBC Learning English

47,894 views ใƒป 2021-10-13

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:01
Multinational corporations can be really big โ€“
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ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช -
00:05
bigger even than some countries.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:08
But does that mean they're more powerful than a country?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”?
00:12
We'll show you how the law keeps things balanced.
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ื ืจืื” ืœืš ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
00:16
How can countries stop multinational companies if they break the law?
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ืื™ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง?
00:21
And why do they end up fighting each other in court?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜?
00:25
And... let's find out how companies structure themselves
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ื•... ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
00:29
to limit the power of a state.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:32
They're used to getting away with it.
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ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื–ื”.
00:34
For decades, no one's held them to account.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
00:37
They've never been subject to any serious pressure.
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
00:45
So, as these companies grow, is the law keeping up?
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช, ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘?
00:50
Do countries or companies have more power, legally?
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ื”ืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช?
00:55
Let's look at Canada, one of the most sued countries in the world.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืงื ื“ื”, ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:01
Canada has been sued lots, because of something called
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ืงื ื“ื” ื ืชื‘ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืกื›ื
01:05
the North American Free Trade Agreement: NAFTA.
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ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” : NAFTA.
01:10
NAFTA was the free trade deal between Canada, the USA and Mexico.
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NAFTA ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ื“ื”, ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
01:16
But, it also made it easier for investors to sue governments
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
01:21
if they thought the deal was broken.
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ืื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืขืกืงื” ื ืฉื‘ืจื”.
01:24
ย  Canada soon became the most sued developed country in the world โ€“
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ืงื ื“ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืฉื ืชื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื -
01:28
with 35 claims against it.
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ืขื 35 ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื”.
01:32
Foreign companies forced changes in Canadian law on toxic waste imports
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจืขื™ืœื”
01:38
and sued for millions of dollars over oil drilling regulations.
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ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื ืคื˜.
01:43
Campaigners were unhappy and it was eventually replaced
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ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
01:46
by the United States-Mexico-Canada agreement,
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ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช-ืžืงืกื™ืงื•-ืงื ื“ื” ,
01:50
which limited the power of multinational companies
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ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
01:53
to take countries to court.
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
01:57
Maude Barlow campaigned against the trade agreement,
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ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืœื• ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืกื—ืจ,
02:01
which she saw as deeply unfair.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื›ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
02:04
She explained how she thinks companies got to be so powerful.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
02:08
These corporations just expanded out
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ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•
02:11
so that their production is in this country,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:14
and their tax haven's in this country,
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ื•ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ื”ืžืก ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:15
and their administration's here, and so on...
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”...
02:17
their head office might be somewhere else.
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ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
02:20
And so they truly are global corporations:
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื:
02:23
they really don't belong to nations... nation states.
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช... ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื.
02:25
And they want to influence law โ€“
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง -
02:29
both nation-state law, but international law,
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ื’ื ื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:32
or lack of international law โ€“ so that they can do what they want.
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ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ - ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
02:36
Maude thinks some multinational companies use their size and spread
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ืžื•ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ
02:41
to influence and avoid the law.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืง.
02:44
She explained whether she thought laws
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื
02:46
helped countries or companies more.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
02:50
And here's the important thing: that what...
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืžื”...
02:51
the kind of laws that corporations get, in free trade agreements,
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
02:56
give them legal right to sue governments
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ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
03:00
if they don't like their laws, if they can...
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื...
03:02
if they show that their laws can... are affecting their...
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ืื ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื... ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ
03:05
their right to profit โ€“ negatively affecting their right to make money.
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ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœืจื•ื•ื— - ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ.
03:09
Whereas there's nothing currently internationally, at the...
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
03:13
at the treaty level, at the UN level,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืืžื ื”, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•"ื,
03:15
that really does impose restrictions on these corporations.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
03:20
Maude says corporations can get rights from trade agreements,
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ืžื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ,
03:24
but aren't limited as much by treaties.
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช.
03:28
She thinks companies have ended up with more power than countries.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:33
She explained how:
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืื™ืš:
03:34
That's the interesting thing: it's not that all the countries got together
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•
03:37
and said, 'Let's give these corporations legal rights that we don't have.'
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ื•ืืžืจื•, 'ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•'.
03:42
It happened piece by piece by piece.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื”.
03:44
It started with this North American Free Trade Agreement,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:47
but since then there are more than 3,000 bilateral investment agreements
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื– ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -3,000 ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื
03:53
between countries โ€“ so, that's between any two countries and they...
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช - ืื–, ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ...
03:56
then the corporation of this country can sue that government,
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ืื– ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:59
and the corporations of that country can sue that government.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:02
Maude says companies have gradually gained power
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ืžื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืจื• ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”
04:05
through lots of trade agreements.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ.
04:08
So, some strong opinions there from the campaigner, Maude Barlow.
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ืื–, ื›ืžื” ื“ืขื•ืช ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ืจื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืœื•.
04:13
States and multinationals often disagree.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:17
Does the way the companies are made protect them from the law?
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ื”ืื ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง?
04:22
For instance, a company is based in the United States,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
04:27
but it owns several 'subsidiary companies' in another country,
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ' ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืช' ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
04:32
like China and Russia, that are registered in those countries.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื”.
04:37
This kind of structure means the main company is protected from being sued
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”
04:42
because it's harder to sue a parent company
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื
04:45
for the actions of a subsidiary in another country.
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ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:50
So, what does that actually mean in reality?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?
04:53
Daniel Leader has taken major companies to court.
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื™ื“ืจ ืœืงื— ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
04:57
He explains how hard it is to punish a parent company
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื
05:01
for the actions of a subsidiary.
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ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช.
05:03
It is hard. We've had long legal battles
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื”. ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
05:06
that have gone all the way to the Supreme Court,
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
05:08
where parent companies try to limit
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ
05:11
the principle of parent company liability.
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ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื.
05:14
But, happily, the Supreme Court now has twice rejected
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ืืš, ืœืฉืžื—ืชื ื•, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ื›ืขืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืืช
05:19
the company's attempt to narrow parent company liability,
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื,
05:24
and has in fact unanimously expanded the scope
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืคื” ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ
05:27
of parent company liability,
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื,
05:30
and gone so far as to say if a parent company makes a public commitment
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ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื•ืืžืจ ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
05:35
about supervising or assisting its subsidiary and it fails to do so,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื™ืงื•ื—. ืื• ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
05:41
that in itself can give rise to legal liability.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
05:45
It is hard to punish a parent company, but some courts,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
05:48
like the UK Supreme Court,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
05:51
are doing more to hold parent companies responsible.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื.
05:54
How effective is the law in dealing with companies that break the rules?
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื?
05:59
It's getting more effective. It's...
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ. ื–ื•...
06:03
the fundamental problem is you've had corporate impunity for decades,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืš ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื ืฉ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
06:08
if not longer: corporations have not been held to account
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ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
06:12
for very serious human rights and environmental abuses.
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ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
06:16
But what's increasingly happening is the courts in many jurisdictions
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื
06:22
are saying this is no longer acceptable and they are indicating that
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš
06:26
they are willing to hold parent companies to account
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ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
06:30
for the harms that their subsidiaries have caused.
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:34
Daniel thinks for many years companies have avoided being punished
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ
06:39
for very serious things, but that is changing.
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ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
06:44
So, how does a company use its structure to avoid legal responsibility?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช?
06:49
Well, historically what they've done is
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ื”
06:51
they've hidden behind what's called the 'corporate veil'.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืกืชืชืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื 'ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™'.
06:53
They've said that the subsidiary is the one that's legally responsible
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
06:58
and the parent company should have no legal liability
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
07:02
at all for what happened.
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ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
07:04
But that is what we were unable...
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•...
07:05
we were able to unpick with the Supreme Court,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
07:09
where the Supreme Court said, 'Absolutely not.
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ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ, 'ืžืžืฉ ืœื.
07:12
We are not going to allow corporations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื
07:16
to hide behind their structures,
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ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
07:19
if the parent company itself has been involved
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ืื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช
07:21
in the harm that has been committed.'
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ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื”ืด.
07:24
Something called the 'corporate veil'
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื 'ืฆืขื™ืฃ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™'
07:27
meant subsidiary companies were the only ones responsible
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
07:30
if they broke the law and were the only ones punished.
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ืื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื ืฉื•.
07:34
How is this actually changing?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืชื ื”?
07:37
Historically, companies have sat back:
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ:
07:40
they haven't really concerned themselves too much
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืื’ื• ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
07:43
about what the working conditions are in factories or in...
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ืžื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืื• ื‘...
07:49
within their subsidiaries. They've just let it happen.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืชื ื• ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
07:52
And they've certainly never felt that they could be held to account.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
07:55
But what we are seeing is a real change in attitude:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”:
08:00
you're getting more and more lawyers willing to take cases,
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ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชื™ืงื™ื,
08:03
more and more organisations that are monitoring compliance.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืช.
08:06
He says where once companies felt they could do what they liked,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืคืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช,
08:11
now more and more lawyers are willing to fight for your rights
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
08:15
against these big companies.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
08:18
We've seen how multinational companies can try to use the law
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง
08:22
to force countries to do what they want.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืœืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช.
08:26
But this episode has also shown the power of the law โ€“
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืจืื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง -
08:30
and the determination of lawyers โ€“
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ื•ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ -
08:32
to make sure even these huge corporations follow the rules
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ืง ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื
08:36
that keep us all safe.
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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