How Green Hydrogen Could End The Fossil Fuel Era | Vaitea Cowan | TED

譯者: Winston Chung 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

We're going on a field trip together.

我們一起來共渡一個旅程。

We're going back to middle school,

回到中學時代，

to chemistry class.

回到化學課堂。

Do you remember this?

你記得這個嗎？

It was an experiment we did with salt water,

我們做這個實驗，用了鹽水，

a battery and two pencils.

一個電池和兩隻鉛筆。

Guess what?

猜得到嗎？

The reaction you witnessed then is a key to tackling climate change.

你當時所看到的化學反應 是解決氣候變遷問題的一個關鍵。

Yes, at 14 years old, we already knew.

是的，14歲的我們就已經知道了。

And today, we have the means to replace fossil fuels with green hydrogen.

如今，我們有辦法 用綠（環保）氫氣取代化石燃料。

Let's walk through this.

讓我們一起看看。

The experiment I'm alluding to is called water electrolysis.

我剛剛提到的 叫做水電解實驗。

And it is a way to create hydrogen.

這是製造氫氣的一個方法。

On Earth,

在地球上，氫含量最多的地方， 是水：2氫一氧的分子。

hydrogen is found in the greatest quantities in water:

H2O.

And when you use renewable electricity to split water into H and O,

當你用可再生的電力 把水分解成氫和氧，

that's green hydrogen.

就得到綠的氫氣。

And the device creating this reaction is called an electrolyzer.

產生這種反應的裝置 叫做電解槽。

There are other colors of hydrogen out there,

世界上還有其他“顏色”的氫氣，

but they use fossil fuels.

但是它們用了化石燃料。

So we're not going to talk about those today,

所以我們不談那些，

they'll only make climate change worse.

它們只會使氣候變遷問題更嚴重。

We are talking about green hydrogen,

我們要談綠氫氣，

which is 100 percent clean.

它們完全零污染。

And the quickest path to scaling green hydrogen

最快量產綠氫氣的方法

is by mass producing electrolyzers.

是大量生產電解槽。

But first, why do we need green hydrogen?

但首先，為什麼我們需要綠氫氣？

When we look at our global energy consumption today,

看看當今全球能源的使用，

only 20 percent comes in the form of electricity or electrons.

只有20%歸於電力或電子。

This means the remaining 80 percent of our world's energy use

也就是說，其餘80%全球能源的使用

is in the forms of molecules.

是以分子的型式。

And while the world is making rapid progress

當世界快速推進綠色電力，

in greening our electricity,

we need to look towards our molecules as well.

我們也得看看分子能源。

Think about your industry, transport, heating and cooling sectors.

想想工業，運輸，和冷暖調節行業。

They're all powered by molecules.

它們都靠分子能源。

And yes, this means largely by fossil fuels:

是的，就是靠化石燃料：

coal, oil and gas.

煤炭，石油，和煤氣。

We won't be able to electrify all of our sectors.

我們沒辦法使所有行業都只用電。

And here's why.

談談為什麼。

Let's start with an example from the industrial sector.

先講一個工業的例子。

Molecules create the reaction,

產生反應的是分子，不是電子。

not electrons.

To make steel the old way we first mine iron ore,

用古老方法煉鋼， 要先開採鐵礦，

then burn coal to remove the oxygen from the iron mix.

然後燒煤去除鐵混合物裡的氧。

Seven to nine percent of our world's CO2 emissions

全世界7%到9%二氧化碳的排放

come from this process.

來自於這個過程。

It's the coal that provides the molecule,

煤炭提供了分子，

creating the reaction to get rid of the oxygen.

產生去除氧的反應。

Electrons can't do that.

電子無法做這件事。

But what they can do

但是電子可做的是

is power the device that creates green hydrogen.

提供能源給產生綠氫氣的裝置。

And this clean molecule will create the reaction,

這零污染的氫氣分子 會產生反應吸引出氧

attract the oxygen

and emit only water in the process.

而且在這過程只排放水。

So by changing the process,

通過程序的改變，

we can eliminate up to 95 percent of our CO2 emissions.

我們可消除高達95%的二氧化碳排放。

And today, major European steel manufacturers

如今，歐洲主要鋼鐵廠

are already building green hydrogen-based steel production processes.

已經建立基於綠氫氣的鋼鐵生產程序。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

That's just one of the countless industrial processes,

那只是許許多多需要分子， 或大或小，的工業程序之一。

small and big,

that need a molecule.

Another example, let's say,

另一個例子，談到

that we can't use electricity for everything-everything is weight.

不是所有的東西都可以用電， 是因為重量的問題。

Take the aviation sector.

看看航空業。

An 80-passenger aircraft flying on batteries.

80人座的飛機靠電池來飛行。

Kind of impossible.

不太可能。

One would need more batteries just to fly the battery.

光載那些電池飛行 就需要更多電池的電力。

Hydrogen planes, though, they're taking off emission-free.

然而氫氣飛機卻可以 零污染地起飛。

This is a 20-seater aircraft,

這是一架20人座的飛機，

and its commercial flights are scheduled two years from now.

兩年後就可以商業飛行。

And by 2026,

2026年之前，

we'll be welcoming the 80-seater.

我們會歡迎80人座機的來臨。

And these are just two examples

這只是兩個例子，

of how we can end our reliance on fossil fuels.

如何結束對化石能源的依賴。

The world is turning to green hydrogen

世界轉向綠氫氣

because it is effectively coupling those hard-to-decarbonize sectors

因為它有效地結合 難以脱碳的行業和綠電力。

with green electricity.

An electrolyzer connected to solar and wind power generation

用太陽能或風力發電的電解槽

is transforming green electrons into green molecules.

把綠電子轉換成綠分子。

Green hydrogen is transforming our renewable electricity

綠氫氣把可再生的電力

into an energy carrier that is extremely versatile.

轉換成用途廣泛的能源。

And today, this clean molecule is already being used

如今，這零污染的分子已經應用在

in a wide range of applications.

許多功能不同的地方。

It can be combusted directly as a fuel and emits zero carbon emissions.

它可以直接當燃料燃燒 零碳排放。

It's also being turned into hydrogen-derived fuels

它可以製造成氫衍生燃料

like green ammonia, green methanol,

如綠氨氣，綠甲醇，

which can fuel global shipping.

作為全球航運的燃料。

Green hydrogen is being stored across seasons without losing energy,

綠氫氣可以跨季節儲存 不會失去能量

like here in the Alps.

像在阿爾卑斯山這裡。

And it can then be used in a fuel cell to create electricity emitting only water,

它可以用在燃料電池 在產生電力時只排放水，

like in this remote village in Malaysia.

像在這個馬來西亞偏遠的村莊。

Hydrogen is one of the most energy-dense molecules,

氫氣是能量密度最高的分子之一，

and by mass it contains three times as much energy than diesel.

能量是相同重量的柴油的三倍。

So you might be wondering, well,

你可能會懷疑，

why aren't we using this already everywhere?

為什麼我們還沒有到處都用它？

And so previously, the reason was the cost of green electricity.

以前的原因是綠電力的成本。

But that's no longer the bottleneck.

但那不再是瓶頸了。

So what's the challenge?

所以，問題是什麼？

It's the speed, scale and cost of making these green hydrogen generators.

是這些造氫機器的速度，規模和造價。

Luckily,

幸運地，

people are already working on making green hydrogen a reality.

人們已經努力實現綠氫氣。

Because to make green hydrogen the fuel source of the future,

因為要讓綠氫氣成為 未來主要的能源，

it needs to be cheaper than fossil fuels.

它必須比化石燃料便宜。

And this means

這意味著，

electrolyzers are going to need to be really, really cheap.

電解槽須要非常，非常便宜。

We started Enapter in 2017

我們2017年創立Enapter

with this one goal in mind and urgency in our hearts.

在心裡就有這個目標和迫切感。

And so we chose a means

所以我們選擇的方法

that is a bit different from how others in the industry proceed.

和行業裡其他公司不同。

We turned to economic history

我們從經濟學歷史裡找尋

for approaches that scaled fast and reduced prices significantly.

快速擴大規模且降低價格的方法。

And the answer was clear.

答案很清楚。

If you want to take a solution around the globe as quickly as possible,

如果你想儘快在全球推廣一個方案，

you need to make it a standardized, mass-produced commodity.

就要把它變成標準化，大量生產的商品。

A product that's easy to make and use.

容易製造和生產的產品。

And so some believe we need larger machines.

有人認為我們需要大一點的機器。

But we believe the electrolyser should be a standardized,

但我們相信電解槽應該是標準化，

mass-produced commodity.

大量生產的商品。

A product that can make green hydrogen anywhere for anyone.

一個可以在任何地方為任何人 製造綠氫氣的產品。

So to better understand our approach, let me draw an analogy.

為了讓大家更了解我們的作法， 我來打一個比方。

Up until the ’80s, mainframe computers,

直到80年代，大型電腦

they were considered the future of computing.

被認為是計算的未來。

They were huge and complex equipment,

它們是龐大且複雜的設備，

and they were designed for businesses only.

專門為企業而設計的。

Then came the PC,

然後，個人電腦來臨，

and at first people laughed and wondered:

首先，人民笑著懷疑：

Why would we ever need such a tiny computer?

怎麼有人會需要這麼小的電腦？

But ultimately, it disrupted the industry.

但最終，它徹底改變了整個行業。

And today, data centers, they use blade servers, which is PC technology.

如今，數據中心都使用刀鋒伺服器， 基本上是個人電腦的科技。

Why?

為什麼？

Because the PC became a compact,

因為個人電腦變成

standardized and mass-producible product

小巧，標準化，可量產的產品，

that was cheap to make, easy to build,

而且造價便宜，容易生產，

and that could be used in any kinds of context.

可用在任何場合。

It's time to do this with green hydrogen.

是這樣做在綠氫氣上的時候了。

To this end,

為此，

Enapter is designing all of its electrolyzers as products

Enapter的電解槽都設計成產品，

and not projects.

而不是項目。

At the heart of our electrolyser is an electrolysis core

電解槽的核心是

generating green hydrogen,

產生綠氫氣的電解核，

and it is the foundation for all of our products.

也是我們所有產品的基礎。

And we're taking these core stacks

我們將這些堆疊的電解核

and other components of our electrolyzers into mass production.

和其他電解槽組件推進大量生產。

And so instead of building larger electrolyzers,

與其建造大型電解槽，

we're building compact ones

我們建造小巧

that can be combined to achieving any hydrogen quantity needed.

而且可以組合起來達成 任何氫氣需求量的電解槽。

And we believe this is the quickest way to scale green hydrogen

我們相信這是最快的辦法 可以大量生產綠氫氣

and drive down its price.

並且壓低價格。

And the next step

下一步

is going into mass production.

就是開始大量生產。

This is our campus.

這是我們的園區。

And it's going to be fully powered by renewables, of course,

當然，它完全應用可再生能源，

and that's where we'll be tackling speed, scale and cost.

也是我們攻克速度，規模和價格的地方。

By focusing on one single core size,

專注於一個電解核的尺寸，

we can leverage massive economies of scale

我們可以得到大規模經濟效益

and drive down the price of green hydrogen.

降低綠氫氣的價格。

Because that’s what it’s all about:

因為要達成的是

making green hydrogen cheaper than fossil fuels.

讓綠氫氣比化石燃料便宜。

We have the means to make green hydrogen the fuel source of the future.

我們已經有辦法讓綠氫氣成為 未來的燃料來源了。

It's time to listen to our 14-year-old selves

是聽聽14歲的我們 和當今的14歲的時候了。

and the 14-year-olds of today.

Our generation has a unique opportunity.

我們這一代有個獨特的機會。

It's time for the next industrial revolution.

下一個工業革命的時候到了。

We can build our world's energy supplies sustainably,

我們可以建立世界上 可永續經營的能源供應，

made of a lot of green electricity

製造很多綠電力，

and a wave of green hydrogen molecules.

還有源源不斷綠氫氣的分子。

This is how we end the fossil fuel era.

這是我們如何結束化石燃料的時代。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）